Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

Wyszukujesz frazę "carotid stenosis" wg kryterium: Wszystkie pola


Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9
Tytuł:
Postępowanie w zwężeniach tętnicy szyjnej wewnętrznej. Historia i teraźniejszość
Management of carotid stenosis. History and today
Autorzy:
Szczerbo-Trojanowska, Małgorzata
Jargiełło, Tomasz
Drelich-Zbroja, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1059214.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Medical Communications
Tematy:
atherosclerosis
internal carotid artery
stenosis
stent
stroke
ultrasonography
badanie ultrasonograficzne
miażdżyca
tętnica szyjna wewnętrzna
udar
zwężenie
Opis:
Internal carotid stenosis constitutes a significant clinical challenge, since it is the cause of 20–25% of ischemic brain strokes. The management of the internal carotid stenosis for many years has been raising controversies amongst neurologists, vascular surgeons and interventional radiologists mainly due to the introduction of endovascular stenting as an alternative to surgical treatment. Its application, however, requires knowledge of specific selection criteria for this kind of treatment as well as of the methods of monitoring patients after stent implantation into the internal carotid artery. Duplex Doppler ultrasound examination is currently a basis for the diagnosis of the arterial stenosis of precranial segments of the carotid arteries. It allows a reliable assessment of not only the course and morphology of the walls, but also of the hemodynamics of blood flow. Interventional treatment is applicable in patients with internal carotid stenosis of ≥70%, which is accompanied by an increase of the systolic flow velocity above 200 cm/s and the end-diastolic velocity above 50–60 cm/s in the stenotic lumen. In most cases, such a diagnosis in duplex Doppler ultrasound examination does not require any confirmation by additional diagnostic methods and if neurological symptoms are also present, it constitutes a single indication for interventional treatment. When deciding about choice of surgical or endovascular method of treatment, the following factors are of crucial importance: morphology of atherosclerotic plaque, its size, echogenicity, homogeneity of its structure, its surface and outlines. By means of ultrasound examinations, patients can be monitored after endovascular stent implantation. They enable evaluation of the degree of stent patency and allow for an early detection of symptoms indicating stenosis recurrence or presence of in-stent thrombosis. When interpreting the findings of the US checkup, it is essential to refer to the initial examination performed in the first days after the procedure and the next ones conducted during the monitoring period.
Zwężenie światła tętnicy szyjnej wewnętrznej stanowi ważny problem kliniczny, ponieważ w 20–25% przypadków jest przyczyną udaru niedokrwiennego mózgu. Leczenie zwężeń tętnicy szyjnej wewnętrznej od wielu lat budzi kontrowersje wśród neurologów, chirurgów naczyniowych i radiologów zabiegowych, w dużej mierze w związku z wprowadzeniem metody wewnątrznaczyniowego stentowania jako alternatywy zabiegu chirurgicznego. Jej zastosowanie wymaga znajomości kryteriów kwalifikujących do tego leczenia, jak również sposobu monitorowania chorych po implantowaniu stentu do tętnicy szyjnej wewnętrznej. Ultrasonograficzne badanie duplex doppler stanowi obecnie podstawę rozpoznania zwężeń przedczaszkowych odcinków tętnic szyjnych. Pozwala na miarodajną ocenę nie tylko przebiegu i morfologii ścian tętnic, ale również hemodynamiki przepływu krwi. Leczenie zabiegowe jest stosowane u chorych ze zwężeniem tętnicy szyjnej wewnętrznej ≥70%, któremu towarzyszy wzrost maksymalnej prędkości przepływu krwi powyżej 200 cm/s i prędkości końcowo-rozkurczowej powyżej 50–60 cm/s w miejscu zwężenia. Rozpoznanie takiego zwężenia w badaniu duplex doppler w większości przypadków nie wymaga potwierdzenia innymi metodami diagnostycznymi i jeżeli dotyczy chorych z objawami neurologicznymi, może stanowić samodzielnie o wskazaniu do leczenia zabiegowego. Przy wyborze chirurgicznej lub wewnątrznaczyniowej metody leczenia istotne znaczenie mają morfologia blaszki miażdżycowej, jej wielkość, echogeniczność, jednorodność struktury, powierzchnia i obrysy. Przy pomocy badań ultrasonograficznych prowadzone jest również monitorowanie chorych po wewnątrznaczyniowym stentowaniu. Pozwalają one na ocenę drożności stentu i wczesne wykrycie objawów nawrotu zwężenia lub wystąpienia zakrzepicy w stencie. W interpretacji wyników badań kontrolnych bardzo ważna jest możliwość odniesienia się do badania wyjściowego, wykonanego w pierwszych dniach po zabiegu, oraz kolejnych przeprowadzonych w okresie monitorowania.
