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Tytuł:
Globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb_3) expression in human tumour cells: Intracellular trafficking defines a new retrograde transport pathway from the cell surface to the nucleus, which correlates with sensitivity to verotoxin
Autorzy:
Lingwood, Clifford
Khine, Aye
Arab, Sara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1044809.pdf
Data publikacji:
1998
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 1998, 45, 2; 351-359
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Handel ludźmi jako przestępstwo i naruszenie praw człowieka – wyzwania dla kryminologii
Human Trafficking as a Crime and Human Rights Violation: Challenges for Criminology
Autorzy:
Lasocik, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699094.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
przestępczość transgraniczna
prawo karne
prawa człowieka
prawo międzynarodowe
human trafficking
human rights
penal law
cross-border crime
organised crime
international law
Opis:
Trafficking of human beings that constitutes a contemporary form of slavery is a human rights violation and a serious crime. Due to the importance of this crime, it is covered by several international instruments of a different legal nature. Among them, two are especially important: The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime and Council Framework Decision of l9 July 2002 on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings. There are two main features of human trafficking: these offences are transnational by nature and involve organised criminal groups. However, trafficking is considered transnational not only if it is committed in more than one state, but also if a substantial part of preparation or planning takes place in another state. There are numerous forms of crime human trafficking, such as the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery servitude or the removal of organs. It should be added that also child pornography is considered as human trafficking. As human trafficking is a complex phenomenon, there are also criminal activites which might be called ‘borderline’ such as forced marriages, marriage of  convenience, illegal adoption, sex tourism or forced domestic labour. Many of tchem are not even considered as crime. Human trafficking constitutes a serious challenge for criminology, as it becomes one of the most fruitful criminal activities. So far, it has not been a popular subject of studies and research. Although our knowledge of organised crime as such is growing significantly, the trafficking is a problem for crime control due to its nature, economic background, well-organised market of the services and the lack of knowledge and skills of the state institutions, and the ambivalence of the public.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2006, XXVIII; 233-253
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wiktymologiczny obraz handlu ludźmi i niewolnictwa na tle prawa międzynarodowego i polskiego prawa karnego
Victimological Picture of Human Trafficking and Slavery in the Light of International Law and Polish Penal Law
Autorzy:
Sitarz, Olga
Sołtysiak-Blachnik, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698969.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
niewolnictwo
wiktymologia
prawo międzynarodowe
polskie prawo karne
human trafficking
slavery
victimology
international law
Polish penal law
Opis:
In order to understand the essence of the crime, two issues have to be taken into account: not only do we analyse features of the perpetrator, but also the victim’s behaviour. Both measures have to be recognised in the light of their mutual relations. In such a case, victimology is instrumental for criminology. It answers the fundamental question: who and why becomes a victim of a crime? It is victimology that draws our attention to a post-crime victimisation problem in the psychological, social and legal aspects. These issues are particularly vital in the case of human trafficking. First, the victim of the crime has to be defined. Over the centuries, the word ‘victim’ came to have an additional meaning. Nowadays, the legal definition of a victim in many countries typically includes the following: it is a person who suffered direct or threatened physical, emotional or pecuniary harm as a result of the commission of a crime. In the Polish legal system, a legal definition of a victim is given in the Polish Charter of Victims’ Rights, whereas the Polish penal law speaks of an aggrieved party and defines it in Article 49 of the Criminal Procedure Code. However, one fact draws our attention. The aggrieved or those objectively recognised as aggrieved do not agree with such a qualification. Let us take a closer look at the reasons why they see themselves in a different role. There is no doubt that one of the reasons is the fact that victims are often qualified as persons offending the law, as criminals. Another problem, is the victims’ return to their previous life situation, which had led them to being recruited by a human trafficker. We also need to point out that the relations between human traffickers and their victims are extremely complex. However, the key issue is that there is an agreement for a crime. The decision-making processes have to be analysed. The victims of human trafficking find themselves in a situation where they have a considerable limitation of free decision making. One of the major examples reflecting these problems that always takes place in a compulsory situation in the wide sense of this expression is job undertaking which leads to the abuse of the potential worker’s situation. A very specific example is a job agency. The question