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Tytuł:
Simulation of heat transfer in combustion chamber waterwall tubes of supercritical steam boilers
Autorzy:
Grądziel, S.
Majewski, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/185848.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
waterwall tube
supercritical steam boiler
mathematical model
energy balance
thermal load
rura ekranowa
kocioł parowy
model matematyczny
balans energetyczny
obciążenie cieplne
Opis:
The paper presents the results of numerical computations performed for the furnace chamber waterwalls of a supercritical boiler with a steam output of 2400 x 10[3] kg/h. A model of distributed parameters is proposed for the waterwall operation simulation. It is based on the solution of equations describing the mass, momentum and energy conservation laws. The aim of the calculations was to determine the distribution of enthalpy, mass flow and fluid pressure in tubes. The balance equations can be brought to a form where on the left-hand side space derivatives, and on the right-hand side – time derivatives are obtained. The time derivatives on the right-hand side were replaced with backward difference quotients. This system of ordinary differential equations was solved using the Runge-Kutta method. The calculation also takes account of the variable thermal load of the chamber along its height. This thermal load distribution is known from the calculations of the heat exchange in the combustion chamber. The calculations were carried out with the zone method.
Źródło:
Chemical and Process Engineering; 2016, 37, 2; 199-213
0208-6425
2300-1925
Pojawia się w:
Chemical and Process Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The influence of external cooling system on the performance of supercritical steam turbine cycles
Autorzy:
Kosman, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/240233.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
para nadkrytyczna
schładzanie
turbina parowa
wydajność
cooling
efficiency
steam turbine
supercritical steam
Opis:
The problem presented in this paper refers to the concepts applied to the design of supercritical steam turbines. The issue under the investigation is the presence of a cooling system. Cooling systems aim to protect the main components of the turbines against overheating. However the cooling flows mix with the main flow and modify the expansion line in the steam path. This affects the expansion process in the turbine and changes the performance when compared to the uncooled turbine. The analysis described here investigates the range of the influence of the cooling system on the turbine cycle. This influence is measured mainly through the change of the power generation efficiency. The paper explains the approach towards the assessment of the cooling effects and presents results of the modeling for three supercritical steam cycles.
Źródło:
Archives of Thermodynamics; 2010, 31, 3; 131-144
1231-0956
2083-6023
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Thermodynamics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A new method for optimum heating of pressure components in supercritical steam power blocks
Autorzy:
Rząsa, D.
Duda, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/240145.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
kotły parowe
metody optymalizacji
wymiana ciepła
heat transfer
optimization methods
steam boilers
total stresses
Opis:
One of the major concerns of the power energy industries is a proper operation of steam power blocks. Pressurized working medium and high temperature cause very high stresses in the construction elements such as collectors, separators or steam valves. They are exposed to sudden temperature and pressure changes that cause high stresses at certain points. Additionally, the cyclic character of loading causes material fatigue, known as low-cyclic fatigue, which may lead to the formation of fracture. Thus, methodologies offered by many companies should ensure reliable and safe operation of steam power blocks. The advanced numerical solutions for determining time-optimum medium temperature changes are presented. They are based on Levenberg-Marquardt and nonlinear programming by quadratic Lagrangian methods. The methods allow us to find parameters for start-up and shut-down operation that can reduce total stresses to limits governed by European regulations. Furthermore, the heating and cooling operations are conducted in a shortest time possible.
Źródło:
Archives of Thermodynamics; 2012, 33, 3; 133-145
1231-0956
2083-6023
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Thermodynamics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modelling of heat and flow phenomena occuring in waterwall tubes of boilers for supercritical steam parameters
Autorzy:
Zima, W.
Grądziel, S.
