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    Tytuł:
    Badania metaloznawcze mieczy z cmentarzyska z okresu rzymskiego w Czelinie, woj. Zachodniopomorskie
    Metallurgy study on swords from the Roman period burial ground in Czelin, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
    Autorzy:
    Biborski, Marcin
    Kaczanowski, Piotr
    Stępiński, Janusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/440571.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie
    Tematy:
    okres rzymski
    miecze
    typ Pompeje
    typ Lachmirowice-Apa
    typ Vimose-Illerup
    Roman period
    swords
    Pompeii type
    Lachmirowice-Apa type
    Vimose-Illerup type
    Opis:
    Abstract: Results of the metallurgy study on three, two-edged swords from a cremation burial ground in Czelin, representing the Pompeii, Lachmirowice-Apa and Vimose-Illerup types indicate a variability in the material used as well as in technique of their production, and thus in the quality of the specimens. Two of them were made of a single piece of metal with low (specimen of the Lachmirowice-Apa type) or medium quality (specimen of the Pompeii type). A much higher level of craftsmanship is represented by the third sword of the Vimose-Illerup type, precisely forged from several pieces of diverse, high-quality material, representing the so-called pattern welding technique.
    Źródło:
    Materiały Zachodniopomorskie; 2014, 10; 133-157
    0076-5236
    Pojawia się w:
    Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Grodzisk Mazowiecki, stan. X – cmentarzysko kultury grobów kloszowych i kultury przeworskiej
    Grodzisk Mazowiecki, site X – a Cemetery of the Cloche Grave and Przeworsk Cultures
    Autorzy:
    Kaczyński, Bartłomiej
    Woźniak, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048846.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    wczesna epoka żelaza
    okres halsztacki
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    cmentarzysko
    kultura grobów kloszowych
    kultura przeworska
    Mazowsze
    Early Iron Age
    Hallstatt Period
    Roman Period
    cemetery
    Cloche Grave Culture
    Przeworsk Culture
    Masovia
    Opis:
    Site X, located in the centre of present-day Grodzisk Mazowiecki, was discovered at the beginning of 1959 during construction works carried out in the area of a former Jewish cemetery (Fig. 1, 2). As a result of accidental discoveries and one-day rescue excavations, a total of nine ancient graves (1–5, 7–10) were registered. Another one (6), located in a secondary deposit, was discovered about 50 m to the east in 1988 during earthworks at one of the factory buildings (Fig. 2). Artefacts from the cemetery are currently stored in three institutions, i.e. the Grodzisk Mazowiecki Cultural Centre, the Museum of Ancient Mazovian Metallurgy in Pruszków and the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. Due to the accidental nature of the discoveries, their only documentation are notes from archaeological interventions and entries on the artefact inventory cards drawn in 1959 (Fig. 4). The lack of sketches and field descriptions does not make it possible to reconstruct the location of the graves and significantly hinders analysis of the funeral rite. The long-term storage of the unstudied material negatively affected its condition – some of the artefacts and documents were lost. This study covers those artefacts that could be identified and combined into grave assemblages. The phase of use of the cemetery in the Early Iron Age is represented by six features: two cloche graves (Fig. 7, 10), three cloche or urn graves (Fig. 5, 6, 8) and one urn grave (Fig. 9). In most cases, the graves contained only pottery. Among the remains of at least 22 vessels, 18 could be typologically identified per the classification of T. Węgrzynowicz30, including ten pots (A1), representing four types and/or variants: I var. b (Fig. 10:2), III var. c (Fig. 7:2), III (Fig. 19:5), V var. c (Fig. 5:1, 6:2, 9:1, 10:1), V (Fig. 6:1, 8:2) VI var. c (Fig. 19:6). Seven bowls (B1) were classified as types: I var. c (Fig. 7:3, 8:4, 9:2, 10:3, 19:4), I var. d (Fig. 