that appears is when we should speak of an unlawfully acting job agent, and when we can start calling this human trafficking? Is every illegal job agency dealing with human trafficking? What is the difference between these two? And finally when does a worker become a victim and an aggrieved party? What types of slavery and slaves exist today? bounded labour affects at least 20 milion people around the world. People become bounded labourers by taking or being tricked into taking a loan for as little as the cost of medicines for a sick child. To repay the debt, many are forced to work overtime, seven days a week, up to 365 days a year. They receive basic food and shelter as ‘payment’ for their work, but may never pay off the loan, which can be passed down for another generation; eaily and forced marriage affects women and girls who are married without choice and are forced into lives of servitude often accompanied by physical violence; forced labour affects people who are illegally recruited by individuals, governments or political parties and forced to work usually under threat of violence or other penalties; slavery by descent is where people are either born into a slave class or are from a group that the society views as suited to be used as slave labour; trafficking involves the transport and/or trade of people: ‘woman, children and men’, from one area to another for the purpose of forcing them into slavery conditions; worst forms of child labour affects an estimated 179 million children around the world in work that is harmful to their health and welfare. Children work on the land, in households as domestic workers, in factories making products such as matches, fireworks and glassware, on the streets as beggars, in the outdoor industry, brick kilns, mines, construction sector, in bars, restaurants and tourist establishments, in sexual exploitation, as soldiers. It seems that pursuant to the Employment and Unemployment Countering Act (Ustawa o zatrudnieniu i przeciwdziałaniu bezrobociu) a model contrary to the one in the act can create a criminological model of modern human trafficking. It would be then running a business to gain financial benefits in the way that the businessperson exploits the position of the aggrieved party and provides the future employer with employees. The latter group, however, even if agreeing to move abroad, becomes completely dependant on the employer which is often combined with a deprivation of liberty, because they have no possibility to choose their place of staying or withdraw from the previous agreement. A number of international regulations, e.g. the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children which supplements the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime of 2000, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography of 2000, the Slavery Convention of 1926 together with a Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery dated l956 show, that the issue under discussion still remains a contemporary problem, and needs regulations aiming at finding relevant solutions. There can be no doubts in the light of the nullum crimen sine lege certa that a precise description of the crime is essential. Only a precise definition of a separate crime of human trafficking will enable to recognise the scope of the problem and will create internationally accepted circumstances to overcome it. Such a definition must include at least: acts: recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a person; means: threat to use or the use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or a position of vulnerability; purposes: forced labour or services, slavery slavery-like practices or servitude. Everyone, government and non-governmental organisations, must focus on the crime which must be precisely described including a detailed description of a victim. It is highly urgent and important to harmonise all legislative measures in order to prevent human trafficking, which would guarantee an effective protection of victims and prosecution of criminals.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2006, XXVIII; 367-374
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Handel ludźmi - aspekty społeczne i prawne
Human Trafficking – Social and Legal Aspects
Autorzy:
Lasocik, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2137101.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
human trafficking
victim of human trafficking
human smuggling
slavery
servitude
modern−day slavery
handel ludźmi
ofiara handlu ludźmi
zniewolenie
współczesne formy niewolnictwa
Opis:
Human trafficking has been a growing concern for the international public opinion in recent years. While slavery and similar practices seem to be a thing of the past, the problem persists in a variety of forms, including forced prostitution, forced labour, child pornography or trafficking of human organs and may even take on less explicit forms, such as forced marriages. Whatever the form, human trafficking means total servitude and leads to denial of humanity. Human trafficking is a form of slavery, a serious crime and a major violation of human rights. Because of this, governments must provide an effective means to combat the problem and first and foremost protect and support the victims. Civil society also carries an important responsibility and has its role to play. There must be public awareness of the problem of human trafficking to exert pressure on governments to meet their responsibilities and develop social infrastructure designed to support and protect the victims. Human trafficking has been and continues to be on the agenda of a variety of international fora and is the subject of international and national legal regulations.