Cebula, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/240331.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
ekran wodny
model matematyczny
parametry nadkrytyczne
parametry rozłożone
schemat różnicowy
distributed parameters
Implicit difference scheme
mathematical model
supercritical parameters
waterwalls
Opis:
In this paper a mathematical model enabling the analysis of the heat-flow phenomena occurring in the waterwalls of the combustion chambers of the boilers for supercritical parameters is proposed. It is a one-dimensional model with distributed parameters based on the solution of equations describing the conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy. The purpose of the numerical calculations is to determine the distributions of the fluid enthalpy and the temperature of the waterwall pipes. This temperature should not exceed the calculation temperature for particular category of steel. The derived differential equations are solved using two methods: with the use of the implicit difference scheme, in which the mesh with regular nodes was applied, and using the Runge-Kutta method. The temperature distribution of the waterwall pipes is determined using the CFD. All thermophysical properties of the fluid and waterwall pipes are computed in real-time. The time-spatial heat transfer coefficient distribution is also computed in the on-line mode. The heat calculations for the combustion chamber are carried out with the use of the zone method, thus the thermal load distribution of the waterwalls is known. The time needed for the computations is of great importance when taking into consideration calculations carried out in the on-line mode. A correctly solved one-dimensional model ensures the appropriately short computational time.
Źródło:
Archives of Thermodynamics; 2010, 31, 3; 19-31
1231-0956
2083-6023
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Thermodynamics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Feasibility study of forced cooling of a supercritical steam turbine after a shut down of a power generating unit
Autorzy:
Kosman, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/240243.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
optymalizacja
proces przejściowy
turbina parowa
optimization
stresses
supercritical steam turbine
transient process
Opis:
Temperature related decrease of steam turbine components is one of the main transient processes that occur during a typical long-term operation. With a natural cooling (no user interference) it takes more than 14 days before the temperature of components reaches the level that allows to open and repair a turbine. It is then reasonable to apply a forced cooling in order to decrease the time between a shut-down of a power generating unit and a beginning of a repair. This paper presents the analysis of application of a forced cooling process to supercritical steam turbines. The main problems under the investigation are the safety issues of the process and the optimization of cooling conditions. The paper describes the safety restrictions and the optimization criteria. The process is analyzed in numerical simulations conducted for various cooling conditions.
Źródło:
Archives of Thermodynamics; 2011, 32, 3; 201-214
1231-0956
2083-6023
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Thermodynamics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analiza obciążeń cieplnych podczas rozruchu nadkrytycznych turbin parowych z chłodzeniem zewnętrznym
Analysis of thermal loads during start-up in supercritical steam turbines with external cooling
Autorzy:
Kosman, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/173013.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
obciążenie cieplne
turbina parowa
chłodzenie zewnętrzne
system chłodzenia
thermal load
steam turbine
external cooling
cooling system
Opis:
Rozruch turbiny parowej wiąże się ze wzrostem obciążeń cieplnych, tym większym, im wyższa jest temperatura czynnika roboczego. Wysokie temperatury wymusiły zastosowanie w turbinach systemów chłodzenia, których zadaniem jest niedopuszczenie do nadmiernego nagrzewania elementów maszyny. Rozpatrywane jest zagadnienie działania systemu chłodzenia podczas rozruchu. Wprowadzenie dodatkowego strumienia zmienia warunki wymiany ciepła na powierzchni chłodzonych elementów i prowadzi do uzyskania pola temperatury innego, niż w turbinie bez chłodzenia. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań umożliwiające ocenę stanu cieplnego i wytrzymałościowego głównych elementów turbiny.
Start-up of a steam turbine incurres in high thermal loads. Their level is proportional to the level of the live steam temperature. High level of the temperature demands application of cooling systems to protect the turbine against overheating. The problem under the analysis here is focused on the operation of the cooling system during start-up. The presence of an additional steam flow changes the conditions of heat transfer at the surfaces of the components and causes the temperature field different from the one found in the uncooled turbine. The paper presents the research that aims to evaluate the thermal and strength state of the main components of a supercritical steam turbine.
Źródło:
Archiwum Energetyki; 2013, 43, 1/2; 147-155
0066-684X
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Energetyki
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Selected design and construction aspects of supercritical steam generators for high temperature reactors
Wybrane zagadnienia konstrukcji i projektowania wytwornic pary o parametrach nadkrytycznych współpracujących z reaktorami wysokotemperaturowymi
Autorzy:
Przybylski, M.
Głuch, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/173105.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
wytwornica pary
obieg Rankine'a
parametry nadkrytyczne
wymiennik ciepła
steam generator
Rankine cycle
supercritical parameters
heat exchanger
Opis:
Article presents design and construction considerations on supercritical (once-through) steam generator using high and very high temperature reactor cores as heat source. Helical-coil steam generators are preferred over other types of design thanks to their increased heat transfer rate and compactness. Applicable modernised Rankine cycle and changes in thermophysical parameters of water in the neighbourhood of critical and pseudocritical points are examined. Correlations determining heat transfer coefficient are analysed in order to select the most applicable among them. Critical design aspects of such a supercritical nuclear steam supply system are discussed.
