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Wyszukujesz frazę "transient effect" wg kryterium: Wszystkie pola


Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 15
Tytuł:
An assessment of the transient effect on helicopter main rotor stability and power demand
Autorzy:
Raczyński, Radosław
Siadkowska, Ksenia
Ścisłowski, Karol
Wendeker, Mirosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2202519.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
propulsion
rotor
power demand
helicopter
transient effect
napęd
wirnik
zapotrzebowanie na moc
śmigłowiec
efekt przejściowy
Opis:
The researched object is a helicopter main rotor with blades of variable geometric twist characteristics. Variable torsion refers to systems of actuators made of shape memory alloys. The presented numerical analyses allow for evaluating both the dynamics of the rotor in transient states, i.e. in the zone between the static phase and the full activation phase and the impact of the change on the pulsation of the amplitude of the necessary power generated by the rotor corresponding the flight state, and thus covering the demand by the disposable power generated by the engine. This study follows a methodology of numerical analyses based on Multi Body Dynamics and the Finite Element Method and uses fluid mechanics elements and algorithms to analyze lift generation, compiled in a single computational environment referring to the same period of time.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2022, 61, 4; 23--28
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Hall effect on MHD transient flow past an impulsively started infinite horizontal porous plate in a rotating system
Autorzy:
Prabhakar Reddy, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/266176.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
magnetohydrodynamika
płyta pozioma
metoda Galerkina
Hall current
MHD
transient
rotation
horizontal plate
Galerkin FEM
Opis:
In this paper, the effect of Hall current on an unsteady MHD transient three dimensional flow of an electrically conducting viscous incompressible fluid past an impulsively started infinite horizontal porous plate relative to a rotating system has been studied. It is assumed that the entire system rotates with a constant angular velocity about the normal to the plate and a uniform magnetic field is applied along the normal to the plate and directed into the fluid region. The magnetic Reynolds number is assumed to be so small that the induced magnetic field can be neglected. The expressions for the primary and secondary fields and shearing stress at the plate due to primary and secondary velocity fields are obtained in a non-dimensional form. The non-dimensional governing equations of the flow are solved by using the Galerkin FEM. The effects of the physical parameters, such as the Hartmann number (M), rotation parameter (Ω), porosity parameter (K) and Hall parameter (m) on primary and secondary velocities and shearing stresses τx and τy due to primary and secondary velocities are discussed through graphs and tables, and results are physically interpreted.
Źródło:
International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering; 2018, 23, 2; 471-483
1734-4492
2353-9003
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Deep-Level Defects on Transient Photoconductivity of Semi-Insulating 4H-SiC
Autorzy:
Suproniuk, M.
Kamiński, P.
Kozłowski, R.
Pawłowski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1364028.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-04
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
72.40.+w
71.55.-i
72.20.-i
Opis:
A model enabling the equilibrium conductivity and transient photoconductivity of semi-insulating 4H-SiC to be simulated has been demonstrated. Using this model, the simulations of both equilibrium conductivity and transient photoconductivity have been carried out. Both the simulation and experimental results have shown that the evolution of photoconductivity in time after switching on the band-to-band generation of electron-hole pairs is strongly affected by the properties of deep level defects. The results of transient photocurrent measurements confirm the simulations results indicating that the $Z_{1/2}$ center is a very effective recombination center in semi-insulating 4H-SiC having detrimental effect on the transient photoconductivity.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2014, 125, 4; 1042-1048
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Transient approach for iron loss separation of non-grain-oriented electrical steels considering the impact of cut edge effect
Autorzy:
Mülder, Christoph
Elfgen, Silas
Hameyer, Kay
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/140851.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
cut edge effect
hysteresis losses
iron losses
transient loss model
Opis:
The purpose of this paper is to focus on the loss separation of non-grain-oriented electrical steels used for speed-variable rotating electrical machines. The impact of laser-cutting, used in prototype manufacturing and of flux density harmonics, occurring locally in the lamination, on the loss distribution is studied in detail. Iron losses occurring under operation can physically be separated in different loss components. In this paper, a frequency-based loss model with parameters identified for single-sheet tester specimens, cut in strips of different widths, is therefore used. Moreover, a time-domain approach considers loss distributions occurring from higher harmonics. Hysteresis losses having high sensitivity to cut edge effects are calculated by the well-known Jiles-Atherton model adapting the frequency-based loss parameters. The model is validated by free-curve measurements at a single-sheet tester. It has been shown that the studied elliptical hysteresis model becomes inaccurate particularly for specimens with small strip widths with similar dimensions as teeth of electrical machine laminations. The incorrect mapping of losses occurring from minor hysteresis loops due to higher harmonics is concluded. The results showconsequently that both, the impact of a cut edge effect and local distributions of flux density harmonics need to be considered in terms of accurate iron loss prediction of electrical machine design.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2019, 68, 2; 237-244
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of lambda-cyhalothrin on memory and movement in mice after transient incomplete cerebral Ischemia
Autorzy:
Nieradko- Iwanicka, B.
