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    Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9
    Tytuł:
    Harmful exhaust components and particles mass and number emission during the actual drive of a passenger car in accordance with the RDE procedure
    Autorzy:
    Sokolnicka, Barbara
    Fuć, Paweł
    Szymlet, Natalia
    Siedlecki, Maciej
    Grzeszczyk, Rafał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/134096.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
    Tematy:
    RDE procedure
    particulate mass
    particulate number
    exhaust emission
    direct injection
    procedura RDE
    masa cząstek stałych
    liczba cząstek stałych
    emisja spalin
    wtrysk bezpośredni
    Opis:
    The article presents toxic exhaust components emission measurement results as well as solid particles mass and number. The test involved a direct gasoline injection engine, in which special attention should be paid to the particulates number emission. Small diameters of nanoparticles make them particularly dangerous to human health. Nowadays, vehicle engines are constantly improved and modernized as a result of the need to meet existing exhaust gas emission standards. One of the few ways to determine the actual content of toxic and harmful compounds in the exhaust gases is the RDE (Real Driving Emissions) procedure, the requirements of which apply from 2016 for new vehicles, and from 2019 will apply to all registered passenger cars. The RDE procedure does not replace the WLTP (World Light-Duty Vehicle Test Procedure), but complements it. The tests on the dynamometer are separated from external conditions such as traffic volume or congestion and are not a sufficient indicator of emissions in real traffic conditions.
    Źródło:
    Combustion Engines; 2019, 58, 3; 198-202
    2300-9896
    2658-1442
    Pojawia się w:
    Combustion Engines
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Modelowanie parametrów cząstek stałych z samochodów osobowych w rzeczywistych warunkach ruchu
    Modeling of particulate matter parameters for passenger cars under real traffic conditions
    Autorzy:
    Pielecha, J.
    Merkisz, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133631.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
    Tematy:
    masa cząstek stałych
    liczba cząstek stałych
    rzeczywiste warunki ruchu
    particle mass
    particle number
    real traffic conditions
    Opis:
    W artykule wyznaczono modele masy, liczby i średnicy cząstek stałych emitowanych z pojazdów wyposażonych w silniki o zapłonie samoczynnym. Przedstawiono nowe możliwości wykorzystania wartości charakteryzujących warunki ruchu pojazdu do identyfikacji parametrów cząstek stałych. Do opisu warunków pracy pojazdu wykorzystano dwuwymiarowe histogramy, które ujmują wartości prędkości i przyspieszenia pojazdu oraz czasu jego pracy w rzeczywistych warunkach ruchu. Wynikiem tych działań jest propozycja modeli matematycznych opisujących podstawowe właściwości cząstek stałych (ich masę, liczbę i średnicę) w różnych warunkach pracy samochodów osobowych. Tworzone modele parametrów cząstek stałych wykorzystujące parametry wejściowe uzyskane w warunkach dynamicznych potraktowano priorytetowo. Badania takie, niewykonywane dotychczas, wykonano dla pojazdów lekkich, a następnie dowiedziono poprawności uzyskanych modeli parametrów cząstek stałych przez weryfikację, do której wykorzystano inne pojazdy niż użyte do tworzenia odpowiednich modeli.
    In the paper models of mass, number and diameters of particulate matter generated by vehicles fitted with diesel engines have been determined. The author presents new possibilities of application of the values characterizing the vehicle traffic conditions for the identification of the particulate matter parameters. For the description of the vehicle operating conditions two-dimensional histograms have been used that include the values of vehicle speed and acceleration and its time of operation under actual traffic conditions. The result of these actions is the proposal of mathematical models describing the basic properties of particulate matter (its mass, number and diameters) under different operating conditions of passenger vehicles. The created models of particulate matter parameters using the input parameters obtained in the dynamic conditions have been treated with priority. Such research, a pioneer one to date, has been carried out for light duty vehicles and then the correctness of the obtained models has been confirmed of the particulate matter parameters by a validation on vehicles other than those used for the creation of the models.