Handel ludźmi to zjawisko, które w ostatnich latach ogniskuje uwagę tzw. międzynarodowej opinii publicznej. Chociaż wydawać by się mogło, że niewolnictwo i praktyki zbliżone do niewolnictwa należą do przeszłości, to jednak okazuje się, że jest to zjawisko wciąż obecne w życiu społecznym i przybiera różnorodne formy, takie jak: wymuszona prostytucja, praca przymusowa, pornografia dziecięca czy handel narządami ludzkimi. Czasem przybiera formy mniej jednoznaczne, np. małżeństwa przymusowe. W każdej z tych form handel ludźmi prowadzi do absolutnego zniewolenia, a przez to jest drastycznym zaprzeczeniem człowieczeństwa. Handel ludźmi jest zatem formą niewolnictwa. Jest to jedno z najcięższych przestępstw (zbrodnia) oraz naruszenie praw człowieka. Z tych wszystkich powodów na instytucjach państwa spoczywa obowiązek skutecznego przeciwdziałania temu zjawisku, ale przede wszystkim obowiązek ochrony i opieki nad ofiarą. Obowiązki ciążą także na członkach społeczeństwa, zorganizowanych w społeczeństwo obywatelskie. Obowiązki te streszczają się w oczekiwaniu, że społeczeństwo będzie posiadało wiedzę na temat handlu ludźmi, będzie wywierało naciski na państwo, aby to wywiązywało się, że swoich zobowiązań, ale przede wszystkim, że stworzy infrastrukturę społeczną, która zagwarantuje ofierze rzeczywistą opiekę. Handel ludźmi był i jest przedmiotem obrad licznych gremiów międzynarodowych, a także regulacji prawnych, tak międzynarodowych jak i narodowych.
Źródło:
Studia Socjologiczne; 2007, 4(187); 31-57
0039-3371
Pojawia się w:
Studia Socjologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wątpliwości i kontrowersje wokół definicji handlu ludźmi
Doubts and controversies concerning the definition of human trafficking
Autorzy:
Sitarz, Olga
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698949.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
polityka kryminalna
human trafficking
criminalization
Opis:
The publication discusses introduction of new solutions pertaining to human trafficking to Polish legal system, namely the very definition of the phenomenon in the act of law. The article is divided into 6 parts. In part one, the author indicates the reasons why the law in this area needs to be changed and enumerates the duties imposed on the legislator. Since human trafficking is a very complex criminological phenomenon, part three discusses the problem of the criminological definition of human trafficking. The legislator, creating penal provisions for such deeds must naturally take the phenomenology of human trafficking into account, at the same time bearing in mind that the provisions at this stage of using them will be subject to interpretation. This interpretation, as criminal law is repressive in nature, has its own rules. Hence part four is devoted to selected issues of interpretation in criminal law but only from the point of view of the analysed changes in law. The penultimate part includes discussion of the role and meaning of legal definitions in criminal law, also in the light of international obligations of the Republic of Poland. The final part contains a critical analysis of the definition of human trafficking.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2010, XXXII; 327-344
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Człowiek na sprzedaż
Man for sale
Autorzy:
Zwoliński, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2170330.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012-12
Wydawca:
Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Elbląskiej w Elblągu
Tematy:
man
reification
slavery
human trafficking
economy
greed
prostitution
dignity
Opis:
The author examines the issue of human exploitation, which often results from unrestrained urge to make profits. The extreme, though all too real, instance of this in the 20th century were practices employed in the concentration camp in Auschwitz. Reification, or objectification of a human being, made it possible to treat him as if he was a thing, a commodity. Similarly, globalization and subordination of life to the dictates of the market creates modern forms of human exploitation, like human trafficking, organ trafficking, buying and selling one’s work or creative output – everything is for sale. Unrestrained urge to make profits equals to economic and human exploitation which is totally at odds with the ethics and the Catholic Social Teaching.