Źródło:
Journal of Ultrasonography; 2013, 13, 52; 6-20
2451-070X
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Ultrasonography
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A relationship between serological markers of chronic C. pneumoniae and CMV infection and hsp60 in patients with atherosclerotic carotid stenosis
Autorzy:
Rabczyński, Maciej
Fiodorenko-Dumas, Żanna
Mastej, Krzysztof
Dumas, Ilias
Adamiec, Rajmund
Paprocka-Borowicz, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1039140.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
anti-hsp60
atherogenesis
hsCRP
C. pneumoniae
CMV
carotid artery
Opis:
A number of epidemiological studies conducted over the last decade indicate a relationship between specific pathogen infections and the development of atherosclerosis, although no pathogenetic pathways connecting these two have been determined. Recent reports support the role of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in atherogenesis. The HSPs are also believed to be a link between the infection and the development of atherosclerotic lesions. The aims of study: Immunohistochemical evaluation of carotid artery segments to show the relationship between the presence of heat shock proteins and the serum levels of anti-hsp60 antibodies. An attempt to demonstrate a relationship between an expression of chronic C. pneumoniae and CMV antigens. Material and Methods: The study included 41 patients qualified for carotid artery endarterectomy and 18 healthy volunteers of corresponding age. Levels of anti- hsp60, anti-C. pneumoniae IgA and IgG, anti-CMV IgG antibodies as well as hsCRP were determined. Results: The mean serum levels of anti-hsp60 antibodies were higher in patients with advanced atherosclerosis as compared to healthy volunteers (55.3±64.1 vs 32.8±29.8; p < 0.05). There was a strong correlation between anti-hsp60 antibodies and the expression of hsp60 in carotid arterial wall, as confirmed by immunohistochemical evaluation. The study group showed statistically significant higher levels of hsCRP. Furthermore, statistically significant higher serum levels of anti-C. pneumoniae IgG and IgA as well as anti-CMV IgG antibodies were found in the study group as compared to controls. No correlation was shown between the markers of chronic infection induced by the tested pathogens and serum levels of anti-HSP and hsCRP. Conclusions: Higher protein expression in vascular walls is closely correlated with the level of anti-hsp60. At the same time, no significant relationship between anti-hsp60 antibodies and serological markers of infection was observed, which may only indicate an indirect role of infection in the assessment of breaking the immunological tolerance against autologous HSPs.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2015, 62, 1; 89-95
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Relevance of Primitive Carotidobasilar Anastomosis for Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis
Autorzy:
Udelnow, Andrej
Goertler, Michael
Meyer, Frank
Halloul, Zuhir
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1395747.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-04-01
Wydawca:
Index Copernicus International
Tematy:
internal crotid artery stenosis
primitive carotidobasilar anastomosis
Opis:
Primitive carotido-basilar anastomoses (PCA) are persistent fetal vessels. The aim of the study was to compare the clinical characteristics of patients operated on for internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis with or without PCA in order to evaluate the impact of PCA on the treatment. Material and methods. Consecutive patients operated on for ICA stenosis at our university hospital were included. Surgical treatment consisted in carotid endarterectomy (CEA) with patch plastic. Results. Of the 380 CEA performed between 2006 and 2012, PCA were found in six patients (1.6%). All patients with PCA were symptomatic vs. 54% of patients without PCA (p=0.035). Significantly less posterior collateral flow was present in patients with PCA (33%) compared to those without PCA (85%, p=0.01). Only two of the six patients with PCA were diagnosed prior to surgery, none was ligated intraoperatively. PCA was not associated with stroke and restenosis at long-term follow up. Conclusions. PCA are rarely diagnosed prior to surgery in patients with ICA stenosis and need not to be ligated during CEA
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Surgery; 2014, 86, 4; 166-171
0032-373X
2299-2847
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Surgery
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Screening test for extracranial carotid lesions’ detection in patients of an outpatient vascular clinic
Autorzy:
Każmierski, Piotr
Pająk, Michał
Kruś-Hadała, Justyna
Jęckowski, Mateusz
Bogusiak, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1392080.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Index Copernicus International
Tematy:
atherosclerotic lesions
abdominal aorta aneurysm
carotid artery stenosis
screening tool
vascular surgery
Opis:
Purpose The objective of the study was to evaluate the frequency and severity of atherosclerotic lesions in extracranial sections of carotid arteries and to determine the level of the correlation between these lesions and symptoms of cerebral ischemia. Secondly, to identify the most common risk factors of ischaemic stroke occurrence in population of patients of vascular outpatient clinic. Material and Methods Prospective study was conducted on a group of 1,000 people (217 women and 783 men), aged 50 to 86 years, the average age was 62 years (± 9.95). Results Atherosclerotic lesions of carotid arteries were observed in 670 examined people (67%). In 63 cases (6.3%) carotid artery occlusion was revealed. Patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis more frequently were addicted to cigarettes and suffered from hypertension in comparison to asymptomatic group. A statistically significant correlation between the TIA or ischemic stroke and smoking were noticed, as well as between TIA/ischemic stroke and hypertension Conclusions Among patients with atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries atherosclerotic lesions in the extracranial carotid sections occur with a high frequency. Statistically significant differences in the incidence and severity of atherosclerotic lesions in the carotid arteries were observed in this group. A statistically significant correlation was revealed between the prevalence and severity of atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries in symptomatic patients and smoking and hypertension. Performing screening in patients with atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta and/or lower limb arteries may detect significant carotid artery stenosis, requiring surgical intervention.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Surgery; 2019, 91, 5; 5-11
0032-373X
2299-2847
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Surgery
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Regional resting state perfusion variability and delayed cerebrovascular uniform reactivity in subjects with chronic carotid artery stenosis
Autorzy:
Szarmach, Arkadiusz
Kaszubowski, Mariusz
Sabisz, Agnieszka
Frydrychowski, Andrzej
Halena, Grzegorz
Piskunowicz, Maciej
Dzierzanowski, Jarosław
Studniarek, Michał
Szurowska, Edyta
Winklewski, Pawel
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1038538.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
chronic carotid artery stenosis
computed tomography perfusion
acetazolamide test
cerebral blood flow
cerebral blood volume
mean transit time
time to peak
Opis:
The aim of this study was to assess regional perfusion at baseline and regional cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) to delayed acetazolamide challenge in subjects with chronic carotid artery stenosis. Sixteen patients (ten males) aged 70.94±7.71 with carotid artery stenosis ≥ 90% on the ipsilateral side and ≤ 50% on the contralateral side were enrolled into the study. In all patients, two computed tomography perfusion examinations were carried out; the first was performed before acetazolamide administration and the second 60 minutes after injection. The differences between mean values were examined by paired two-sample t-test and alternative nonparametric Wilcoxon's test. Normality assumption was examined using W Shapiro-Wilk test. The lowest resting-state cerebral blood flow (CBF) was observed in white matter (ipsilateral side: 18.4±6.2; contralateral side: 19.3±6.6) and brainstem (ipsilateral side: 27.8±8.5; contralateral side: 29.1±10.8). Grey matter (cerebral cortex) resting state CBF was below the normal value for subjects of this age: frontal lobe - ipsilateral side: 30.4±7.0, contralateral side: 33.7±7.1; parietal lobe - ipsilateral side: 36.4±11.3, contralateral side: 42.7±9.9; temporal lobe - ipsilateral side: 32.5±8.6, contralateral side: 39.4±10.8; occipital lobe - ipsilateral side: 24.0±6.0, contralateral side: 26.4±6.6). The highest resting state CBF was observed in the insula (ipsilateral side: 49.2±17.4; contralateral side: 55.3±18.4). A relatively high resting state CBF was also recorded in the thalamus (ipsilateral side: 39.7±16.9; contralateral side: 41.7±14.1) and cerebellum (ipsilateral side: 41.4±12.2; contralateral side: 38.1±11.3). The highest CVR was observed in temporal lobe cortex (ipsilateral side: +27.1%; contralateral side: +26.1%) and cerebellum (ipsilateral side: +27.0%; contralateral side: +34.6%). The lowest CVR was recorded in brain stem (ipsilateral side: +20.2%; contralateral side: +22.2%) and white matter (ipsilateral side: +18.1%; contralateral side: +18.3%). All CBF values were provided in milliliters of blood per minute per 100 g of brain tissue (ml/100g/min). Resting state circulation in subjects with carotid artery stenosis is low in all analysed structures with the exception of insula and cerebellum. Acetazolamide challenge yields relatively uniform response in both hemispheres in the investigated population. Grey matter is more reactive to acetazolamide challenge than white matter or brainstem.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2018, 65, 1; 151-162
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Statistical evaluation of the efficiency of the two types of protection systems in carotid artery stenting
Statistické vyhodnocení účinnosti dvou typů protekčních zařízení při karotickém stentingu
Autorzy:
Rabasová, M.