Borzecki, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/51205.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2011, 18, 1
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The transition effect in rail tracks – assessment of transient energy for low frequency vibrations
Autorzy:
Sołkowski, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/231030.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
strefa przejściowa
efekt przejścia
modelowanie
tor kolejowy
podtorze
właściwości
analiza stanów przejściowych
metoda energii
drgania niskiej częstotliwości
transition zone
transition effect
modelling
railtrack
track foundation
characteristics
transient analysis
energy approach
low frequency vibration
Opis:
The transition effect between different track-foundation systems is examined from the point of view of energy that is produced during the passage of load. Analytical solution is given. A model of beam on elastic foundation with damping is used as the base model. It is developed into a model composed of two parts that represent the track-subgrade system with an abrupt change in mechanical parameters: bending stiffness, foundation stiffness, damping, and mass. Several calculations are carried out including examples of comparative calculations with the Finite Difference Model and the Finite Element Model. Transient rail deflections and energy are determined, which may serve to estimate the rate of track-subgrade deterioration.
Źródło:
Archives of Civil Engineering; 2014, 60, 1; 123-143
1230-2945
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Civil Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Effect of Power Ultrasound on Microstructure Evolution During the Transient Liquid Stage of Ultrasonic-Promoted TLP Bonding SiCp/Al MMCs
Autorzy:
Zhou, Changzhuang
Ma, Lin
Zhu, Chao
Cui, Qinghe
Liang, Jindi
Song, Yujian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2174569.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
transient liquid phase bonding
silicon carbide reinforced aluminum matrix composites
ultrasonics
zinc interlayer
Opis:
Ultrasound-promoted transient liquid phase bonding (U-TLP) is a high quality, high efficiency, and low-cost method for fast bonding of difficult-wetting materials in the atmospheric environment. In this paper, U-TLP was used to bond SiC particles reinforced aluminium-based metal matrix composite which particle volume fraction was 70%. The pure zinc foil was used as the intermediate layer. The effects of ultrasonic on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of joints during the transient liquefaction stage were investigated. The mechanism of ultrasonic effects in the transient liquefaction stage of U-TLP was also inducted. The results showed that high volume fraction SiCp/Al MMCs were bonded well at low temperature in the air environment. Ultrasonic vibration can remove the oxide film on the surface of aluminum matrix composites, enhance the wettability of SiC particles with weld metal, promote atomic diffusion and homogenization of SiC particles, and improve the welding quality and efficiency. Reasonable increase of ultrasonic vibration time could effectively improve the joint strength.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2022, 67, 4; 1283--1291
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Effect of Seat Design on Vibration Comfort
Autorzy:
Wijaya, A. R.
Jönsson, P.