Źródło:
Studia Elbląskie; 2012, 13; 311-328
1507-9058
Pojawia się w:
Studia Elbląskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
O handlu ludźmi w Polsce, czyli o ewolucji zjawiska i budowie systemu jego eliminowania
On human trafficking in Poland, that is on evolution of the phenomenon and construction of the system to eliminate it
Autorzy:
Lasocik, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699007.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
polityka kryminalna
zapobieganie przestępczości
human trafficking
organized crime
crime
victim
Opis:
The thesis of this work is as follows: human trafficking is particularly detrimental as it harms the foundations of modern civilization. It is a phenomenon which appeared in Poland 20 years ago and is still present. What is more, one can see its significant expansion in all possible dimensions. The character of this crime is changing, less and less frequently this is a criminal activity of organized crime groups (mafia gangs), more and more frequently it is a well-organised activity of criminal groups organized ad hoc. New forms of enslavement and abuse appear while physical abuse, relatively easier to detect, plays less and less important role. The change includes also the scale of the problem, measured by the number of criminal cases or the number of reported victims, and to be clear the numbers do not decrease, they increase. The evolution spoken of here includes also such issues as origin of the victims and their sociodemographic profile (here the direction of development is also clear, the victims come from all countries and continents and they are more and more diverisified). Polish law has been changing for many years but it is hard to admit the law is fully adequate to the needs and the scale of the problem. The practice of action of many public institutions changes. Efforts to eliminate human trafficking have been made for years, without effects though. The system to eliminate human trafficking, which has been built for 15 years in Poland, has stable legal and institutional basis, yet lack of political will and decisive organization actions causes the system to lack effectiveness and flexibility necessary in a confrontation with such a dangerous phenomenon as human trafficking is. A reliable description of human trafficking is hard in any place and at any time. In such countries as Poland, it is particularly hard for several reasons. Most of all because it is a phenomenon well-hidden behind many facades of fully legal activities, it is also a rich in content, diverse, and ever changing phenomenon. It is still valid that what we know of human trafficking is merely a tip of the iceberg. We know little about it also because Poland has been a member of EU which makes it an attractive destination for foreigners who either seek their opportunities here or move to other EU countries using the freedom of movement. One of prominent features of evoulution of human trafficking in Poland is a Shift from the country of origin to transit country and to destination one. Political and economic changes of the early 1990s combined with temporary decrease in police effectiveness resulted in increase in crime. Also the serious one, organized crime. This is when human trafficking ap-peared in Poland. In the beginning, activity of criminal groups concentrated on recruitment of Polish women to sex businesses in Western Europe.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2012, XXXIV; 481-529
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analiza obowiązujących w polskim prawie karnym unormowań dotyczących procederu handlu dziećmi
Analysis of the regulations on child trafficking under current Polish criminal law
Autorzy:
Liżyńska, Katarzyna
Płońska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/693002.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
189a article of the Penal Code
child trafficking
human trafficking
offence
child penal protection
child definition
art. 189a k.k.
handel dziećmi
handel ludźmi
przestępstwo
karnoprawna ochrona dziecka
definicja dziecka
Opis:
The postulate proposed in this paper is that State authorities should consider criminal law protection of children as a priority. Protection of a child is also guaranteed by relevant provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. However, an analysis of the binding criminal law regulations, particularly in the scope of children trafficking, shows that the State fails to provide for their adequate protection, despite the fact that pursuant to the Law of 20 May 2010, article 189a providing for penalisation of human trafficking has been recently added to the Criminal Code (Journal of Laws No. 98, item 626) replacing former article 253. Pursuant to the same Law, a statutory definition of human trafficking has also been introduced. A question asked in the paper is to what extent these amendments to the Criminal Code contribute to the antitrafficking protection of children. It is proposed de lege ferenda that a statutory definition of a child should be formulated and adopted. This would eliminate the current interpretation difficulties. A recommendation to introduce another type of qualified offence under article 189a of the Criminal Code is also made with a view to toughen the criminal liability of perpetrators who commit the offence of child trafficking. The authoresses believe that these changes will ensure a much higher level of child protection.