    Źródło:
    Combustion Engines; 2013, 52, 3; 232-242
    2300-9896
    2658-1442
    Pojawia się w:
    Combustion Engines
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Seasonal variation of the elemental composition of particulate matter collected in a small town near Warszawa, Poland
    Autorzy:
    Samek, L.
    Lankosz, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147078.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
    Tematy:
    air pollution
    particulate matter
    mass concentrations
    elemental concentrations
    EDXRF
    Opis:
    Four seasonal sampling campaigns successively in April, July, September 2008 and February 2009 took place at Świder, a town located to the south-east of Warszawa, Poland. Three particle size fractions of particulate matter were collected by a NILU (The Norwegian Institute for Air Protection, Norway) sampler. The following elements were determined by the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) method: K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br and Pb. The highest mean mass concentrations in fine and medium fractions were observed in April 2008 and February 2009. For a coarse fraction, the highest values of mass concentrations were observed in April and September 2008. Ca, Mn and Fe existed mainly in the coarse fraction. These elements probably came from the southern direction. Zn was divided between three fractions equally. In February 2009 the highest Zn concentrations were observed in the medium fraction. Pb existed mainly in the fine and medium fractions. The highest values of Pb concentrations were observed in February 2009. Bromium existed in the fine fraction. Correlations were observed between Ca, Mn and Fe concentrations. Correlation factors were about 0.8 for the coarse fraction. For other analyzed elements, the correlation coefficients were small. Basing on the backward trajectories and elemental concentrations of particulate matter (PM), it was confirmed that in winter the main influence on air quality is caused by pollution coming from coal combustion in local houses, heat and power plants working in urban areas. In summer the main influence on air quality is caused by pollution from sources in rural cultivable areas. The improvement of air quality is possible by decreasing the emission, using coal with a small level of harmful compounds and whole elimination of plant preventive agents and using fertilizers with a small content of unwanted elements.
    Źródło:
    Nukleonika; 2011, 56, 1; 57-64
    0029-5922
    1508-5791
    Pojawia się w:
    Nukleonika
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Inherent optical properties and particulate matter distribution in summer season in waters of Hornsund and Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen
    Autorzy:
    Sagan, S.
    Darecki, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/49136.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Oceanologii PAN
    Tematy:
    inherent optical property
    particulate matter
    vertical structure
    summer season
    Atlantic water
    Hornsund
    Kongsfjorden
    Spitsbergen
    hydrological regime
    water mass
    water column
    Opis:
    Two Spitsbergen fjords, Hornsund and Kongsfjorden, are known for being under different hydrological regimes. The first is cold, separated from warm Atlantic water by East Spitsbergen Current, while Kongsfjorden is frequently penetrated by relatively warm Atlantic water. On the other hand, both are under strong influence of water discharge from glaciers and land freshwater input. During the period of observation in both fjords a dominant water mass was Surface Water, which originates mainly from glacial melt. The presence of suspended matter introduced with melt water in Surface Water is reflected by highest values of light attenuation and absorption coefficients recorded in areas close to glacier both in Hornsund and Kongsfjorden. In Hornsund the maximum light attenuation coefficient cpg(555) was 5.817 m−1 and coefficient of light absorption by particles ap(676) = 0.10 m−1. In Kongsfjorden the corresponding values were 26.5 m−1 and 0.223 m−1. In Kongsfjorden suspended matter of the size class 20–200 μm dominated over fractions smaller than 20 μm while in Hornsund dominating size fraction was 2–20 μm. The results provide an evidence of considerable range of variability of the optical properties mainly due to glacial and riverine runoff. The scale of variability of particulate matter in Kongsfjorden is bigger than in Hornsund. Most of the variability in Hornsund can be attributed to glaciers discharge and a presence of particles of mineral origin, while in Kongsfjorden the organic and mineral particles contribute almost equally to defining the optical properties of water.