Pavlík, O.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/113305.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
STE GROUP
Tematy:
carotid stenosis
embolic protection devices
statistical tests
Mann-Whitney test
χ2 test
Arcsine test
zwężenie tętnicy szyjnej
urządzenie chroniące przed zatorami
testy statystyczne
test Manna-Whitneya
test χ2
test Arcsine
Opis:
The article deals with the evaluation of the efficiency of the two types of protection systems in carotid artery stenting (CAS). Carotid artery stenting is a treatment of carotid artery stenosis, which is a narrowing of the carotid artery caused by a plaque buildup in the artery wall. Pieces of plaque can break off and block the blood flow in the artery, which leads to a stroke. Carotid artery stenting is an endovascular surgery where a stent is deployed within the lumen of the affected carotid artery to dilate it and prevent a stroke. Two types of embolic protection devices are commonly used during CAS - distal protection devices (filters) and proximal protection devices. The aim of this study was to determine whether the two protection systems differ in the number and in the location of new ischemic lesions after surgery. Statistical analysis was carried out with the programs SPSS and Microsoft Excel. Mann-Whitney test, χ2 test and Arcsine test were used and the value of p = 0.05 was taken as a level of significance.
Tento článek pojednává o vyhodnocení účinnosti dvou protekčních systémů používaných při karotickém stentingu (CAS). Karotický stenting je léčba karotické stenózy, což je zúžení karotické tepny způsobené plakem usazeným na cévní stěně. Kousky plaku se mohou uvolnit a zablokovat průchod krve, což může způsobit mozkovou mrtvici. Karotický stenting je endovaskulární chirurgická metoda, při které se do postižené tepny zavede stent, který má tepnu roztáhnout a zabranit tak mrtvici. V průběhu CAS jsou běžně používány dva typy protekčních zařízení - distální protekční zařízení (filtry) a proximální protekční zařízení. Cílem této studie bylo zjistit, zda se tyto dva protekční systémy liší v počtu a v lokalizaci nových ischemických lézí po operaci. K statistické analýze byly použity MannůvWhitneyův test, χ2 test a arcsinový test (s hladinou významnosti p = 0,05), výpočty byly provedeny pomocí programů SPSS a Microsoft Excel.
Źródło:
Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji; 2017, 6, 4; 215-221
2391-9361
Pojawia się w:
Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Usage of perioperative anxiety neuromarker for improving the quality of life of a patient operated on for critical stenosis of the internal carotid artery
Autorzy:
Trystuła, Mariusz
Półrola, Paweł
Kropotov, Juri
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/987144.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
surgery
qeeg
erps
psychological care
Opis:
Objective. The aim of the study was to find a neuromarker of perioperative anxiety in a patient with critical carotid stenosis through the use of neuromarkers in Quantitative EEG (QEEG) and Event Related Potentials (ERPs). The indirect purpose of the research was evaluation of improvement in the patient’s quality of life. Case study. A 45-year-old woman was admitted to the Department of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Interventions at the John Paul II Hospital in Krakow, with the diagnosis of critical internal carotid stenosis (over 80%), confirmed by Doppler Ultrasound and Angio-CT examinations. Before hospitalization, the patient had not presented any symptoms of brain ischemia. It was found that severe anxiety on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) was worse before the surgery. After the operation, a reduction anxiety in occurred as well as an improvement in the majority of the dimensions of health. Therefore, her quality of life improved. Conclusions. Significant changes were observed on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD). Modern neurotechnologies measures are necessary to capture all the changes in the symptoms of anxiety before and after the operation for a carotid stenosis. ERPs might be used to select patients with neuromarker of perioperative anxiety, and subsequently to serve in proper psychological care and minimalize the perioperative risk of complications.