8:1), V var. c (Fig. 7:1). There was also one mug (B2) of type I var. b (Fig. 19:3). The vessels represent forms commonly found at Cloche Grave Culture cemeteries in Mazovia and Podlachia. The vessels with quite rare stamped impressions with a marked centre, made with a straw (Fig. 20), stand out in terms of ornamentation. Decoration on the urn from grave 6, made with polygonal stamps with a marked centre (Fig. 10:2), is completely unique. It was presumably made with lignified stems of field plants. Non-ceramic artefacts: bronze lumps, bronze wire and a fragment of a corroded iron sheet (Fig. 7:4.5), originally probably small items of adornment or tools, were only recorded in three graves (3, 5, 6). Skeletal remains were only preserved in three graves. Anthropological analysis showed that the bones of an adult man were interred in grave 2, of a seven-year-old child and an adult in grave 3, and of an adult woman (?) in ‘grave’ 6. The cloche graves cemetery at site X in Grodzisk Mazowiecki is located in the eastern part of the Łowicz-Błonie Plain – an area distinguished by intense settlement of the Pomeranian Cloche Grave circle45. Features of the pottery indicate that the cemetery functioned mainly in phase Ib after M. Andrzejowska53, i.e. approximately at the end of Ha D – the beginning of the so-called older Pre-Roman Period. Four graves are associated with the use of the cemetery in the Roman Period – most likely one pit (grave 7) and three urn burials, including one (grave 9) in which the cinerary urn was covered with another vessel (Fig. 13). The remains of a woman were deposited in grave 8; bones from other graves were not preserved or could not be identified. Grave-goods consisted of 24 non-ceramic objects, including: a bronze brooch (Fig. 13:3), probably a strongly profiled one of the Mazovian variety55; two iron buckles (Fig. 14:3.4.4a), including type D1 after R. Madyda-Legutko57; a bronze strap-end (Fig. 13:4), similar to type 1/6 of group I after R. Madyda-Legutko64; a rectangular bronze belt fitting (Fig. 19:1); remains of an iron razor (Fig. 15:6); three straight iron knives (Fig. 15:3–5); a one-piece antler comb, type Thomas AI68 (Fig. 12:1); (Fig. 12:2); a sandstone whetstone (Fig. 14:5); a double-edged iron sword (Fig. 18:1.1a) of the Canterbury-Kopki72 type or the Canterbury-Mainz variant of the Lauriacum-Hromówka73 type; two iron shield bosses and a bronze shield fitting (lost); four spearheads of types: L/2 (Fig. 18:6.6a), V/2 (Fig. 18:3), II/2 (Fig. 18:2) and XIII (Fig. 18:7) after P. Kaczanowski85–87; aa bow-shaped spur (Fig. 18:5) of type C1b after J. Ginalski95; a chair-shaped spur (Fig. 18:4.4a), similar to type IIc after E. Roman97; remains of a bronze bucket with iron handle of the Östland/Eggers 39–40107 type (Fig. 15:1.2, 16, 17). Of the six clay vessels, five can be typologically identified; they belong to types I/2 (Fig. 14:1), II/1 (Fig. 11:1, 14:2), III (Fig. 13:2) and V (Fig. 12:1) in the classification of T. Liana113. The richest burial at the cemetery, as well as in the area between the Bzura, the Rawka and the Vistula, is grave 10 (Fig. 14–18). It is distinguished by an imported bronze vessel and an exceptionally large number of elements of weaponry (two bosses, four spearheads), testifying to the above-average social position of the deceased. A. Niewęgłowski134 suggested that two warriors were buried in the grave; however, the thesis cannot be verified due to the inability to identify burned bones from this feature. Although isolated graves with larger than standard weaponry sets, including ones containing two shield bosses or several spearheads, are known from Przeworsk Culture cemeteries, they are not frequent. Östland-type vessels are among the Roman bronze vessels most frequently encountered in barbarian Europe. In western Mazovia, imported bronze vessels are relatively rare. The burials from the Przeworsk Culture cemetery are from the Early Roman Period. Grave 10 is dated to stage B2a, grave 9 to phases B2b–B2/C1, grave 8 to phases B2b–C1a, and grave 7 only broadly to phases B1–B2. The cemetery is located within a dense, west-Masovian cluster of Przeworsk Culture