Johansson, O.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/89698.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
seat design
transient vibration
vibration discomfort
warunki pracy
drgania
kierowcy i maszyniści
Opis:
A field study was done to evaluate different seat designs in the aspect of minimizing vibration transmission and reducing the level of discomfort experienced by drivers subjected to transient vibration. Two seat designs (sliding or fixed in the horizontal direction) were compared in an experimental based on variation of sitting posture, speed, and type of obstacle. The comparison was done by assessing discomfort and perceived motion and by vibration measurement. Ten professional drivers were used as participants. Maximum Transient Vibration Value and Vibration Dose Value were used in the evaluation. The results showed that a sliding seat is superior in attenuating vibration containing transient vibration in the horizontal direction. It was also perceived as giving less overall and low back discomfort compared to a fixed seat.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2003, 9, 2; 193-210
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of doping on time-of-flight transient currents in twin crystalline layers: a Monte-Carlo study
Autorzy:
Rybicki, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1941715.pdf
Data publikacji:
2000
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska
Tematy:
hopping transport
time-of-flight experiment
Monte Carlo methods
Opis:
In the paper we present the results of the Monte Carlo simulations of time-of-flight transient currents in hopping systems containing various, concentrations of transport-active centres placed in an inert matrix, and doped with various concentrations of additional transport-active centres, characterised by a different ionisation potential than the host transport centres. Such hopping centre distribution can be found in molecularly doped organic crystals. The carriers are allowed to jump between localised states of two kinds: the host transport sites of concentration c/sub 0/, and the additional doping sites of concentration c/sub d/. We deal only with the dependence of the carrier mobility on doping level, and on the difference of ionisation potentials between the host and dopant centres, at fixed external field and temperature. The results of simulations performed for various dopings, and various hopping sites distributions in energy, are discussed. The carrier jump statistics is discussed in detail.
Źródło:
TASK Quarterly. Scientific Bulletin of Academic Computer Centre in Gdansk; 2000, 4, 1; 33-48
1428-6394
Pojawia się w:
TASK Quarterly. Scientific Bulletin of Academic Computer Centre in Gdansk
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Temperature changes in the vicinity of thermally loaded structure embedded in the soil: effect of sand content and saturation degree
Autorzy:
Różański, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/178365.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
transient heat flow
temperature
quartz
organic matter
degree of saturation
Opis:
Due to the rapid development of geothermal technologies, the problem of efficient and proper evaluation of soil thermal conductivity becomes extremely important. Factors mostly affecting the soil conductivity are the conductivity of solid phase and the degree of saturation. The former one is mainly affected by the mineral composition, in particular, by the content of quartz whose conductivity is the highest one among all the minerals forming soil skeleton. Organic matter, because of its relatively low conductivity, influences the solid conductivity as well. The problem addressed in the paper is the influence of mentioned factors on temperature changes in the vicinity of thermally loaded structure embedded in the soil medium. Numerical simulations are carried out for different values of soil thermal conductivity resulting from various quartz contents and degrees of saturation. In addition, a weak coupled – heat and water transport – problem is considered.
Źródło:
Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica; 2017, 39, 2; 61-71
0137-6365
2083-831X
Pojawia się w:
Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The grooved lip effect on reciprocating hydraulic rod seal performances in transient condition: elastohydrodynamic lubrication
Autorzy:
Bahi, Y.
El Gadari, M.
Rahmoune, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/264834.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
chropowatość
siła tarcia
wyciek
hydraulic rod seal
surface textured
roughness
friction force
leakage
Opis:
It is commonly known that the sealing performance of dynamic seals is significantly influenced by the surface finish. To reduce friction effect and leakage ratio, new generations of grooved lip or shaft have emerged, but only two computational models were performed up to now with a textured elastomeric lip: spiral groove in the axial direction or micro-cavities according to the circumferential direction. However, if the numerical results have confirmed the slight effect of the grooved lip on the rotary lip seal performances, it seems relevant to investigate the influence of such grooves on the reciprocating hydraulic rod seal behavior. Thus, the scope of this work is to perform a parametric study of the grooved lip throughout a one-dimensional elastohydrodynamic model by taking into account the elasticity of the lip and the shaft roughness. After confirming the validity of the current model, numerical simulations have been performed and compared with experiments. The effect of lip grooves on the hydraulic rod seal behavior in outstroke and instroke shaft motion has been underlined. Thereby, it is shown that the leakage and the average film thickness are sensible to both the depth and the density of the lip groove. Additionally, a slight effect of the pattern shape is observed on the friction force.
