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Tytuł:
Wykorzystanie ekwiwalentnej stałej czasowej w pomiarach szybkozmiennych temperatur w regeneratorze zintegrowanym z palnikiem gazowym
Use of equivalent time-constant for measurement of rapidly changing temperatures in the regenerator integrated with gas burner
Autorzy:
Wnęk, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/151941.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:
pomiar szybkozmiennej temperatury
czujniki termometryczne
regenerator
ekwiwalentna stała czasowa
palnik gazowy
rapidly changing temperature measurement
thermometric sensors
equivalent time-constant
gas burner
Opis:
Przedstawiono wyniki badań modelowania matematycznego dynamiki termoelektrycznych czujników płaszczowych. Omówiono wpływ parametrów konstrukcyjnych termoelementu na pomiar temperatury oraz dogodny model - łatwy do wykorzystania podczas pomiaru szybkozmiennej temperatury czynnika w celu korekty dynamicznego błędu przetwarzania. Zaprezentowano wykorzystanie ekwiwalentnej stałej czasowej przy doborze średnicy czujnika termoelektrycznego do pomiaru szybkozmiennej temperatury.
Temperature is the one of the most important parameters which has to be controlled in industrial processes because of technology. The measurement problem of rapidly changing temperature of hot and cold fluids flowing alternately through the regenerator at short intervals is presented in the paper. The metallurgical, high temperature heating furnace with regenerative burners [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7] has been used as an example of the measurement problem appearance (Fig. 1). Periodicity of the system operation (Fig. 2) characterized by the interval shorter than 30 s is quite significant due to the dynamical converting error of sensors. The measurement and mathematical modelling results of dynamics of thermoelectric sensors are presented (Fig. 3). The influence of thermocouple construction parameters on temperature measurement is discussed. A convenient model for correcting the error of dynamic processing is described. This model is easy to use for rapidly changing medium temperature. The method presented for approximation of dynamic properties of thermometric sensors by inertia of the first order with the equivalent time-constant ?E is of great practical importance (Fig. 5). This method provides an easy way to assess the impact of construction and thermophysical parameters of the sensor materials and the heat transfer coefficient, from fluid to a thermocouple, on the thermocouple dynamic prop-erties. The use of the equivalent time-constant during the thermocouple diameter selection for measurement of rapidly changing temperature is presented. When minimizing the error of dynamic sensor processing.
Źródło:
Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola; 2012, R. 58, nr 5, 5; 435-438
0032-4140
Pojawia się w:
Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
LATARNIE GAZOWE WARSZAWY
GAS LAMPS IN WARSAW
Autorzy:
Barszcz, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/539319.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
Tematy:
William Murdoch
latarnie gazowe
Komitet Gazowy
palnik motylkowy
siatka Auera
Opis:
Permanent street lights appeared in Warsaw in 1716 when twelve oil lamps were installed on the town hall walls. A true breakthrough, however, came with gas lamps. The first gas lamps, placed in Zamkowy Square and at Warsaw University in 1844, were fuelled with bottled gas supplied by a factory in the district of Solec. In 1856 the German Continental Gas Society of Dessau opened gas-works in Solec and initiated the installation of gas pipe networks. On 27 December 1856, 92 gas lamps were lit along Ludna, Książęca, Nowy Świat and Krakowskie Przedmieście streets and in Zamkowy Square. The lamps of the period were open-flame and their burners produced light similar to candlelight. In 1892 the inventor Karl Auer von Welsbach devised a special incandescent mantle which under the impact of the gas flame yielded a much stronger stream of light. Constructions of this type were applied in Warsaw in 1898. At the beginning of the twentieth century the city streets featured more effective electric lights. The fashion for gas lamps returned at the end of the 1930s. In 1927-1939 the gas-works in Ludna Street used a device for automatically turning the lamps on and off. The enormous damage incurred during the second world war produced a considerable decline in the number of the lamps : in 1945 there were only twenty lamps. In 1956, the number of functioning lamps totalled 2 611 but subsequently their number gradually dropped. In order to preserve remnants of historical gas lighting the city lamps were registered as historical monuments and submitted to legal protection (upon the basis of a decision made by the Voivodeship Conservator of Historical Monuments, no. B-1209 of 15 December 1982). This decision pertained to 181 gas lamps, of which 28 were nine-flame and 153 four-flame. The legal protection encompassed not only the form of the gas lamps but also the manner of obtaining light with the assistance of burners outfitted with the Auer mantles. The disassembly of the lamps and their conversion into electric fixtures became forbidden. Unfortunately, the practice of listing the lamps in the Register of Historical Monuments provided insufficient protection. Only six nine-flame gas lamps have survived out of a total of 28, i. e. barely 21 % of all the objects protected by law. The surviving fourflame lamps amount to 130, i. e. 85% of lamps of this type under legal protection. The above presented figures demonstrate that one-fourth of the lamps listed in the register does not exist or has been devastated. The implementation of a sensible plan for the revalorisation of gas lamps required co-operation between the Office of the Conservator of Historical Monuments, the Voivodeship Conservator of Historical Monuments and the authorities of particular districts, responsible for city lights. The prime task, however, consists of guaranteeing steady financing of historical gas lamps.
Źródło:
Ochrona Zabytków; 2003, 1-2; 122-133
0029-8247
Pojawia się w:
Ochrona Zabytków
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
    Wyświetlanie 1-2 z 2

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