settlement, which also included an iron metallurgy centre142. The cemetery at site X in Grodzisk Mazowiecki is one of the many Masovian necropoles used by the population of the Cloche Grave and Przeworsk Cultures152. Even though the mutual chronological relations of the Cloche Grave and Przeworsk assemblages exclude a hypothesis about continuous use of the cemetery by the population of both cultures, it should be remembered that the site has only been partially explored. Unfortunately, the area of the cemetery is currently heavily urbanised and partly overlaps with a former Jewish cemetery, where excavations are forbidden (Fig. 3). This prevents any archaeological research, and thus possible determination of the original range of the cemetery and examination of its structure.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 289-318
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Broń chemiczna w XX i XXI wieku. Cz. 1, Bojowe środki trujące do czasów odkrycia środków fosforoorganicznych
    Chemical weapon in the 20th and 21st centuries. Part 1, Chemical warfare agents before G nerve agent group discovery
    Autorzy:
    Kloske, Marcin
    Witkiewicz, Zygfryd
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/208860.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna im. Jarosława Dąbrowskiego
    Tematy:
    broń chemiczna
    bojowe środki trujące
    I wojna światowa
    okres międzywojenny
    chemical weapon
    chemical warfare agents
    World War I
    interwar period
    Opis:
    Publikacja zawiera syntezę wiedzy o broni chemicznej i jej stosowaniu podczas I wojny światowej oraz w okresie po tej wojnie, do czasu odkrycia substancji o działaniu paralityczno-drgawkowym. Opisane są bojowe środki chemiczne (BST), które w tym okresie były odkryte, produkowane i użyte na polu walki. Są one określane jako BST pierwszej i drugiej generacji.
    The publication contains a synthesis of knowledge about chemical weapon and its use during the First World War and in the period after that war, until the nerve agent discovery. It describes chemical warfare agents (CWAs) that were discovered, produced, and used on the battlefield at that time. They are referred to as the first and second CWAs generation.
    Źródło:
    Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej; 2019, 68, 3; 95-118
    1234-5865
    Pojawia się w:
    Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Broń chemiczna w XX i XXI wieku. Cz. 2, Fosforoorganiczne bojowe środki trujące grupy G
    Chemical weapon in the 20th and 21st centuries. Part 2, Nerve agents : G group
    Autorzy:
    Kloske, Marcin
    Witkiewicz, Zygfryd
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/209236.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna im. Jarosława Dąbrowskiego
    Tematy:
    fosforoorganiczne środki trujące
    broń chemiczna
    II wojna światowa
    okres powojenny
    zimna wojna
    phosphororganic chemical agents
    chemical weapon
    II World War
    post-war period
    Cold War
    Opis:
    Celem publikacji jest dokonanie przeglądu stanu wiedzy na temat grupy G związków chemicznych wchodzących w skład fosforoorganicznych bojowych środków trujących paralityczno-drgawkowych od ich odkrycia do 1970 roku. Związki grupy G, określane także jako związki serii G, związki G, G-gazy, gazy G, to podgrupa paralityczno-drgawkowych bojowych środków trujących, które powodują inhibicję acetylocholinoesterazy. Praca zawiera podstawowe dane na temat tej grupy związków chemicznych, nadal rozpatrywanych jako istotny składnik broni chemicznej.
    The aim of this publication is to review the state of the art in the field of chemical weapons. It contains the knowledge about the G group of chemical compounds that are part of the phosphorous-organic combat paralytic and seizure poisonous agents from their discovery to 1970. G group compounds are also referred to as G series compounds, G compounds, G-gases, G gases, are a subgroup of paralytic-convulsant combat poisonous agents that inhibit acetylcholinesterase. The paper contains basic data on this group of compounds, still considered as an important component of chemical weapons.