Źródło:
International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering; 2020, 25, 2; 11-21
1734-4492
2353-9003
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Control of operability of Peltier modules in cooling systems based on the analysis of transient operating modes
Autorzy:
Kuzichkin, Oleg Rudolfovich
Konstantinov, Igor Sergeevich
Vasilyev, Gleb Sergeevich
Surzhik, Dmitry Igorevich
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1845461.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
thermoelectric system
agriculture
complex
transients
peltier effect
identification algorithms
Opis:
The paper is devoted to the control of operability of Peltier modules based on the analysis of transient modes of their operation. Advantages of using low-power thermoelectric modules for the development of thermoelectric plants with adaptive control systems for the needs of the agricultural complex, which significantly reduce their cost characteristics, are shown. The problem of using the stationary mode of their operation, associated with the low efficiency of the modules, as well as the dynamic mode, associated with the presence of transient processes, is indicated. It is noted that overcoming this problem requires solution of the task of automation of reliability providing the well-known approaches to its solution are shown, for which the key advantages and disadvantages are given. An approach is proposed to complex control of the operability and quality of thermoelectric modules during their expluatation in three components of the physical process of thermoelectric conversion (Peltier thermoelectric effect, electrical and thermal transfer phenomena) by analyzing transients in the system based on identification algorithms. To justify it, the necessary equations and mathematical relations are given. Aprobating of the proposed approach was carried out experimentally by determining the time constants for operable and defective commercially available modules and showed its significant advantages over the standard verification procedure.
Źródło:
Archives of Thermodynamics; 2021, 42, 2; 31-42
1231-0956
2083-6023
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Thermodynamics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ czasu eksploatacji systemu elektroenergetycznego statku powietrznego na jakość energii w stanach nieustalonych
The effect of the operation time of the aircraft power system on power quality in transient states
Autorzy:
Michalak, Sławomir
Tokarski, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38913844.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
diagnostyka
starzenie
system elektroenergetyczny
statek powietrzny
jakość energii
stan nieustalony
samoregulacja
zdolność do lotu
bezpieczeństwo latania
diagnostics
aging
power system
aircraft
power quality
transient state
self-regulation
airworthiness
flying safety
Opis:
W pracy omówiono znaczenie parametrów energii elektrycznej w stanach nieustalonych dla oceny zdolności sieci elektroenergetycznej statku powietrznego do samoregulacji. Wykazano, iż na jakość energii elektrycznej systemu elektroenergetycznego statku powietrznego wpływa czas jego eksploatacji. Zmiany starzeniowe wynikające z długotrwałej eksploatacji systemu elektroenergetycznego powodują pogorszenie parametrów energii elektrycznej, a to wpływa bezpośrednio na zdatność do lotów oraz bezpieczeństwo latania. Zachowanie normatywnych parametrów energii w stanach nieustalonych jest bardzo istotne dla zapewnienia prawidłowej eksploatacji statku powietrznego. W artykule opisano metodę pomiarów jakości energii elektrycznej w stanach nieustalonych, a na przykładzie systemu elektroenergetycznego prądu stałego samolotu Su-22 przedstawiono istotę diagnostyki jego sieci w stanach nieustalonych. Zaprezentowano również przykładowe wyniki badań, przeprowadzonych przez autorów, dotyczących zmian parametrów energii elektrycznej w stanach nieustalonych samolotu Su-22, uzyskane w czasie jego wieloletniej eksploatacji.
The paper presents the importance of electricity parameters in transient states for assessing the ability of an aircraft's power grid to self-regulate. It has been shown that the quality of electrical energy of an aircraft's power system is influenced by its operating time. Aging changes resulting from long-term operation of the power system cause deterioration of electrical energy parameters, which directly affects airworthiness and flying safety. Maintaining standard energy parameters in transient states is very important to ensure proper operation of the aircraft. The article describes the method of measuring the quality of electricity in transient states, and using the example of the DC power system of the Su 22 aircraft, the essence of its network diagnostics in transient states is presented. Also presented are sample results of research conducted by the authors regarding changes in electrical energy parameters in transient states of the Su 22 aircraft, obtained during its many years of operation.