Niniejszy artykuł wskazuje na karnoprawną ochronę dziecka jako na problematykę, która winna być traktowana przez państwo w sposób priorytetowy. Już sama bowiem Konstytucja RP ochronę dziecka gwarantuje. Tymczasem dokonana analiza przepisów prawa karnego, w szczególności w zakresie handlu dziećmi, wskazuje na brak zapewnienia przez państwo należytej ochrony dziecku. Na mocy ustawy z 20 maja 2010 r. (Dz. U. Nr 98, poz. 626) został dodany do Kodeksu karnego art. 189a k.k., penalizujący handel ludźmi (zastępił dotychczasowy art. 253 k.k.). Ustawą tą wprowadzono także do ustawowych definicji pojęcie handlu ludźmi. Autorki w niniejszym artykule zastanawiają się, w jakim stopniu wprowadzone do Kodeksu karnego zmiany przyczyniły się do zwiększenia ochrony dziecka przed procederem handlu dziećmi. De lege ferenda podnoszą konieczność wprowadzenia do ustawowych definicji pojęcia dziecka oraz handlu dziećmi, co wyeliminowałoby trudności interpretacyjne, oraz opowiadają się za koniecznością wprowadzenia kwalifikowanej postaci przestępstwa z art. 189a k.k. przez zaostrzenie odpowiedzialności wobec sprawców dopuszczających się handlu dziećmi. Powyższe zmiany, zdaniem autorek, zagwarantują ochronę dziecka na najwyższym poziomie, gdyż aktualna ochrona przewidziana w Kodeksie karnym zdaje się niewystarczająca.
Źródło:
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny; 2013, 75, 3; 85-97
0035-9629
2543-9170
Pojawia się w:
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
New elements of phenomenology of forced labour in Poland – recent cases
Autorzy:
Wieczorek, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/26917634.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
praca przymusowa
regulacje prawne
handel ludźmi
forced labour
regulation by law
human trafficking
Opis:
My presentation deals with the peculiarities of the forced labour in Poland, especially taking into account significant changes which has occurred recently. In order to understand the phenomenon of the forced labour and to reveal the specifics of human trafficking in Poland one should recall an important issue. Poland is not only a destination country for the victims of a forced labour and trafficking, but also a source and transit country for them. Therefore, Poland should be engaged in the numerous aspects of combating the forced labour and human trafficking.
Źródło:
Biuletyn Kryminologiczny; 2013, 20; 86-88
2084-5375
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Kryminologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Proceder handlu ludźmi jako forma współczesnego niewolnictwa
Human trafficking as a form of modern slavery
Autorzy:
Stankiewicz, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2159426.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-09-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Opis:
THE ARTICLE POINTS OUT, that making humans the objects of the trade is one of the cruellest form of the inernational contemporary slavery and it should be eliminated especially by the effective legal regulations. This problem is the infringement of basic rules, which are the foundations of structure of the modern-day society and, at the same time, is believed to be a serious threat to public order. With the aim of fighting and preventing development of the human trafficking cooperation between countries, governments and international institutions is absolutely necessary. Above all it is state institutions’ duty to counteract this phenomenon effectively, to protect the victims and provide them with essential care. Fighting human trafficking might be successful only with comprehensive, integrated, multidisciplinary attitude and the toplevel worldwide cooperation between countries. However, the bigger differences amongst societies in the issue of human rights, the more difficult fight with the human trafficking seems to be.