    Źródło:
    Oceanologia; 2018, 60, 1
    0078-3234
    Pojawia się w:
    Oceanologia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A preliminary study of the concentrations and mass size distributions of particulate matter in indoor sports facilities before and during athlete training
    Autorzy:
    Kuskowska, Karolina
    Rogula-Kozłowska, Wioletta
    Widziewicz, Kamila
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/207810.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
    Tematy:
    sport object
    resistance training
    particulate matter
    PM
    respiratory tract
    obiekt sportowy
    trening fizyczny
    cząstki stałe
    drogi oddechowe
    Opis:
    The mass size distribution of five fractions of particulate matter inside most popular types of closed sports facilities before and after athlete training were compared. In all the facilities, the concentrations of particles were higher during the training than before it. Their values depended on the type of flooring and cubic capacity of the rooms. Particle mass size distribution importantly affects the particle deposition rate in the respiratory tract. The results of the work indicate the necessity of further investigating the relations between the physical properties of particles and the effects of inhaling them during training in various sports facilities.
    Źródło:
    Environment Protection Engineering; 2019, 45, 3; 103-112
    0324-8828
    Pojawia się w:
    Environment Protection Engineering
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Impact of EGR control at in-cylinder pressure and ecological properties of CI off-road vehicle engine
    Autorzy:
    Bieniek, A.
    Mamala, J.
    Graba, M.
    Hennek, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133493.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
    Tematy:
    exhaust gas recirculation
    in-cylinder pressure
    mass fraction burning
    differential pressure
    nitrogen oxides
    NOx
    particulate matter
    PM
    recyrkulacja spalin
    ciśnienie w cylindrze
    spalanie frakcji masowej
    różnica ciśnień
    tlenki azotu
    cząstki stałe
    Opis:
    An attempt has been made to clarify the effect of wide-ranging control of the exhaust gas recirculation system on the cylinder pressure and ecological engine performance. This publication contains the results of tests performed on the CI (compression ignition) engine of the off-road vehicle mounted on the test bench. The study was based on advanced EGR control with a proportional valve and a very efficient exhaust gases cooling system. Analysis of the test results is based on the cylinder pressure and the concentration of NOx and PM components at exhaust gases. The study included the influence of the exhaust gas recirculation system control on parameters such as differential pressure, MBF, and relative NOx and PM emissions. As demonstrated by the analysis conducted, the EGR valve control method and the exhaust gas cooling intensity significantly affect the cylinder pressure and its ecological performance.
    Źródło:
    Combustion Engines; 2017, 56, 3; 88-95
    2300-9896
    2658-1442
    Pojawia się w:
    Combustion Engines
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Chemical composition and mass closure of ambient particulate matter at a crossroads and a highway in Katowice, Poland
    Autorzy:
    Rogula-Kozłowska, W.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/207973.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
    Tematy:
    soil pollution
    carbon
    chemical analysis
    organic carbon
    trace elements
    transportation
    chemical composition
    exhaust emission
    photochemical transformations
    secondary aerosols
    traffic emission
    zanieczyszczenie gleby
    węgiel
    analiza chemiczna
    węgiel organiczny
    mikroelementy
    transport
    skład chemiczny
    emisja spalin
    prekursory gazowe
    przemiany fotochemiczne
    aerozole wtórne
    Opis:
    The concentration, chemical composition, and mass closure of various fractions of ambient particulate matter (PM) were analyzed at crossroads and at a highway in Katowice (Poland). It was shown that at both sites organic carbon can constitute even 57% of the fine PM mass, about 20% of the fine PM mass can originate from the photochemical transformations of inorganic gaseous precursors, and that the coarse PM was mainly the organic matter (up to 39%) and crustal matter (up to 24%). Traffic emissions in Katowice can affect the formation of secondary aerosol (organic and inorganic), the contributions to PM and ambient concentrations of soil matter, NaCl, and trace elements. At the highway, the greatest impact on the concentrations and chemical composition of fine particles was probably due to exhaust emissions. At the crossroads, in the center of the city, the non-exhaust traffic emissions probably affected the coarse PM.
    Źródło:
    Environment Protection Engineering; 2015, 41, 2; 15-29
    0324-8828
    Pojawia się w:
    Environment Protection Engineering
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wpływ emisji komunikacyjnej na stężenie dwóch form węgla i rozkład ich masy względem wielkości cząstek w aerozolu atmosferycznym obszaru miejskiego
    Influence of Vehicular Traffic on Ambient Concentration and Mass Size Distribution of Two Fractions of Carbon in an Urban Area Atmospheric Aerosol
    Autorzy:
    Rogula-Kozłowska, W.