    Źródło:
    Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej; 2019, 68, 3; 119-131
    1234-5865
    Pojawia się w:
    Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Broń chemiczna w XX i XXI wieku. Cz. 3, Fosforoorganiczne bojowe środki trujące stosowane do 1970 r. : grupa V
    Chemical weapon in the 20th and 21st centuries. Part 3, Organophosphorus chemical warfare agents used until the year 1970 : V-group
    Autorzy:
    Kloske, Marcin
    Witkiewicz, Zygfryd
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/208966.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna im. Jarosława Dąbrowskiego
    Tematy:
    fosforoorganiczne środki trujące
    broń chemiczna
    II wojna światowa
    okres powojenny
    zimna wojna
    organophosphorus toxic agents
    chemical weapon
    II World War
    post-war period
    Cold War
    Opis:
    W pracy opisano grupę V fosforoorganicznych bojowych środków trujących (BST) o działaniu paralityczno-drgawkowym stosowanych od ich odkrycia do 1970 roku. Grupa V jest drugim z kolei zbiorem BST i zawiera wiele substancji chemicznych, które do 2018 roku były uważane za najbardziej toksyczne związki chemiczne wchodzące w skład arsenału broni chemicznej.
    The article contains the knowledge about the V-group of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents, named nerve agents, used since their discovery until the year 1970. Group V is the second consecutive collection of CW agents and it contains a number of chemical substances, which were considered up to the year 2018, to be the most toxic chemical compounds included in the arsenal of chemical weapons.
    Źródło:
    Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej; 2019, 68, 4; 139-163
    1234-5865
    Pojawia się w:
    Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Funkcjonowanie Silla w okresie Trzech Królestw. Wybrane aspekty zainspirowane serialem Hwarang (2016)
    The functioning of Silla in the Three Kingdoms Period. Selected issues inspired by the television series Hwarang [2016]
    Autorzy:
    Kula, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/26731689.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-12-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Wrocławski. Wydział Nauk Historycznych i Pedagogicznych. Instytut Historyczny
    Tematy:
    Korean history
    Three Kingdoms Period
    Silla
    hwarang
    K-drama
    Korean wave
    soft historical power
    historia Korei
    okres Trzech Królestw
    hwarangowie
    Koreańska Fala
    Opis:
    Worldwide interest in Korean popular culture, especially television series produced in Seoul, has continued to grow since it first came to the attention of international audiences during the 1990s. This is due, among other things, to the numerous costume productions that not only provide entertainment but also popularise the history of the Korean Peninsula, which affords local politicians a specific tool for conducting modern historical policy. Meanwhile, despite the growing popularity of K-drama, Poland still lacks the scientific basis that would allow the ancient history of Korea to be studied. To fill this gap, the author of this article decided to present key issues related to the Three Kingdoms Period (313–668) and the political, social, economic and cultural functioning of the Korean state of Silla. Since the successes of this small country were determined by a combination of factors, including: the nongjajeongbon policy aimed at the welfare of the village and its inhabitants, the hwabaek council with its controlling and mediating function, the golpum bone-rank system that ensured social stability, as well as (shown by the producers of the television series Hwarang from 2016) the chivalrous ethos of members of the elite Hwarang Corps, which remains one of the most important national symbols of Korea to this day.
    Źródło:
    Studia Antiquitatis et Medii Aevi Incohantis; 2023, 8; 109-131
    2544-4379
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Antiquitatis et Medii Aevi Incohantis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Kurkach, pow. działdowski, stan. III
    Przeworsk Culture Cemetery at Kurki, Działdowo County, Site III
    Autorzy:
    Woźniak, Marcin
    Grabarek, Artur
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048923.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    kultura przeworska
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    północne Mazowsze
    cmentarzysko
    Przeworsk Culture
    Roman Period
    northern Mazovia
    cemetery
    Opis:
    In 2009 and 2011, artefacts from destroyed graves from the Roman Period (Fig. 3) were accidentally discovered in the village of Kurki, Działdowo County (Fig. 1, 2). Archaeological excavations at the site took place in 2009 and 2011. They covered an area of about 500 m2 (Fig. 4, 5). A total of 33 archaeological features were discovered, including five graves from the Roman Period. The graves discovered at Kurki can be attributed to the Przeworsk Culture. They are all cremation burials. Feature 1 (Fig. 6) is a pit cremation burial with remains of a funeral pyre and several vessels (whole or in fragments) lying close to an urn covered (?) with another vessel. Such graves are commonly encountered in the region. Features 23 (Fig. 10, 11), 30 (Fig. 12) and presumably 10a (Fig. 9) are pit graves, with bone material scattered in the pits together with remnants of a funeral pyre. In feature 2 (Fig. 7, 8), human remains were located at the bottom of the pit and covered with three vessels placed upside down. Such an arrangement is characteristic of the graves of the Przeworsk Culture from northern Mazovia. Adult individuals were buried in features 1 and 2, and an older child or adolescent (9–15 years) was interred in feature 23; the sex and age of the person from feature 30 could not be determined. In the case of one grave (10a), osteological material could not be classified. Burnt animal bones were also recorded in two graves (2, 23). Grave goods were fairly modest. Clay vessels (whole or in fragments), usually secondarily burnt, were found in all graves. They mostly represent forms typical of the early Roman, northern Mazovian pottery of the Przeworsk Culture. They find numerous analogies at neighbouring cemeteries, e.g. at Niedanowo, Nidzica County, and Gródki, Działdowo County. Among the less typical forms, a footed cup (Fig. 6:3), a bowl with a low shoulder (Fig. 6:5), and a ribbed bowl imitating Roman glass vessels (Fig. 10:3) are worth mentioning. Other artefacts were registered in two graves only: lumps of melted glass, most probably from a melted glass vessel (Fig. 6:7), were found in the cinerary urn from feature 1, and an iron handle of an organic container was discovered in feature 30 (Fig. 12:4). The examined graves come from phases B1b–B2. The cemetery at Kurki belongs to the local Nidzica-Działdowo settlement cluster of the Przeworsk Culture (Fig. 13). Several sites of this group, most often cemeteries, are known in the vicinity. Most of them are poorly explored archaeologically or studied on a small scale; some are purely accidental discoveries (Kurki – Fig. 14; Rutkowice – Fig. 15).
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 369-383
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nowe materiały ze schyłku okresu wpływów rzymskich i początków okresu wędrówek ludów z okolic Wyszogrodu, w pow. płockim
    New Materials from the End of the Roman Period and the Beginning of the Migration Period from the Vicinity of Wyszogród, Płock County
    Autorzy:
    Woźniak, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/551142.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-01-28
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    kultura wielbarska
    późny okres wpływów rzymskich
    okres wędrówek ludów
    zapinka
    sprzączka
    okucie końca pasa
    Wielbark Culture
    Late Roman Period
    Migration Period
    brooch
    belt buckle
    strap-end
    Opis:
    The collection of the Muzeum Wisły Środkowej i Ziemi Wyszogrodzkiej (Vistula River and Wyszogród Land Museum) in Wyszogród contains hitherto unknown artefacts from the end of the Roman Period and the early phase of the Migration Period. These include: a late brooch with returned foot of Almgren VI,2 series (Fig. 2:1), fragment of a plate-headed brooch (Fig. 2:2), and a beak-shaped strap-end (Fig. 2:3), discovered at Rębowo, Płock County (Fig. 1), and a belt buckle with a thickened frame (Fig. 3) from Wyszogród, Płock County (Fig. 1). All artefacts are made of copper alloy. These forms are typical of the latest phase of the Wielbark Culture in the area of Mazovia on the right bank of the Vistula and in Podlachia. Of particular importance is the fact that they were discovered in an area that, to a large extent, has not been archaeologically explored and which – in light of the material known so far – was devoid of settlement at the end of the Roman Period and at the beginning of the Migration Period.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXX, 70; 246-249
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Relikty cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej z Błonia, pow. warszawski zachodni
    Relics of a Przeworsk Culture Cemetery in Błonie, Warsaw West County
    Autorzy:
    Woźniak, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/551149.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-01-28
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    kultura przeworska
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    cmentarzyska
    Mazowieckie Centrum Metalurgiczne
    Przeworsk Culture
    Roman Period
    cemeteries
    Mazovian Centre of Metallurgy
    Opis:
    In the middle of April 1969, an urn cremation grave from the Roman Period (Fig. 2) was discovered by accident in Błonie, now Warsaw West County (Fig. 1). Several days later, a rescue excavation was carried out in the area of the find, during which four trenches with a total surface area of 130 square metres were opened. Another burial from the Roman Period, two settlement features from the Neolithic and the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age, and three modern graves were registered within their limits (Fig. 3). In 1974, 1985, and 2015, fieldwalking surveys took place in the vicinity of the site. The material discovered at this time was interpreted as traces of a multicultural settlement and, in the Roman Period, also a place of iron production. These assumptions were confirmed by excavations that took place in recent years and were prompted by the intense residential development in the area of the site. However, no Przeworsk Culture graves were found during the excavations. The accidently discovered grave 1 is an urn cremation burial of an individual at the age of infans II/iuvenis. In addition to burnt bones, an iron axe (Fig. 4:1), fragments of a melted glass vessel (Fig. 5), and pieces of a burnt multilayer antler comb (Fig. 4:2) were found inside the urn. The clay vessel that served as a cinerary urn was made on a potter’s wheel (Fig. 4:3). Specimens of similar morphology are known from other Przeworsk Culture sites occupied in the Late Roman Period. The closest analogies, both territorially and stylistically, come from sites located not far from Błonie, on the Middle and Lower Bzura River. The iron axe corresponds to the Żarnowiec type. Objects of a similar shape are found in different parts of barbarian Europe, where they are dated within the range of the Late Roman Period. The slender specimen from Błonie, with a rectangular shaft-hole, finds its best parallels in the territory of the Przeworsk Culture in central Poland. It is not easy to date grave 1 based on local artefact forms. The destroyed glass vessel is the most problematic. The better preserved fragments suggest that it was a mould-blown cup decorated with vertical and fairly shallow grooves (Fig. 5). I am not aware of any such specimen found in the territory of Poland. The most similar vessels are found mainly at Roman cemeteries in the area of present-day Cologne, where they were also most likely made. They are usually dated to the 4th century AD. They are quite diverse – some differ from the specimen from Błonie by having narrower grooves; all have concave bottoms. Out of these specimens, the closest analogies are finds from the vicinity of Hambach, Lkr. Düren (Fig. 6:1), Cologne-Neußer Straße (Fig. 6:2), and Krefeld-Gellep, Lkr. Krefeld (Fig. 6:3), characterised by grooves of a similar size. Vessels with vertically ribbed bodies could have also been made in other regions, e.g. in the late Roman (phases C2–C3) glass workshop in Komarìv, Černìvcì Province, on the Dniester River. Unfortunately, we do not know of any glasses from that workshop that are decorated in the same manner as the preserved fragment from Błonie. In conclusion, grave 1 from Błonie should be dated to no earlier than phase C2, and most probably to phases C2–D. Grave 4 (Fig. 7) is a destroyed urn burial. Burnt bones of a child at the age of infans I, sherds of two smaller clay vessels, and a lump of melted glass were found inside the urn. Burnt bones, a fragment of a glass bead, and a spindle whorl (Fig. 7:1), all scattered by ploughing, were found within a 25 cm radius of the urn. The clay vessels found in grave 4 (Fig. 7:2–4) are forms typical of the Przeworsk Culture. They appear in phase B2 and are most often encountered in assemblages from the Late Roman Period. The assemblage from Błonie should most probably be dated to that later stage. The cemetery in Błonie together with neighbouring settlements formed a settlement complex (Fig. 1). A settlement, located several hundred metres to the east and registered at site AZP 57-63/1, was in use at the same time. The complex is a part of the Przeworsk Culture settlement cluster, where signs of intense iron production have been registered (The Mazovian Centre of Metallurgy). Only a small number of cemeteries is known from this region, which led to a theory that local iron production was isolated to the settlement base usually placed within the Przeworsk Culture settlement clusters situated several dozen kilometres to the west, on the Lower and Middle Bzura River. However, this hypothesis resulted from research focused on examination of the local metallurgy. Over a dozen cemeteries are known from the area of the metallurgical centre; they are usually poorly explored and unpublished. An analysis of the material from these sites is necessary to better understand the character of the local settlement of the Przeworsk Culture population. The cemetery in Błonie is also relevant to another research aspect, i.e. the nature of the late Roman settlement of the Przeworsk Culture in the area in question. In light of established findings, at the end of the Early Roman Period and the beginning of the Late Roman Period, the local settlement structures underwent a kind of regression, which is believed to be associated with a decline in large-scale iron production. The results of the latest archaeological research only partly support these findings. Some of the settlements were in fact abandoned at the beginning of the Late Roman Period. On the other hand, the well-examined sites founded near the end of the Early Roman Period do not demonstrate symptoms of a settlement crisis in phases C and D. What is different is the nature of these sites, as they do not show signs of the intense metallurgical activity known from the Early Roman Period.