Źródło:
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne; 2013, 39; 136-162
1505-2192
Pojawia się w:
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
TEKST PRAWNY JAKO HIPERTEKST – O INTERTEKSTUALNOŚCI TŁUMACZEŃ PRAWNYCH NA PRZYKŁADZIE MIĘDZYNARODOWYCH INSTRUMENTÓW Z ZAKRESU HANDLU LUDŹMI
LEGAL TEXT AS A HYPERTEXT: INTERTEXTUALITY OF TRANSLATED INTERNATIONAL LAW RELATED TO TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS
Autorzy:
BIEL, Łucja
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/920403.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-04-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
tekst prawny
język prawny
soft-law
język prawniczy
przekład prawny
przekład prawniczy
intertekstualność
legal text
legal language
legal translation
intertextuality
Opis:
Artykuł analizuje zjawisko intertekstualności tekstów prawnych w tłumaczeniuna przykładzie powiązanych ze sobą dokumentów międzynarodowych z zakresu handlu ludźmi (ONZ, Rada Europy i UE). Zidentyfikowano cztery rodzaje relacji występujących w przypadku tłumaczeń: 1) relacja pomiędzy tekstem źródłowym a innymi zbliżonymi aktami prawnymi w języku źródłowym; 2) relacja pomiędzy tekstem źródłowym a docelowym; 3) relacja pomiędzy tekstem docelowym a wcześniejszymi tłumaczeniami powiązanych aktów; 4) relacja pomiędzy tekstem docelowym a aktami prawnymi kraju docelowego. W części analitycznej zbadano szczegółowo powiązania między dokumentami źródłowymi, spójność tekstu docelowego z poprzednimi tłumaczeniami oraz jego dopasowanie tekstowe, analizując tłumaczenia niemal identycznej w języku angielskim definicji handlu ludźmi. Korzystając z metafory hipertekstu Mattili, autorka dowodzi, iż wbrew postawionej hipotezie tłumaczenie tworzy niesymetryczny hipertekst, częściowo zamazujący relacje między tekstami źródłowymi i kreujący nowe zależności intertekstualne na skutek rekontekstualizacji, zniekształceń wynikłych podczas procesu tłumaczenia, braku standaryzacji ekwiwalentów, czynników idiosynkratycznych i (zbyt) indywidualnych decyzji tłumaczy. Relacje intertekstualne w tłumaczeniu wydają się być bardziej złożone i mniej przewidywalne.
The paper examines the intertextuality of translated legislation with a case study of international legal instruments combating trafficking in human beings. The instruments come from three systems (United Nations, Council of Europe and European Union) and are interrelated both by explicit references and implicit textual quotes, the latter being most evident in uniform definitions of trafficking in all the documents. The paper identifies four types of relations in translation, i. e. 1) relations between source texts, 2) relation between the source text and the target text, 3) relations between existing translations, and 4) relations between the target text and target-language legislation. Drawing on Mattila’s metaphor of a legal text as a hypertext, the author shows that translation creates a non-symmetrical hypertext due to partial distortion of interrelations between source texts on the one hand and through new intertextual relations due to recontextualisation and lack of standarisation, on the other hand. The intertextual relations in translation have been found to be more complex and less predictable. Translations demonstrate a surprisingly high variation of equivalents of identical prefabricated terminological units; and low textual fit to non-translated legislation in Polish.
Źródło:
Comparative Legilinguistics; 2013, 13, 1; 127-143
2080-5926
2391-4491
Pojawia się w:
Comparative Legilinguistics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wizerunek ofiary handlu kobietami w krajowym orzecznictwie karnym na podstawie analizy wyroków w sprawach o handel ludźmi w latach 1997-2009
The image of women trafficking victimis in the polish judicial decisions based on judgements on human trafficking criminal cases between 1997 and 2009
Autorzy:
Koss-Goryszewska, Maryla
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698553.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
ofiary handlu ludźmi
kryminologia feministyczna
women trafficking victims
human trafficking
Opis:
The article presents results of an analysis on Polish courts' judgements passed in criminal cases between 1997 and 2009 concerning human trafficking, i.e. former Article 253§1 and 204§4 Penal Code, conducted with an aim to investigate the image of the party injured as a result of such crime. The research included 59 court cases concerning sexual abuse of women, in which a judgement of conviction (either final and binding or not) was passed. The aim of the research was to the reconstruct the process in which a victim of women trafficking is seen by judges, to analyse the language used by judges in dealing with the victims, and to check if there is a specific model or models in the manner the victims' image is seen by judges. As part of this research, an analysis of semantic fields and qualitative analysis were conducted. The conclusions from the former show that the language used by judges when referring to the crime victims is highly diversified: ranging from formal, official registers ('the injured party', 'women', 'witness'), to vernacular and hardly formal, or even vulgar ('white slaves', 'roadside