Omówiono wybrane zagadnienia konstrukcji i projektowania przepływowych wytwornic pary współpracujących z rektorami wysoko i bardzo wysoko temperaturowymi. Wytwornice pary o powierzchni wymiany ciepła w formie koncentrycznych spiral wielozwojowych są preferowanym typem dzięki intensyfikacji wymiany ciepła, której towarzyszy redukcja wymiarów zewnętrznych. Przedstawiony został stosowny obieg Rankine’a oraz przeanalizowane zmiany parametrów termofizycznych wody w otoczeniu punktu krytycznego i pseudokrytycznych. Artykuł zawiera analizę i uzasadnienie doboru korelacji określających intensywność procesu przejmowania ciepła przez wodę w stanie nadkrytycznym oraz stosowne poprawki umożliwiające stosowanie jej w przypadku omawianego typu konstrukcyjnego wytwornicy pary.
Źródło:
Archiwum Energetyki; 2012, 42, 2; 113-120
0066-684X
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Energetyki
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of application of feed-water injector heaters to steam power plants
Autorzy:
Trela, M.
Kwidziński, R.
Głuch, J.
Butrymowicz, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/259351.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
power plants
feedwater heaters
supercritical steam-water injector
injector model based on balances of mass
Opis:
Steam-water injectors are devices in which exchange of mass, momentum and energy between two fluids being in direct contact, occurs. They can operate as pumps, mixers or direct contact heat exchangers. In the last aspect their use as feed-water heaters in Rankine thermal cycle of steam power plants both in land and sea applications (to merchant and naval ships) is very interesting. This paper presents selected results of heat-and-flow investigations of a supercritical steam-water injector, obtained in Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences (IMP PAN). On their basis value of average heat transfer coefficient for mixing chamber was determined; the obtained values were even a few dozens greater than those for classical shell-and-tube heaters. In the theoretical part of this work is presented an original injector model based on balances of mass, momentum and energy, written for control volumes containing separately particular elements of injector. On the basis of the model flow parameters in characteristic cross-sections of injector were determined. The calulations were performed for two different injectors tested in IMP PAN (Gdańsk) and SIET (Piacenza, Italy), and their good compliance with experimental data was achieved.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2009, S 1; 64-70
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Selection of the rotor heat-up rate for supercritical parameter turbines
Autorzy:
Rusin, A.
Lipka, M.
Łukowicz, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/240710.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
steam turbines
steel for ultra-supercritical steam unit
unsteady states
turbiny parowe
stal
jednostka ultra-nadkrytyczna
warunki niestabilne
Opis:
The paper presents the results of the numerical analyses for the steam turbine rotor, dedicated for the newly-designed 900 MW steam unit with supercritical steam parameters (650°C, 30.0 MPa). Basing on the design calculations, an optimal design solution was determined. Review of the available literature on materials for turbine rotors with supercritical steam parameters was done. Then the start-ups of the turbine were simulated. Thermal and strength states were analyzed. As a result, an optimal start-up characteristic was obtained.
Źródło:
Archives of Thermodynamics; 2013, 34, 3; 89-104
1231-0956
2083-6023
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Thermodynamics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Thermodynamic and economic analysis of a 900 MW ultra-supercritical power unit
Autorzy:
Łukowicz, H.
Dykas, S.
Rulik, S.
Stępczyńska, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/240644.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
obieg pary
parametry apry
podwójne podgrzewanie
coal-fired power unit
double reheat
steam cycle
ultra-supercritical steam parameters
Opis:
The paper presents a thermal-economic analysis of different variants of a hard coal-fired 900 MW ultra-supercritical power unit. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the parameters of live and reheated steam on the basic thermodynamic and economic indices of the thermal cycle. The subject of the study was the cycle configuration proposed as the "initial thermal cycle structure" during the completion of the project "Advanced Technologies for Energy Generation" with the live and reheated steam parameters of 650/670 [degrees]C. At the same time, a new concept of a thermal cycle for ultra-supercritical parameters with live and reheated steam temperature of 700/720 [degrees]C was suggested. The analysis of the ultra-supercritical unit concerned a variant with a single and double steam reheat. All solutions presented in the paper were subject to a detailed thermodynamic analysis, as well as an economic one which also included CO2 emissions charges. The conducted economic analysis made it possible to determine the maximum value of investment expenditures at which given solutions are pro.table.