Źródło:
Journal of KONBiN; 2024, 54, 1; 47-63
1895-8281
2083-4608
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONBiN
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Numerical and finite element contact temperature analysis of friction material’s type effect on a thermal transient behavior of a single-disc dry clutch
Analiza numeryczna i elementów skończonych temperatury styku jako efektu rodzaju materiału trącego i jej wpływ na zachowanie termiczne suchych sprzęgieł jednotarczowych
Autorzy:
Faidh-Allah, M. H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/190080.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:
dry friction clutch
thermoelastic problem
Friction materials
suche sprzęgło tarciowe
termosprężystość
materiały tarciowe
Opis:
The sliding period is considered a critical period in the lifetime of friction clutches, because most failures occur during this period. High temperatures due to sliding velocity will appear on the contacting surfaces of the friction clutch system (e.g., in single -disc clutch are pressure plate, clutch discs and flywheel). The finite element technique has been developed to investigate the effect of the type of friction material (material properties) on the transient thermoelastic behaviour of a single-disc dry clutch. Two types of friction materials are used in this work: organic and sintered friction materials. Axisymmetric models are developed to simulate a friction clutch system (single disc with two effective sides). The results represent the comparisons between organic and sintered friction discs, behaviours during slipping periods in clutches.
Stan poślizgu tarciowego ze względu na występowanie największej ilości uszkodzeń jest krytycznym stanem pracy sprzęgieł tarciowych. Wysoka temperatura pracy występująca na powierzchniach trących elementów sprzęgieł spowodowana jest poślizgiem (np. w sprzęgłach jednotarczowych na klockach, tarczach i kole zamachowym). Metoda elementów skończonych została wykorzystana do zbadania wpływu rodzaju materiału (właściwości materiału) na zagadnienie termosprężystości w suchych sprzęgłach tarciowych. W pracy wykorzystano dwa rodzaje materiałów tarciowych: organiczny i spiekany. Opracowano osiowosymetryczne modele symulujące sprzęgło tarciowe (pojedyncza tarcza z dwoma okładzinami). Wynikiem pracy jest porównanie cyklów poślizgu pomiędzy dyskami wykonanymi z materiału organicznego oraz spiekanego.
Źródło:
Tribologia; 2017, 271, 1; 35-43
0208-7774
Pojawia się w:
Tribologia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ energii fotonów na obraz prążków widmowych otrzymywanych metodą niestacjonarnej spektroskopii fotoprądowej dla centrów defektowych w półizolujących monokryształach 4H-SiC:V
Effect of photon energy on image of spectral fringes obtained by photoinduced transient spectroscopy for defect centres in semi-insulating 4H-SiC:V single crystals
Autorzy:
Miczuga, M.
Kamiński, P.
Kozłowski, R.
Pawłowski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/208341.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna im. Jarosława Dąbrowskiego
Tematy:
PITS
centra defektowe
półizolujący SiC
defect centres
SI SiC
Opis:
Określono wpływ energii fotonów na jakość obrazu prążków widmowych otrzymywanych metodą niestacjonarnej spektroskopii fotoprądowej dla centrów defektowych w półizolujących monokryształach 4H-SiC:V. Badania przeprowadzono dla centrów związanych z atomami Al, dla których termiczna emisja nośników ładunku obserwowana jest w zakresie temperatur 100-250 K. Zaproponowano mechanizm wyjaśniający znacznie lepszą jakość obrazu otrzymanego dla impulsu UV o energii fotonów 3,31 eV niż dla impulsu UV o energii fotonów 3,82 eV.
Effect of the photon energy on the quality of the spectral fringes image obtained by photoinduced transient spectroscopy for defect centres in semi-insulating 4H-SiC:V single crystals have been determined. The studies were carried out for the centres related to Al atoms for which the thermal emission of charge carriers occurs in the temperatures range of 100-250 K. A mechanism explaining much better image quality when using UV pulse with the photon energy of 3.31 eV than that when using UV pulse with the photon energy of 3.82 eV has been proposed.
Źródło:
Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej; 2009, 58, 1; 351-360
1234-5865
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
    Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 15

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