    Rogula-Kopiec, P.
    Klejnowski, K.
    Błaszczyk, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1819029.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
    Tematy:
    obszar miejski
    emisja komunikacyjna
    particulate air-pollution
    diesel exhaust particles
    chemical composition
    elemental carbon
    organic carbon
    road
    vehicles
    matter
    Opis:
    Ambient particulate matter (PM) is a component of the natural environment and a certain number of particles that varies with time, having many different properties which also change over time, is constantly present in the air. It can be assumed that the scope of environmental effects of PM is the broadest among all air pollutants: it affects the human health, climate, ecological conditions and visibility. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) are the two most important components of suspended dust. The continuously increasing road traffic intensity is highly correlated with increasing concentrations of both of these components in the air of urbanized areas all over the world. In spite of this, the amount of data on OC and EC concentrations in Poland is still insufficient, especially in the case of areas located close to busy roads. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of vehicular traffic on ambient concentrations of PM-related OC and EC, and their mass size distribution in a typical urban area of the Upper Silesia. PM samples were collected simultaneously at two sites located in the Katowice city. One of the selected measurement points was situated in the city centre and characterized so-called urban background. The second measurement point, located near the A4 motorway, was in the area directly exposed to the influence of traffic emission. Dust was sampled during two measurement periods (2–10 August and 15–22 September 2011) using thirteen-stage impactors – DEKATI Ltd. (DLPI, Dekati Low Pressure Impactor). Analysis for the content of OC and EC in the collected dust samples was carried out by means of a thermo-optical method with the use of a Sunset Laboratory OC/EC carbon analyzer. During the entire measurement program strict adherence to the rigorous requirements for quality control of the obtained results was ensured. Concentrations of PM1-, PM2.5- and PM10-related OC and EC in Katowice, near the A4 motorway, were close to values obtained in other parts of the world in different measurement periods, at traffic sites of similar characteristics. Also values of the concentration ratio of OC bound to PM10 and PM2,5 (or PM2,5) were similar to quantities determined in different locations. In Katowice, due to municipal emission and poor quality of vehicles travelling the roads, also the coarse fraction of dust was enriched in EC. This situation is unusual in comparison to other regions. The effect of emission from engines of the cars travelling the motorway manifested itself mainly by elevated EC concentrations compared to the urban background site. For TSP the EC concentration was higher, five times in the beginning of August and two times in the second half of September. The largest differences between EC concentrations in the location near the motorway and in the urban background area were observed for the PM0.06–0.108, PM0.108–0.17 and PM0.17–0.26 fractions. In both measurement periods, at the traffic site in Katowice, the maxima of mass size distribution of EC were in the diameter range characteristic for soot emitted from Diesel engines (0.108–0.26µm). The fact that the influence of exhaust emission from vehicles travelling the motorway on EC concentrations was more pronounced in the second half of September than in the first half of August, was caused by larger EC emission from various sources in Katowice during the period following summer holidays. Concentrations of organic carbon bound to TSP in both measurement periods in Katowice was only 10% higher in the urban traffic site than in the urban background site. The largest differences between OC concentrations near the motorway and in the urban background are observed in the ranges 0.06–0.17 and 1.0–2.5 µm. Maxima of the mass size distribution of PM-related OC, both at the urban traffic site and at the background site, were similar in both measurement periods. It was inferred that the small differences between OC concentrations in the traffic and the background site are caused by the process of secondary aerosol formation, less intensive near the motorway than in the urban site.
    Źródło:
    Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska; 2013, Tom 15, cz. 2; 1623-1644
    1506-218X
    Pojawia się w:
    Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Masowy rozkład pierwiastków w próbkach pyłu zawieszonego pobranych w obszarze tła miejskiego: wyniki ośmiomiesięcznych badań w Zabrzu
    Mass Size Distribution of PM-bound Elements at an Urban Background Site: Results of an Eight-month Study in Zabrze
    Autorzy:
    Rogula-Kozłowska, W.