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXX, 70; 225-238
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Okres Października 56 w relacji Stefana Jędrychowskiego złożonej w roku 1983
    The time of October 56 as per the account by Stefan Jędrychowski of 1983
    Autorzy:
    Żukowski, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/564077.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013-09-30
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Nauki i Kultury Libra
    Tematy:
    Stefan Jędrychowski
    komunizm
    Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza
    PZPR
    Październik 1956
    Opis:
    Prezentowany dokument stanowi jedno ze świadectw opisujących przełomowe miesiące 1956 r. Stefan Jędrychowski – co ważne - skoncentrował się na sprawach gospodarczych. Jako były przewodniczący PKPG doskonale znał rzeczywistą sytuację gospodarczą w jakiej znalazł się kraj w połowie lat pięćdziesiątych. Patrząc z perspektywy czasu mówił wprost, że źródłami niepokojów, napięć i buntu społecznego w tamtych latach była bieda ludzi pracy. W dokumencie odnajduje czytelnik zarys mechanizmów rządzących polską polityką gospodarczą. Niejako na marginesie poruszona została kwestia frakcji partyjnych i personalnych tarć w PZPR. Co ciekawe Jędrychowski stwierdza, że o istnieniu nazw obu grup („tendencji”) dowiedział się dopiero z zachodnich mediów w 1957 r. Stefan Jędrychowski jako członek najwyższych władz państwowych (przed i po Październiku '56) zaprezentował katalog sukcesów Gomułki. Sukcesów, które udało się osiągnąć jeszcze u progu 1957 r. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że prawne uregulowanie relacji z ZSRR wzmacniało pozycję „Wiesława”. Niestety w przytaczanej relacji nie ma informacji o tajnikach niechlubnych decyzji jakie podejmował Gomułka w późniejszym okresie swoich rządów. Dokument pozwala także na odtworzenie (mocno fragmentarycznie) stanu świadomości politycznej w latach późniejszych (1983 r.) byłego partyjno – politycznego prominenta. Czytając dokument warto pamiętać, że Jędrychowski był jednym ze współtwórców polskiego stalinizmu i przez długie lata afirmował przyjmowane wówczas (a bardzo niekorzystne dla Polski) rozwiąznia polityczno – gospodarcze.
    The presented document constitutes one of the testimonies describing the critical months of 1956. However, what is important is that Stefan Jędrychowski focused mainly on economic issues. As a former head of the State Planning Committee, he knew the actual economic situation of the state in 1950s. Looking from the time perspective, he stated outright that the source of unrest, tension, and defiance at that time was the poor economic conditions of the working people. In the document the reader can find the outline of the mechanisms governing Polish economic politics. As marginal issues he also mentions party factions and personal conflicts in the Polish United Workers' Party. Interestingly, Jędrychowski states that he learned about the existence of the names of the two groups ("tendencies") from the Western media as late as in 1957. Stefan Jędrychowski as a member of the highest state authorities (prior to and after October '56), presented the catalogue of Władysław Gomułka's successes achieved at the beginning of 1957. There is no doubt that the legal regulation of relations with the USSR strengthened "Wiesław's" position. Unfortunately, in this account there is no information concerning the secrets of the infamous decisions Gomułka took in the latter period of his governance. The document also enables the (only partial) recreation by the state of political awareness in the following years (1983) of the former party-political personage. When going through the document, it is worth bearing in mind that Jędrychowski was one of the co-founders of Stalinism in Poland, and for many years he affirmed many political and economic solutions which were adopted at the time, although they were very detrimental to Poland.
    Źródło:
    Radzyński Rocznik Humanistyczny; 2013, 11; 143-156
    1643-4374
    Pojawia się w:
    Radzyński Rocznik Humanistyczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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