Źródło:
Archives of Thermodynamics; 2011, 32, 3; 231-245
1231-0956
2083-6023
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Thermodynamics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Control-volume-based model of the steam-water injector flow
Autorzy:
Kwidziński, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/240854.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
kondensacja
nadkrytyczny dozownik wodno-gazowy
nierównowaga termiczna
równanie bilansowe
straty nieodwracalne
balance equations
condensation
irreversible losses
supercritical steam-water injector
thermodynamic nonequilibrium
Opis:
The paper presents equations of a mathematical model to calculate flow parameters in characteristic cross-sections in the steam-water injector. In the model, component parts of the injector (steam nozzle, water nozzle, mixing chamber, condensation wave region, diffuser) are treated as a series of connected control volumes. At first, equations for the steam nozzle and water nozzle are written and solved for known flow parameters at the injector inlet. Next, the flow properties in two-phase flow comprising mixing chamber and condensation wave region are determined from mass, momentum and energy balance equations. Then, water compression in diffuser is taken into account to evaluate the flow parameters at the injector outlet. Irreversible losses due to friction, condensation and shock wave formation are taken into account for the flow in the steam nozzle. In two-phase flow domain, thermal and mechanical nonequilibrium between vapour and liquid is modelled. For diffuser, frictional pressure loss is considered. Comparison of the model predictions with experimental data shows good agreement, with an error not exceeding 15% for discharge (outlet) pressure and 1 K for outlet temperature.
Źródło:
Archives of Thermodynamics; 2010, 31, 1; 45-59
1231-0956
2083-6023
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Thermodynamics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ocena ekonomiczna nadkrytycznego bloku węglowego dużej mocy zintegrowanego w różnych konfiguracjach z CCS oraz z odzyskiem ciepła ze spalin
An economic analysis of a high capacity coal-fired power unit for supercritical steam parameters integrated in different configurations with the carbon capture system (CCS) and with heat recovery from the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) exhaust gases
Autorzy:
Kochaniewicz, A.
Łukowicz, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/172847.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
nadkrytyczny blok węglowy
CCS
ORC
odzysk ciepła
ocena ekonomiczna
supercritical power plant
heat recovery
economic assessment
Opis:
W pracy dokonano analizy wskaźników opłacalności ekonomicznej budowy bloków węglowych o parametrach nadkrytycznych opalanych węglem kamiennym i brunatnym. Przeanalizowano trzy warianty konfiguracji bloku, tj.: blok wyjściowy, blok wyjściowy+CCS i blok wyjściowy+ CCS+ORC.W analizie ekonomicznej wykorzystano tzw. próg rentowności BEP (break even point), bazującego na określeniu punktu wyrównania, określającego sytuację w której przychody ze sprzedaży energii elektrycznej pokrywają koszty stałe i koszty zmienne instalacji. Dokonano oceny wpływu zmiany wybranych parametrów takich jak: jednostkowe nakłady inwestycyjne, cena zakupu uprawnień do emisji CO2, a także wpływu ceny paliwa. Dla tych wszystkich uzmiennionych parametrów określono wpływ ich zmian na graniczną cenę sprzedaży energii elektrycznej. Analizie poddano samodzielny oraz po jego zintegrowaniu z CCS (carbon dioxide capture and storage) wysokosprawny nadkrytyczny blok węglowy o mocy 900 MW. Analizowano także wpływ integracji bloku energetycznego z siłownią ORC (organic Rankine cycle) i podjęto próbę określenia jego efektywności ekonomicznej, przy czym przyjęto, że obieg ORC zasilany jest ciepłem odpadowym ze spalin wylotowych z kotła.