    Klejnowski, K.
    Rogula-Kopiec, P.
    Błaszczak, B.
    Mathews, B.
    Szopa, S.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1819065.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
    Tematy:
    rozkład pierwiastków
    próbki pyłu
    particulate air-pollution
    trace elements
    source identification
    atmospheric aerosol
    fine particles
    heavy metals
    source apportionment
    Opis:
    The analysis of elemental composition of ambient dust can help not only evaluate the environmental and health effects due to the air pollution but also identify emission sources. However, the whole number of projects and studies on concentrations and elemental composition of ambient (especially fine) dust hardly concern these issues in Eastern Europe. Neither is the chemical (and elemental) composition of the submicron ambient dust in Poland well recognized. There is also a shortage of data from long-term and parallel studies of the elemental composition of separate dust fractions. In the heavily polluted areas, the elemental composition of atmospheric aerosol and the dependence of elemental composition of particles on their size can appear essential for analyzing the toxicity of dust and its environmental effects. This study presents the results of determination and comparison of the elemental composition of four fractions of ambient dust in Zabrze (Poland), an urban area typical of the exposure of the Upper-Silesian Agglomeration population to the polluted air. The samples of the four dust fractions (fine: ≤1 µm – PM1, 1–2.5 µm – PM1-2.5, coarse: 2.5–10 µm – PM2.5-10, and 10–40 µm – PM10-40,) were collected during eight months (January–August 2009) with the use of a DEKATI-PM10 cascade impactor. All the dust samples (204 samples) were analyzed using a PANalytical Epsilon 5 spectrometer (EDXRF – energy dispersive X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy). The minimum, maximum and average concentrations, for winter (January–April, heating season) and summer (May–August, non-heating season), of 38 elements from each of the four examined dust fractions were calculated. The influence of anthropogenic sources on the ambient concentrations of elements from each dust fraction was determined by analyzing the enrichment factors (EF). The strength of linear relationships (Pearson’s linear correlation coefficients) between each pair of elements was determined separately for fine and coarse dust. The highest ambient concentrations were assumed by two nonmetals – sulfur and chlorine; their concentrations were significantly lower in summer than in winter. Both sulfur and chlorine were mainly bound onto the finest particles. Their share in the coarse dust, even in summer, was small. They came from anthropogenic sources. Ambient, typical crustal, Si, Al, Fe, Mg, K, Ca, Ti, Sr, Rb in Zabrze came from natural sources regardless of the fraction they were bound to. Small seasonal variations in ambient concentrations of these elements or some of the concentrations higher in summer than in winter confirmed the fact. A significant portion of the mass of the crustal elements, especially of Al, Si and Fe, was concentrated in the coarse fractions. However, the mass distribution among the dust fractions indicates some of them (K, Ca, Mg, Rb, Sr) as coming partly from anthropogenic sources. It particularly concerns their part bound to fine dust in winter. The mass contribution of crustal matter to ambient dust was about 6.8 in winter and 9.7% in summer; the contribution to PM1 was half of it. Almost all remaining 27 elements (except for Mn, Zn, Ge, Sb, La) had the ambient concentrations not greater than 100 ng m-3, usually higher in winter. The average mass shares of each of these 27 elements in PM1, PM1-2.5, PM2.5-10, and PM10-40, were different and depended on the season of a year. Co, Cu, Zn, Pb and As were cumulated mostly in fine dust, while V, Mn, Co, Cr, Ni, Ag, Cd and Ba in coarse dust. The former, in fine dust, were assumed to be rather of anthropogenic origin and closely associated with combustion. The later originated partly from combustion (especially in winter) but their greater part was secondary and came from road dust. The largest contributors to the mass of the elements in fine dust in Zabrze are domestic furnaces and car engines, i.e. combustion of fossil fuels, biomass, and waste. The possible effect of industrial sources was also identified. The elemental composition of coarse dust is due to re-suspension of soil and road dust, and to a lesser extent, to municipal emission.
    Źródło:
    Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska; 2013, Tom 15, cz. 2; 1022-1040
    1506-218X
    Pojawia się w:
    Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9

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