hookers'). As long as the first of the above registers does not carry any judgemental aspect in describing victims of human trafficking, the other style proves how negative the image is: one of a prostitute or a naïve, reckless girl. The semantic field analysis showed that among the expressions referring to the victims, the ones suggesting that the women got what they deserved were predominant. This language contains an element of the victim's causative involvement, suggesting that the women had some part of the blame for the circumstances, or that the circumstances were not as threatening or traumatising. It is often emphasised that the victims themselves agreed to travel, or had had prostitution experience before. Interesting conclusions can be drawn from analysis of semantic field equivalents, or in other words, the expressions used in lieu of the word 'victim'. Two groups emerge from among them: one, negative judgemental language used towards the injured party, and two, neutral. In the former group expressions such as: 'subject of trade', 'social outcast', 'property', 'human merchandise', 'merchandise subject to', 'a working girl', 'ladies of the evening', 'girls' are found. A considerable portion of these expressions indicates that the human trafficking victims are seen as de facto prostitutes ('prostitutes', 'roadside hookers', 'ladies of the evening'). Another thing that draws attention is the register of the language, with examples of colloquial or even vulgar words being used, which is certainly improper in documents of such importance. The fact that judges used inverted commas when they opting for some of these expressions in writing cannot serve as an excuse.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2013, XXXV; 161-191
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analiza psychologiczna ustosunkowania osób dorosłych wobec penalizacji wybranych przestępstw pod kątem właściwości społeczno-demograficznych i poziomu empatii
Psychological analysis of adults’ attitudes to penalization of selected illegal acts with regard to socio-demographic features and empathy levels. Research report
Autorzy:
Sygit-Kowalkowska, Ewa
Kraszkiewicz, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/498250.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Stosowanych Nauk Społecznych i Resocjalizacji. Instytut Profilaktyki Społecznej i Resocjalizacji
Tematy:
empatia
penalizacja
przestępstwa
eutanazja
dzieciobójstwo
handel ludźmi
znęcanie się
empathy
penalization
crimes
euthanasia
infanticide
trafficking in human beings
abuse
Opis:
Postawy społeczne wobec karalności za wybrane przestępstwa są tematem licznych badań. Wskazują one jasno na określone ustosunkowanie obywateli wobec wymiaru kary, z punktu widzenia ich zasadności i sprawiedliwości. Niniejsze badanie miało na celu przeanalizowanie pod kątem psychologicznym współzależności między zmiennymi o charakterze demograficznym, społecznym i emocjonalnym a ustosunkowaniem wobec penalizacji wybranych przestępstw. Wyniki pokazały, że kobiety mają średnio wyższe nasilenie stopnia empatii, ogólnie częściej postawę rygorystyczną, w tym za przestępstwo dzieciobójstwa. Osoby o najwyższych średnich wynikach w teście Kwestionariusza Rozumienia Empatycznego, prezentowały średnio częściej postawę bardziej rygorystyczną, niż jest to przewidziane w prawie karnym. Pewne kategorie przestępstw: 1) gwałtu ze szczególnym okrucieństwem, 2) zabójstwa ze szczególnym okrucieństwem, 3) propagowania lub pochwalania zachowań pedofilskich, 4) przymuszania do prostytucji, jednogłośnie zostały ocenione jako niezasługujące na łagodniejszy niż przewidywany, wymiar kary. Istnieje potrzeba dalszych analiz, które wskazywałyby, w jaki sposób cechy indywidualne człowieka decydują o wyborze kary w obliczu oceny czyjegoś bezprawnego zachowania.
There is a bulk of research on social attitudes to the penalization of selected crimes. Studies clearly show that citizens tend to adopt a specific attitude to penalties, which is conditioned by their appropriateness and fairness. The aim of our study was to analyze, in psychological terms, the relation between demographic, social and emotional variables and the attitude adopted towards the incrimination of some illegal acts. The results show generally higher empathy levels and stricter attitudes among women, especially to infanticide. Individuals with the highest average results in the EUQ (Empathic Understanding Questionnaire) displayed on average a more rigorous attitude than the one specified by the criminal code. For certain categories of crimes, such as: 1) rape with extreme cruelty; 2) murder with extreme cruelty; 3) dissemination and welcome of pedophile activity; and 4) forced prostitution, there was a unanimous agreement that penalties should not be less than those already set forth in legislation. There is a need for further analyses to demonstrate how the individual’s specific characteristic may influence their choice of penalty when faced with the task of assessing an illegal behavior.
Źródło:
Profilaktyka Społeczna i Resocjalizacja; 2014, 24; 171-194
2300-3952
Pojawia się w:
Profilaktyka Społeczna i Resocjalizacja
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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