This paper presents the analysis of the indices of the economic profitability of the construction of brown- and hard coal-fired power plants for supercritical steam parameters. Three variants of the power plant configuration are analysed within this study: the initial power plant, the initial power plant + CCS, the initial power plant + CCS + ORC. The economic analysis employs the break-even point (BEP), which is based on the determination of the point of balance between the income from the sale of electricity and the plant fixed and variable costs. The impact of change in selected parameters, such as investment expenditures per unit, the price of the CO2 emissions allowances and the price of fuel, is analysed. The effect of changes in all these variable parameters on the minimum selling price of electricity is determined. The analysis concerns a high efficiency 900 MW coal-fired power unit for supercritical steam parameters as the initial plant and its variant after integration with the CCS. The impact of a further integration of the power unit with an ORC plant is analysed and an attempt is made to determine the economic efficiency of such integration. It is assumed that the ORC is fed with the waste heat from the boiler exhaust gases.
Źródło:
Archiwum Energetyki; 2013, 43, 1/2; 157-169
0066-684X
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Energetyki
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Validation of a program for supercritical power plant calculations
Autorzy:
Kotowicz, J.
Łukowicz, H.
Bartela, Ł.
Michalski, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/240731.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
blok nadkrytyczny
cykl parowy
walidacja
steam cycle
supercritical power plant
validation
Opis:
This article describes the validation of a supercritical steam cycle. The cycle model was created with the commercial program GateCycle and validated using in-house code of the Institute of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery. The Institute's in-house code has been used extensively for industrial power plants calculations with good results. In the first step of the validation process, assumptions were made about the live steam temperature and pressure, net power, characteristic quantities for high- and low-pressure regenerative heat exchangers and pressure losses in heat exchangers. These assumptions were then used to develop a steam cycle model in GateCycle and a model based on the code developed in-house at the Institute of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery. Properties, such as thermodynamic parameters at characteristic points of the steam cycle, net power values and efficiencies, heat provided to the steam cycle and heat taken from the steam cycle, were compared. The last step of the analysis was calculation of relative errors of compared values. The method used for relative error calculations is presented in the paper. The assigned relative errors are very slight, generally not exceeding 0.1%. Based on our analysis, it can be concluded that using the GateCycle software for calculations of supercritical power plants is possible.
Źródło:
Archives of Thermodynamics; 2011, 32, 4; 81-89
1231-0956
2083-6023
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Thermodynamics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Optimization of steam cycles with respect to supercritical parameters
Autorzy:
Piwowarski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/259363.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
analysis of supercritical power stations
optimization of steam cycles
supercritical parameters
concerns cycles
Opis:
This paper contains an analysis of supercritical power stations have been presently built worldwide. The analysis concerns cycles with single and double interstage superheating and, additionally, with regenerative feed water preheating system equipped with six, seven, eight, nine and ten regenerative heat exchangers, respectively. Relevant calculations were performed for various values of fresh steam temperature and pressure, various pressure values of secondary superheating, as well as with value of condenser internal pressure maintained constant. The calculations show that to increase efficiency of steam cycle with double interstage superheating and extended regeneration even to a value greater than 51%, is possible. In the age of greater and greater demand for electric power and stronger and stronger limitations imposed on emission of noxious compounds to the atmosphere, the developing of power production technologies based on supercritical parameters seems inevitable.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2009, S 1; 45-51
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A new method for determining allowable medium temperature during transient operation of thick-walled elements in a supercritical power plant
Autorzy:
Duda, P.
Rząsa, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/240343.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
kocioł parowy
naprężenia całkowite
optymalizacja
wymiana ciepła
heat transfer
optimization
steam boilers
total stresses
Opis:
Construction elements of supercritical power plants are subjected to high working pressures and high temperatures while operating. Under these conditions high stresses in the construction are created. In order to operate safely, it is important to monitor stresses, especially during start-up and shut-down processes. The maximum stresses in the construction elements should not exceed the allowable stress limit. The goal is to find optimum operating parameters that can assure safe heating and cooling processes [1-5]. The optimum parameters should guarantee that the allowable stresses are not exceeded and the entire process is conducted in the shortest time. In this work new numerical method for determining optimum working parameters is presented. Based on these parameters heating operations were conducted. Stresses were monitored during the entire processes. The results obtained were compared with the German boiler regulations - Technische Regeln fur Dampfkessel 301.
Źródło:
Archives of Thermodynamics; 2010, 31, 3; 55-72
1231-0956
2083-6023
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Thermodynamics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 18

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