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2016, 23, 4
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
NEUROMARKERS OF ANXIETY IN A PATIENT WHO HAD EXPERIENCED A TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (TIA) OF THE LEFT BRAIN HEMISPHERE AS A RESULT OF A CRITICAL STENOSIS OF THE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY (ICA) PERATED ON BY ENDARTERECTOMY (CEA)
Autorzy:
Wilczek-Rużyczka, Ewa
Mirski, Andrzej
Korab, Maciej
Trystuła, Mariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2137987.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-01-13
Wydawca:
Fundacja Edukacji Medycznej, Promocji Zdrowia, Sztuki i Kultury Ars Medica
Tematy:
neuromarker
postoperative anxiety
TIA
endarterectomy
CEA
Opis:
The search for neuromarkers is a very promising way to improve psychiatric and psychological care. They are now considered to be an innovative diagnostic tool in psychiatry and neuropsychology, but more broadly in all human health sciences. The aim of our study was to find the neuromarker of anxiety in a patient who had experienced a Transient IschemicAttack (TIA) of the left brain hemisphere as a result of a critical stenosis of the Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) operated on byendarterectomy (CEA). We will present the case of a 54-year-old man,an architect, who experienced a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) of the left brain hemispherecaused by a critical stenosis of theInternal Carotid Artery (ICA) and was treated successfully with surgical endarterectomy (CEA). One year after the surgery itself, the patient developed severe postoperative anxiety, headaches, difficulty in sleepingas well as the inability to continue working in his profession. Strong anxiety was notedon the adapted 100-millimeter Visual Analogue Anxiety Scale (VAAS). The patient was assessed using the Human Brain Index (HBI) methodology (Kropotov 2009; 2016; 2017; Pąchalska, Kaczmarek&Kropotov 2014) which consisted of recording 19-channel EEG in resting state conditions, during the cued GO/NOGO task and comparing the parameters of EEG spectra and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) with the normative and patient databases of the Human Brain Index(HBI). No signs of cognitive dysfunction was found, however an excessive Rolandic beta was observed. In line with the working hypothesis as to the presence of an anxiety neuromarker, the patient’s studies confirmed an increased P1 time wave in the left hemisphere of the brain in ERP in response to visual stimuli, i.e. an anxiety neuromarker. Following the detection of this neuromarkera specific anodic Transcranial Direct Current Stimulations (tDCS) pro- tocol was proposed (see: Kropotov 2016; Pąchalska, Kaczmarek & Kropotov 2020). Ten tDCS sessions were performed and the postoperativeanxiety was found to be resolved. The patient returned to work. The use of Human Brain Index (HBI) methodologyenabling the isolation of the Event Related Potentials (ERPs) patterns revealed the presence of a distinct anxietyneuromarker. Neurotherapy with the use of tDCS allowed the reduction of anxiety symptoms and the patient’s return to work. The above case study indicates the necessity to use new neurotechnologies in the diagnosis of mental diseases, with particular emphasis on postoperative anxiety. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Źródło:
Acta Neuropsychologica; 2021, 19(1); 1-9
1730-7503
2084-4298
Pojawia się w:
Acta Neuropsychologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Carotid access in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation – an alternative to the gold standard. A single-center experience
Autorzy:
Stańska, Aleksandra
Wierzbowska, Aleksandra
Targoński, Radosław
Karolak, Wojciech
Mickiewicz, Agnieszka
Jaguszewski, Miłosz
Jagielak, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/895733.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-01-09
Wydawca:
Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny
Tematy:
transcatheter aortic valve implantation
aortic stenosis
carotid artery
elderly
Opis:
Background: Transfemoral access is regarded as the TAVI gold standard for the transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) procedure. However, other options for vascular access have developed in the last few years. Access via the carotid artery is one such alternative. Materials and methods: The study included 9 elderly patients who underwent transcarotid TAVI procedure at the Cardiac and Vascular Surgery Department of the Medical University of Gdańsk. Procedures were performed by a local Heart Team in a hybrid operating room under general anesthesia. Data was collected before the implantation and at discharge. Results: The mean patients’ age was 81 years of age (64-88) and the mean logistic EuroSCORE was 10.8 (7-16). Implantations were performed with 100% device success rate. Intra-operative valve-in-valve procedure was performed in one patient; there were no access-related and valve-related complications during the surgery. Post-procedural complications included minor bleeding, hematoma and pneumothorax. Echocardiographic parameters were significantly improving after the procedure. The mean hospital stay was 5 days (2-7 days). Conclusions: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation via the carotid artery appears to be safe and effective alternative to standard TAVI vascular access.
Źródło:
European Journal of Translational and Clinical Medicine; 2019, 2, 2; 80-84
2657-3148
2657-3156
Pojawia się w:
European Journal of Translational and Clinical Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
    Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9

    Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies