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Tytuł:
The General Procurators of the Teutonic Order Towards the Polish-Teutonic Conflict
Autorzy:
Bar, Přemysl
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28697006.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
Tematy:
General Procurators
Teutonic Order
Polish-Teutonic Order conflict
dispatches
Roman curia
Council of Constance and Basel
Opis:
The article deals with the activities of the General Procurators of the Teutonic Order regarding the Polish-Teutonic dispute in the first thirty years of the fifteenth century. Based on their dispatches sent to Marienburg, it can be assumed that the Procurators were not passive executors of the Grand Master’s orders. Their frequently occurring disagreements resulted not only from their distinctive personal qualities but also from their different perspectives on assessing what was in the best interest of the Teutonic Order. The Grand Masters lacked professional knowledge not only of law (especially canon law) but also of how the Roman curia functioned.
Źródło:
Acta Poloniae Historica; 2023, 126; 181-205
0001-6829
Pojawia się w:
Acta Poloniae Historica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
O strażnicy krzyżackiej w Jegławkach
On the Teutonic Order’s watchtower in Jegławki
Autorzy:
Białuński, Grzegorz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2049858.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-24
Wydawca:
Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie
Tematy:
fortyfikacje
Jegławki
Prusy
Zakon Krzyżacki
fortifications
Prussia
Teutonic Order
Opis:
Ostatnio ponownie wprowadzono do literatury i potocznego obiegu istnienie zamku krzyżackiego w Jegławkach (Jäglack). Ów domniemany krzyżacki zameczek miał zostać zniszczony dopiero podczas tzw. najazdów tatarskich w czasie drugiej wojny północnej (1655–1660), a na jego miejscu powstał nowożytny pałac, którego obecna bryła pochodzi z XIX w. Ta w zasadzie pojedyncza informacja zaistniała już w historiografii, zwłaszcza popularnonaukowej, ale też naukowej, nie wspominając szerzej o Internecie. Można mieć jednocześnie poważne wątpliwości co do identyfikacji wspomnianego obiektu pałacowego w Jegławkach jako zamku krzyżackiego. Stąd zasadne wydaje się jak najszybsze zweryfikowanie tej informacji i ewentualne jej sprostowanie.
Recently, the existence of the Teutonic Order’s castle in Jegławki (Jäglack) has been reintroduced into the scholarly literature. This alleged castle was to be destroyed only during the so-called Tatar invasions during the Second Northern War (1655–1660), and in its place a modern palace was built, the present shape of which dates back to the nineteenth century. This single piece of information has already appeared in the historiography, especially in popular research, but also in academic works, not to mention online. At the same time, one can have serious doubts as to the identification of the aforementioned palace in Jegławki as a Teutonic Order castle. Hence, it seems justified to verify this information as soon as possible and correct it, if necessary.
Źródło:
Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2021, 315; 251-259
0023-3196
2719-8979
Pojawia się w:
Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The tourism function of the castles of the Knights of the Teutonic Order in Poland
Autorzy:
Musiaka, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/627791.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
castle
museum
hotel
tourism
Opis:
The author’s main objective is to define the level of development of the tourism function of the Teutonic Order castles found in the area of contemporary Poland. The author has taken into account both well-preserved and renovated castles, as well as those in a state of ruin. In order to achieve his goal, he analysed forms of castle development and numbers of tourists, which is the main measure of the tourism function. The final stage of the research was to define the tourism rank of the castles studied.
Źródło:
Turyzm; 2013, 23, 2; 49-57
0867-5856
2080-6922
Pojawia się w:
Turyzm
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Castles in the Teutonic Order State in Prussia as Medium of Ideology and Manifestation of Power
Autorzy:
Wasik, Bogusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28408479.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-12-07
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
castles
Teutonic Knights
Prussia
architecture
Middle Ages
ideology
power
Opis:
The article concentrates on an analysis of the forms of castles erected by the Teutonic Order in their conquered domain in Prussia, which were a medium of ideas and manifestation of symbols. The most significant forms were structures of the castell type. That type of fortresses, which had been built since the Antiquity, usually associated with strong centralized state authority and used as a sign of the power propaganda, was later adopted in Western Europe. The Teutonic Knights adjusted that castle type to their needs in the 1270s and 1280s as a sign of the state and the centralized idea of the knight-monks’ authority. Repetitiveness and perfect geometric archi- tectonic forms depicted the character of their rulership, modelled after the Divine Order, and their role as milites Christi, defenders of Christianity. Towers were another construction element with a strong semantic charge as a sign and symbol of feudal power. The beginnings of tower-type residences date back to the 10th century Normandy, from where they spread around Europe in the following centuries. Habitable towers were also used by the Teutonic Order, who built them in 14th century as residences of some lower rank officials. Erecting a palace for the grand masters in Malbork at the end of the 14th century, they also referred to the form of donjon as a symbol of a sovereign and a ruler seat. The castle in Sztum was a result of yet another tradition – a residence situated nearby the capital as a leisure and hunting place for the overlord. That was an expression of court culture and a sign of prestige of a ruler – in this case, the grand master.
Źródło:
Światowit; 2021, 60; 133-155
0082-044X
Pojawia się w:
Światowit
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The capture of the Marienwerder Castle, or where the Teutonic Order’s expansion to the East was stopped
Autorzy:
Almonaitis, Vytenis
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/676418.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Slawistyki PAN
Tematy:
Marienwerder
Lithuania
Kaunas
Teutonic Order
Baltic Crusades
Vytautas
Jogaila (Jagiełło)
1384
Opis:
The capture of the Marienwerder Castle, or where the Teutonic Order’s expansion to the East was stoppedThis paper analyzes the construction, features, and significance of the Marienwerder castle, and its capture by Lithuanian forces in 1384. Located in what is now Kaunas, the castle represented the furthest eastern point of the Teutonic Order’s penetration into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. As the sparse historiography on it suggests, the event seems to have been overlooked by contemporary historians. In fact, this castle of the Teutonic Order was not just an ordinary fortress, but a mighty stronghold. A detailed analysis of primary sources allows classifying the capture of Marienwerder as a major event in the war between the Order and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as well as one of the major victories scored by the latter. It may be concluded that the Teutonic Order’s expansion to the east, which had been started from Torun, was then stopped at Kaunas. Zajęcie zamku Marienwerder albo gdzie zakończyła się ekspansja zakonu krzyżackiego na wschódW artykule analizowane są budowa, znaczenie i zajęcie w 1384 r. zamku zakonu krzyżackiego Marienwerder, który mieścił się na terytorium miasta Kowna. Był to najbardziej wysunięty na wschód zamek krzyżacki, który najgłębiej wchodził w terytorium Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Skromna historiografia świadczy o tym, że został on zapomniany przez współczesnych historyków. A jednak mowa jest tu nie o zwykłej rezydencji zakonu, a o potężnej twierdzy. Szczegółowa analiza źródeł pierwotnych pozwala uważać zajęcie zamku Marienwerder za jedno z najważniejszych wydarzeń w wojnie między zakonem krzyżackim a Wielkim Księstwem Litewskim, jak również jednym z największych zwycięstw tego ostatniego. Można również twierdzić, że ekspansja zakonu na wschód, rozpoczęta od Torunia, zakończyła się na Kownie.
Źródło:
Acta Baltico-Slavica; 2017, 41
2392-2389
0065-1044
Pojawia się w:
Acta Baltico-Slavica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Święci jako patronowie obiektów sakralnych w państwie zakonnym w Prusach – na przykładzie miast
Saints as patrons of the sacral objects in the cities in the state of the Teutonic Order
Autorzy:
Rozynkowski, Waldemar
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2154339.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-12
Wydawca:
Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Elbląskiej w Elblągu
Tematy:
patronage
saints
Teutonic Order
Prussia
Opis:
The author discusses the medieval practice in the State of the Teutonic Order of placing sacral objects, especially parish and monastic churches, cathedrals and hospital chapels, under patronage of selected saints. Though there was nothing exceptional about it in the Christian Europe, the choice of saints, dependent on their particular traits and popularity, is interesting. Among the most popular ones were, of course, the Holy Virgin Mary, venerated especially by the Cistersians and Dominicans, St George, St John the Evangelist and St Nicholas – the latter being the patron of merchants and sailors. It may be safely said that local cults correlated to a large degree with the presence or absence of particular religious orders in the area, with their preferences as to the patronage of certain saints over others. One of the most widely known saints in Europe was undoubtedly St James, especially along the popular pilgrimage route from Prussia to Santiago de Compostella. St Adalbert of Prague also deserves special mention, especially for his mission and martyrdom in Prussia.
Źródło:
Studia Elbląskie; 2014, 15; 9-19
1507-9058
Pojawia się w:
Studia Elbląskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mazowsze Zachodnie wobec Zakonu Krzyżackiego w latach 1381-1411
West Mazowsze before the Teutonic Order in years 1381-1411
Autorzy:
Palczewski, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16729140.pdf
Data publikacji:
1994
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Opis:
The author presents in this article mutual connections between West Mazowsze and the Teutonic Order in years 1381-1411. The politics of West Mazowsze in this period can be identified with politics of prince Siemowit IVth. After his father's death in 1381 he became a ruler of the following lands: płocka, zawkrzeńska, rawska, gostynińska, sochaczewska and wiska. Prince Siemowit IVth remained neutral and even friendly before the Teutonic Order for a long time. In years 1382-1385 prince participated in fight for Polish throne. From 1386 he was considered to be a confederate of King Władysław Jagiełło. He took part in discourses (negotiations) with the Teutonic Order as a plenipotentiary of Polish king. In spite of this, relations with the Teutonic Order were still good. Politics of prince Siemowit IVth was very adequate before King Jagiełło and the Teutonic Order, as well. His main political principle was oscillating between them. It can be concluded, that this kind of politics brought many interests (goods) for Mazowsze land. Siemowit IVth was welcome favourably on the court in Cracow and in Malbork, as well. But situation became very difficult for him when the war between Poland and the Teutonic Order broke out (1409) Prince Siemowit IVth probably did not participate in fighting in that time. He remained neutral. But in the 4th of July 1410 (under the influence of King Jagiełło) he declared war to the Teutonic Order. Then he organised two companies for Grunwald campaigne under his son - Siemowit Vth command. Siemowit IVth also took part in negotiations in Toruń (1411). Summing up, we can say that relations between West Mazowsze and the Teutonic Order were in general proper. There were more periods of friendship and neighbourly co-operation than periods of mutual enmity.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica; 1994, 50; 61-76
0208-6050
2450-6990
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Śródlądowe jednostki pływające w dawnych księgach inwentarzowych zakonu krzyżackiego
Inland watercraft in old inventory books of the Teutonic Order
Autorzy:
Radoch, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2050141.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-11-05
Wydawca:
Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie
Tematy:
rybołówstwo
średniowiecze
zamek krzyżacki
jednostki pływające
transport wodny
fishing
water transport
Middle Ages
watercraft
Teutonic castle
Opis:
W świetle dawnych ksiąg inwentarzowych zakonu krzyżackiego w okresie od II poł. XIV w. do 1525 r. zamki w Prusach w transporcie wodnym (po rzekach, zalewach i jeziorach) wykorzystywały następujące jednostki pływające: • wielokrotnie statki – najczęściej nasady (nasuty), w mniejszym stopniu szkuty, korabiki, dubasy, burdyny, lichtany czy też statki dejmskie i wiślane, a także wyspecjalizowane w określonych zadaniach (rybackie, do przewozu pożywienia, drewna, wozów i dział oraz służby); • często promy i tratwy; • bardzo często rozmaite łodzie (rzeczne, wiślane, rybackie, eskortujące, przewozowe, szeląg, kilówka).
In the light of the old inventory books of the Teutonic Order from the 2nd half of 14th century until 1525, castles in Prussia used the following watercraft for their water transport (rivers, lagoons and lakes): • often ships – in most cases nasady (nasuty) boats, less often punts, korabik-type vessels, dubas boats, burdyna-type, lichtany-type or Dejma and Vistula ships, along with specialist vessels (fishing boats, vessels to transport food, wood, carts, cannons and people); • often ferries and rafts; • often various boats (inland, Vistula, fishing, escorting, transporting, szeląg boats, keel boats).
Źródło:
Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2021, 313, 3; 365-403
0023-3196
2719-8979
Pojawia się w:
Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
O kulcie Matki Bożej w zakonie krzyżackim
On the veneration of the Mother of God within the Teutonic Order
Autorzy:
Rozynkowski, Waldemar
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22876869.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12
Wydawca:
Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Elbląskiej w Elblągu
Tematy:
zakon krzyżacki
kult Matki Bożej
święta maryjne
ołtarze maryjne
wizerunki maryjne
ornaty maryjne
the Teutonic Order
veneration of the Mother of God
Marian feast days
Marian altars
Marian images
Marian chasubles
Opis:
W historię zakonu krzyżackiego bardzo intensywnie wpisana jest postać Najświętszej Maryi Panny. Spotykamy Ją już w samej nazwie wspólnoty, mówimy bowiem o Zakonie Szpitala Najświętszej Maryi Panny Domu Niemieckiego w Jerozolimie. Odwołanie do Matki Bożej stanowiło więc ważny aspekt tożsamości krzyżaków. W artykule przywołano kilka przejawów kultu maryjnego: święta maryjne, ołtarze maryjne, wizerunki oraz ornaty, których używano podczas liturgicznych obchodów maryjnych. Zostały one ukazane głównie w świetle zachowanych inwentarzy wyposażenia kaplic znajdujących się w krzyżackich domach zakonnych.
Blessed Virgin Mary played a prominent role in the history of the Teutonic Order. We meet her even in the name of this religious corporation - Order of the Hospital of Saint Mary of the Teutonic House in Jerusalem. Referring to the Mother of God was an important aspect of self-identity of the Teutonic Knights. The paper provides a number of examples of Marian worship: Marian feasts, altars, images and chasubles used in liturgical Marian celebrations. They are presented in the light of preserved inventories of chapels which existed in monastic houses of the Teutonic Order.
Źródło:
Studia Elbląskie; 2023, 24; 7-17
1507-9058
Pojawia się w:
Studia Elbląskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Einstellung der bevölkerung Preussens zur herrschaft der Ordensritter
Attitude of the population of Prussia to the reign of the Teutonic Knights
Autorzy:
Ekdahl, Sven
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1065305.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych
Tematy:
Zakon krzyżacki
Grunwald
Prusy
Teutonic Order
Prussia
Opis:
The history of the Lizard Union proves existance of strong opposition against the rule of the Teutonic Knights even before its defeat at the battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg). That hostile attitude was clearly expressed when several banners of Chełmno Lands (banner – unit of the cavalry) left the battlefield on July 15, 1410 by the end of the battle. Moreover, a country knights took over the town and castle of Ostróda for the Polish king to help him to march to Marienburg. Other knights, among them Nicolaus of Renis (Mikołaj z Ryńska), planned to take the Marienburg in a similar manner. In this context it has to be pointed out that the country's nobility of Chełmno Lands was not required to fight outside its borders for the Order after the privilege for Chełmno of 1233. Participation in military campaigns beyond the Vistula River and its tributaries Drewenz and Ossa was performed voluntarily and those who were taking part received from the Order payment and compensation for all incurred losses. The following campaigns can be set as an examples: Samaiten 1402, Gotland 1404 and Dobrzyń 1409. At the end of 1410 a cash payment of 4,000 marks was made on the orders of the Grand Master for Chełmno Lands. The sum, which was the equivalent of about 300 war horses, was not completely used what deeply disappointed the knights who valued higher their losses. An open question remains concerning to what extent that special arrangement for the Chełmno Lands had impact on the behavior of parts of their chivalry in the battle of Grunwald. Similar agreements were also held with the knights in Warmia and in the New March (Neumark); they could also be used for military service outside their borders only voluntary under the above enumerated conditions. This became a problem for the Teutonic Order and often led to annoyance particularly with the nobles in the New March. The four bishops of Pomesania, Warmia, Chełmno Lands and Kulm paid homage to the Polish king after the battle of Grunwald, as did the abbess of St. Bridget in Gdańsk who wrote a request for assistance to Władysław Jagiello slightly after the Polish-Lithuanian victory. Her wishes were promptly answered in the affirmative manner on 6th August. The case of Bishop Heinrich Vogelsang of Warmia is of particular interest because he set out for Poland in late September or early October and was therefore considered by the Teutonic Order as a traitor. Grand Master Heinrich von Plauen sought long in vain to replace him with a supporter of the Teutonic Order. The major cities in Prussia seemed to have an ambivalent attitude towards the heavy defeat of the Knights. According to the messages that reached the Bishop of Poznan on July 29 and briefly after, the inhabitants of Thorn beheaded their komtur and killed 50 Order soldiers. A similar fate suffered other Order soldiers in Gdansk mid-August. The city Elblag apologized later for paying the homage to the Polish king using as an excuse the fact that the German Order prohibited repeatedly to repair the damaged city walls. In the general analysis of this issue the following questions are worth answering: How different were the reactions of the inhabitants of Prussia to the changing military and political situation after the battle of Grunwald? Can the different forms of behavior be recognized depending on social class? And were the numerous tributes the result of desperation and seeing the situation as "hopeless" or rather an expression of long-suppressed resentment of Teutonic Order’s authority?
Źródło:
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica; 2016, 23; 109-114
0860-1054
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Die Finanzpolitik des Deutschen Ordens unter Friedrich von Sachsen
Financial policy of the Teutonic Order under the rule of Friedrich von Sachsen
Autorzy:
Sarnowsky, Jürgen
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194001.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
Teutonic economy
finances of the Teutonic Order in Prussia
court ordinance of 1499
the court of the Grand Master in Prussia
Opis:
During the rule of the Grand Master Friedrich von Sachsen significant reforms were conducted, which were also reflected in the court ordinance of 1499. In this period of time detailed financial documentation was prepared. In earlier research various shortcomings and mistakes in the account books have been indicated. However, they still show the revenues of Teutonic economy at the central level. The most important sources of income were resources obtained from agricultural products, trade in amber, revenues from the judicial system and customs. Both incomes and expenditures started to take on a more regular form. Accountancy was conducted better after the office of Rentmeister had been taken over by Franz Buss in the years 1506–1509. The counsellors of the Grand Master Dietrich von Werther and Paulus von Watt contributed to the improvement in the quality of accountancy in the Teutonic State. The rule of Friedrich von Sachsen to some extent made Teutonic economy similar to that of other princely courts.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2016, 81, 4; 117-132
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Percepcja materialnego dziedzictwa zakonu krzyżackiego na przykładzie Pucka
Perception of the cultural heritage of the Teutonic Order on the example of Puck
Autorzy:
Musiaka, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/650641.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Percepcja
dziedzictwo kulturowe
zakon krzyżacki
Puck
Perception
cultural heritage
Teutonic Order
Opis:
One of the important places on the map of the former State of the Teutonic Order on the Baltic Sea shore was Puck. Nowadays, there are: parish church, ruins of the castle of the Teutonic Knights and the clearly visible spatial layout of the chartered town with a large market preserved. Except natural attractiveness of the seashore location, elements of the medieval heritage play an important role in the promotion of the town, as well as in shaping a sense of pride and patriotism of the local residents. In the presented article the author attempts to determine the level of knowledge of the people living in the area of the former Teutonic State in the field of history and material cultural heritage of the Teutonic Order. The basis of analyzes were the results of a survey carried out in Puck on May 2015.
Jednym z ważnych miejsc na mapie dawnego państwa krzyżackiego nad Bałtykiem był Puck. Do dzisiaj zachowały się tam fara, ruiny zamku krzyżackiego oraz doskonale widoczny układ przestrzenny miasta lokacyjnego z dużym rynkiem. Elementy średniowiecznego dziedzictwa kulturowego pełnią dziś ważną rolę w promocji miasta, jak również w kształtowaniu poczucia dumy i patriotyzmu lokalnego mieszkańców. W artykule autor podjął próbę określenia poziomu wiedzy osób mieszkających na terenach dawnego państwa zakonnego na temat historii i materialnej spuścizny kulturowej zakonu krzyżackiego. Podstawę prowadzonych analiz stanowiły wyniki badań ankietowych zrealizowanych w Pucku w maju 2015 roku.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica; 2016, 25
1508-1117
2353-4826
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Organizacja administracji państwa zakonnego w Prusach do końca XIII wieku
The organization of the administration of the state of the Teutonic Order in Prussia until the end of the 13th century
Autorzy:
Grala, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1026462.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012-06-25
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
średniowiecze
Krzyżacy
historia
Middle Ages
Teutonic Order
history
Opis:
Formed during the crusading movement, the Teutonic Knights developed the internal structures in the Holy Land after the act of 1198, structures which survived several centuries and proved to be very useful in the process of building their own state in Prussia. The following work briefly presents the offices of the deputy of the Grandmaster and the chief of military affairs, the official responsible for all hospital affairs, the official responsible for dressing and armament, the treasurer and the castellan. All these officials, except for the castellan, formed the group of the great nobles in Prussia from the 14th century. The increase in property outside the Holy Land contributed to the vertical power structure. A pioneering period in the history of the Teutonic Knights ended during the reign of Grand Master Hermann von Salza; then a new period of building their own state on the Baltic began. Equipped with the imperial privilege, the Teutonic Knights came to the Vistula, where they received from Konrad Mazowiecki in 1230 the privilege conferring the land of Chełmn on them, the land which was the territorial base of their future activity in Prussia. Since then, supported by the knights from western Europe and Germany, they systematically had been conquering Prussia. In the early period of the conquest Polish dukes also helped them. The Teutonic Knights were the winners in the dispute with the Bishop of Prussia, Christian. After suppressing two Prussian uprisings and conquering the land of Jaćwież, the Teutonic Order reached the line of the Niemen and strengthened its reign in the whole Prussia. The organization of the formed religious state was of monarchical type. Dualistic, that is, theocratic and feudal character of the state affected administrative divisions introduced by the Knights. They built well-functioning administration, whose characteristic feature was the division into commandries. Although the number of commandries was not steady and the range of their influence would change, generally the primary administrative divisions survived until the fall of the monastic state in Prussia. Among the source material used in this work the chronicles included in Scriptores Rerum Prusicarum are of the basic importance. These chronicles are as follows: The Prussian Chronicle by Peter of Dusburg, The Chronicle of Oliwa by Abbot Stanislaus. In addition, the author used works by German and Polish historians such as: the works of Gerard Labuda, Marian Biskup, Sławomir Jóźwiak, the collective work edited by Zenon Hubert Nowak, S. Kujot, Hartmut Boockmann, Udo Arnold. The full list of the used sources and literature is in the footnotes.
Źródło:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne; 2012, 97; 73-94
0518-3766
2545-3491
Pojawia się w:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zakonu Niemieckiego interpretatio Polonica. Uwagi o krzyżackim wątku dzieła naukowego Gerarda Labudy
Autorzy:
Dorna, Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1900642.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-09-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Gerard Labuda
zakon krzyżacki
historiografia
Teutonic Order
historiography
Opis:
This paper describes the approach of one of the greatest Polish medievalists, Gerard Labuda, to the question of the Teutonic Order and its role in the history of Poland and the whole Baltic region.
Źródło:
Historia Slavorum Occidentis; 2021, 3 (30); 245-262
2084-1213
Pojawia się w:
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bulgarians, Cumans, Teutons, and Vlachs in the First Decades of the Thirteenth Century
Autorzy:
Ivanov, Ivelin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31234113.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Second Bulgarian Tsardom
Cumans
Vlachs
Teutonic Order
Burzenland
Opis:
The article refers to some aspects of the history of today’s Bulgarian and Romanian territories, going back to the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century. First, the author emphasizes the impact of the Teutonic Order in Burzenland on Bulgarian-Cuman relations in the period under question. The article provides a different alternative viewpoint on the events of the second decade of the 13th century. Contrary to researchers who focus on the South and the Bulgarian-Latin conflict, the author seeks a solution to the problem by analyzing events in the North, reaching the lands of Burzenland region in Eastern Transylvania. He analyses the Teutonic-Cuman conflict of 1211–1222 and the success of the Teutons in Cumania after 1215. The author concludes that the dramatic change in the Bulgarian-Cuman relations could be explained by a new source of military and political influence that emerged in the second decade of the 13th century – the Teutonic Order. Next, the paper is aimed at the highly discussed and controversial issue of Bulgarian-Vlach relations during the rule of the Assenid dynasty. Based on the written sources, the author explains the mass presence of Vlachs in the actions of the first Assenids with specific social, economic and political factors in the last two decades of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century.
Źródło:
Studia Ceranea; 2022, 12; 491-505
2084-140X
2449-8378
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ceranea
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Piętnastowieczny kopiariusz OF 80a z terenu państwa krzyżackiego
Fifteenth-Century Cartulary OF 80a from the State of the Teutonic Order
Autorzy:
Dobrosielska, Alicja
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1059132.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-09-30
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
territorial borders
conflicts over borders
state of the teutonic order
prussia
cathedral chapter of warmia
bishopric of warmia
settlements in warmia
late middle ages
Opis:
This text comprises the first complete critical edition of eight out of twelve primary sources contained in the fifteenth-century cartulary from the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. The cartulary is currently kept in the Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin and is marked with archival reference number OF 80a. The creation of the cartulary was connected with a dispute over the territory and the borders of the dominion of the Bishopric of Warmia (Ermland). It contains copies of the privileges issued by the bishop and the Cathedral Chapter of Warmia in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries for the towns located on the border with the Teutonic Order territories. Some copies of the documents are directly related to this dispute and refer to the judgement of the arbitration court of 1374 and the inspections of the border between the territory of the bishopric and the Order of 1428 and 1449. In order to present the reader with the most accurate version of the source text, the content of the cartulary, which is the basis of this edition, has been compared with other preserved copies of the documents published here. These copies were included in fifteenth-century books containing privileges issued by the Cathedral Chapter of Warmia, which are currently kept in the Archives of the Archdiocese of Warmia in Olsztyn.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2020, 85, 3; 105-128
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Teutonic Order and monasteries in Gdańsk Pomerania in the first half of the 14th century
Zakon krzyżacki a klasztory na Pomorzu Gdańskim w pierwszej połowie XIV w.
Autorzy:
Kubicki, Rafał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28712936.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Gdański. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
Tematy:
Teutonic Order
Cistercians
Norbertines
Mendicant Friars
Gdańsk Pomerania
Opis:
Przedmiotem opracowania jest próba charakterystyki polityki prowadzonej przez zakon krzyżacki (niemiecki) wobec klasztorów na Pomorzu Gdańskim w pierwszej połowie XIV w. W dotychczasowych ocenach tradycyjnie wskazywano na konsekwentnie stosowane ograniczenia odnośnie do fundacji klasztorów mniszych w Prusach i dążenie zakonu niemieckiego do poddania ścisłej kontroli wszystkich zgromadzeń posiadających swoje siedziby na Pomorzu Gdańskim. W artykule wskazano przede wszystkim na dwa czynniki mające wpływ na relacje zakonu niemieckiego z klasztorami na Pomorzu Gdańskim, to jest na proces implantacji klasztorów i terytorializacji urzędów zakonu niemieckiego na Pomorzu Gdańskim. Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika, że relacje zakonu niemieckiego z klasztorami na Pomorzu Gdańskim były nie tyle następstwem konsekwentnie realizowanej przez niego polityki, ale raczej wypadkową wielu czynników, wynikających z sytuacji panującej w danym zgromadzeniu zakonnym (cystersi) i odnośnie do konkretnego klasztoru (przy kład dominikanów w Gdańsku). Przy czym zakon niemiecki występował zazwyczaj jako władca terytorialny, potwierdzający transakcje kupna–sprzedaży względnie nadania lub zamiany dóbr oraz jako arbiter w sporach z innymi instytucjami (z władzami miejskimi). Funkcję taką pełnili miejscowi komturzy lub sam wielki mistrz zakonu. Udział tego ostatniego był zazwyczaj związany z potrzebą ogólnej regulacji, jak w przypadku generalnej konfirmacji dla dóbr klasztoru w Oli wie i Żarnowcu dokonanej przez wielkiego mistrza Ludolfa Königa. Ogólnie, wzajemne relacje zakonu z klasztorami były poprawne, jeśli nie wręcz dobre. Trzeba też podkreślić, że stanowisko zakonu niemieckiego wobec klasztorów na Pomorzu Gdańskim było elementem szerszej polityki kościelnej prowadzonej na tym terenie także wobec biskupa włocławskiego i arcybiskupa gnieźnieńskiego.
Źródło:
Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza; 2023, 26; 86-109
2544-2562
Pojawia się w:
Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Techniki budowy zamków w typie kasztelu w państwie krzyżackim w Prusach
Techniques of construction of castellumtype castles in the state of the Teutonic Order in Prussia
Autorzy:
Wasik, Bogusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1927169.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
Tematy:
zamki krzyżackie
kasztele
zamki konwentualne
średniowieczne techniki budowlane
zakon krzyżacki
Teutonic Order castle
Castelle
conventual castles
medieval building techniques
Teutonic Order
Opis:
W artykule scharakteryzowane zostały techniki budowy zamków regularnych (kasztelowych) w Prusach. Wznoszono je od ok. 1280 r., kiedy to stabilizacja i rozwój państwa stworzyły podstawy do rozwoju monumentalnej architektury. Okres ten charakteryzuje ilościowy i jakościowy rozwój budownictwa. Wysoka klasa architektury szła w parze z rozwojem technik budowlanych i realizacją przemyślanych inwestycji. Nowsze badania wskazują, że zamki kasztelowe budowano według podobnych schematów, począwszy od wyboru miejsca budowy, przez projektowanie, porządek prac murarskich, po wielki nakład prac ziemnych. Cechy te, powtarzalne do pocz. XV w., wskazują na obecność ugruntowanej tradycji budowlanej w Prusach.
The article describes the techniques of building regularly-shaped castles (Castelle) in Prussia. They started to appear around 1280, when the stabilization and development of the state provided a basis for the development of monumental architecture. This period is characterized by rapid advances in architecture, both in quantitative and in qualitative terms. The development of high-class architecture was accompanied by progress in building techniques and the completion of well thoughtout investments. More recent studies indicate that castellum-type castles were built according to similar patterns, ranging from the choice of a construction site, through design, order of masonry work, to extensive earthworks. These features, repetitive until the beginning of the 15th century, evidence the presence of a well-established building tradition in Prussia.
Źródło:
Ochrona Zabytków; 2018, 2; 33-60
0029-8247
Pojawia się w:
Ochrona Zabytków
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Gdańsk Affairs at the Council of Constance (1414–1418)
Autorzy:
Bar, Přemysl
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/938066.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12-13
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Gdański. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
Tematy:
the concil of constance
gdańsk
teutonic order
bridgettine
convent
Opis:
At first sight it might seem that the Procurator of the Teutonic Order, Peter Wormditt, had represented the interests of the Gdańsk townspeople more than the Grand Master and the Order’s leadership at Constance. In reality, what came first was the good name of the Order in the eyes of the European public. The leading representatives of the Order did not always understand, from a procurator’s perspective, the consequences and wider ramifications of their decisions concerning their subjects. Therefore, paradoxically, Wormditt’s criticisms of the Grand Master were motivated by the wish to spread and preserve the good name of the Teutonic Knights. Naturally, the Gdańsk affairs were not of such significance that they were part of the agenda of the main Council meetings. On the other hand, the Council of Constance gradually grew in importance as the town drew in representatives from nearly all of the Church hierarchy, European universities, and delegations from rulers, princes, and towns. The presence of the Roman king and his court also attracted many people from across Europe who came hoping to settle public or even private affairs. Gdańsk and its townspeople contributed, albeit slightly, to the fact that the description of the Council of Constance as a European congress, or a Medieval global event, would appear to be entirely justified.
Źródło:
Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza; 2018, 22; 7-21
2544-2562
Pojawia się w:
Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Vom Ordensland zum Herzogtum. Religiöse Überzeugung oder politisches Kalkül des Hochmeisters Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach?
From the state of the Teutonic Order to the duchy: religious beliefs or a political calculation of Grand Master Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach?
Autorzy:
Arnold, Udo
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194226.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
the Teutonic Order
Prussia
Reformation
Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach
Opis:
The article underlines the fact that Prussia became Protestant prior to Saxony (considered to be the “mother country of the Reformation”) and other German states. After the end of the Thirteen Years’ War one of the problems constituted the relations between the Grand Master and the Polish King as they went beyond the area of politics affecting also religion and law. Having been elected Grand Master Albrecht Hohenzollern introduced significant changes in the political system of the state. He was related to King Sigismund the Old thanks to his mother, who was Sigismund’s sister. It was unusual for the Teutonic Order to have elected twenty-one-year-old Albrecht to be Grand Master as normally the tendency was to appoint the most respectable member of the Order. Albrecht Hohenzollern launched many reforms the aim of which was to centralize the Teutonic administration. Gradually, the corporate style of management was being transformed into a one-person leadership. Albrecht Hohenzollern also planned to carry out religious reforms. That is why he tried to contact Martin Luther. He attempted to establish the first contact with Luther in the years 1521–1522. The next attempt was made by Martin Luther. In 1523 Luther wrote a letter to the Teutonic Order, where he suggested the rejection of the principle of purity and taking over the lands in hereditary ownership by Teutonic brothers as it was done by noble families. In practice, it would have meant the liquidation of the Order. Albrecht refused to accept the ideas, which did not mean that he disliked Luther. Albrecht met Luther at the end of 1523 in Wittenberg. Luther repeated his guidelines to make the Teutonic state a secular duchy. In May 1524 there was another meeting. Taking into account the political situation at that time, the political isolation of the Teutonic Order and the threat to become subjected to Poland, Albrecht decided to convert into Lutheranism. In this way, he made himself independent of the Pope and in the long run he could set up the foundations to make himself less and less dependent on Catholic Poland. Owing to secularization, Albrecht saved his personal rule and transformed the monastic state into the first Protestant European country.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2017, 82, 2; 21-40
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prozopografia pruskiej gałęzi zakonu niemieckiego w pierwszej połowie XIV wieku. Uwagi krytyczne na marginesie książki Norberta Delestowicza
Prosopography of the Prussian Branch of the Teutonic Order in the First Half of the 14th Century: Critical Remarks on the Book by Norbert Delestowicz
Autorzy:
Krajniak, Radosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32388146.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-31
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
Teutonic Order
Teutonic Knights
Prussia
late Middle Ages
prosopography
Opis:
The book by Norbert Delestowicz on members of the Teutonic Order in the first half of the 14th century was highly anticipated within the scholarly community, and the research conducted by the historian from Poznań seemed promising. Until now, comprehensive biographies were prepared only for the representatives of the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order, who appeared in primary sources up to 1309. In his endeavour to bridge this historiographical gap, the author of the reviewed book undertook an extensive effort to create a collective portrait of the analysed group and to construct several hundred biographies of Teutonic knights, priests, and sariant-brothers. However, the laborious task of accurately collecting and organising the vast amount of source material posed numerous challenges for the author, leading to evident shortcomings. This discussion article aims to highlight various errors that can be found throughout the book, including those in the general chapters, individual biographies, and the appended lists of Teutonic officials and convent members. Many of these errors suggest the disorder that prevailed during the creation of different parts of the book, as well as shortcomings stemming from incomplete or inadequate use of available primary sources and relevant scholarly publications. Regrettably, the extent of identified deficiencies prevents us from considering the reviewed monograph as a fully successful scholarly publication.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2023, 88, 4; 119-156
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Techniki budowy zamków w ziemi chełmińskiej. Nowe dane w świetle badań archeologiczno‑architektonicznych z lat 2016–2018
Autorzy:
Wasik, Bogusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28713085.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Gdański. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
Tematy:
castles
construction
construction technique
Teutonic Order
Chełmno Land
Opis:
In the years 2016–2018, as part of the research project “Castra terrae culmensis – na rubieży chrześcijańskiego świata”, five castles at the Chełmno land were studied. They supplemented the existing knowledge concerning construction techniques. Castles in Starogród and Bierzgłowo represent the oldest period of brick construction in Prussia. They constituted a continuation of wood and earth fortifications. When building the walls, the older embankments were completely removed (Starogród) or lowered (Bierzgłowo). The curtains were set in narrow ditches, at different levels. The castle in Lipienek represents a type of castle, which was built around 1280. However, it was located in the place of a gord, which deviates from the rule when it comes to this type of castles. However, here the builders took advantage of designing methods, construction staging, and large embankment works typical for such type of castles. However, the presence of a rampart forced a modification of the standard technique. It was necessary to partially level it in order to be able to build the basement walls individually. The presence of earthworks – embankments, was also found in the fore court II in Papowo Biskupie. They were also characteristic for irregular castle zwingers erected during this period (Starogród, Bierzgłowo). Whereas, in Unisław it is possible to trace the technique of building an arcade foundation.
Źródło:
Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza; 2023, 26; 276-299
2544-2562
Pojawia się w:
Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Między Rynem a Szestnem. Czy w Szestnie powstało komturstwo krzyżackie?
Between Ryn and Szestno. Was the Teutonic Order’s commandery established in Szestno?
Autorzy:
Białuński, Grzegorz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2049852.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-24
Wydawca:
Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie
Tematy:
administracja
komturstwo
państwo krzyżackie
Ryn
Szestno
administration
commandery
State of the Teutonic Order
Opis:
W żadnych dotychczasowych wykazów komturstw krzyżackich komturia w Szestnie nie pojawia się. Istnieją jednak pewne wzmianki źródłowe, które zmuszają do zadania zawartego w tytule pytania. Chodzi mianowicie o repertorium dokumentów dotyczących okręgów szestneńskiego i leckiego (giżyckiego) na początku XVI w.: Sehesten und Letzen. Extraordinarie [1503–1523]. Co prawda zawiera ono jedynie ich regesty, ale na ogół kopie owych dokumentów zachowały się w zespole Ordensbriefarchiv. I tak już na samym początku tego rejestru wzmiankowany został Hauskomptur zu Sehesten. Niestety regest, jak też zachowana kopia, nie jest datowany. Nieco dalej znajdujemy kolejne dwa regesty dokumentów wystawionych w 1516 r., w tym jeden przez komtura szestneńskiego (Compthur von Sehesten), drugi zaś zawierający jego relację (Comptur zu Sehesten). W zespole Ordensbriefarchiv zachował się też inny dokument, w którym wzmiankowano komtura w Szestnie. Wreszcie ostatni znany nam dokument z wiadomością o komturze w Szestnie pochodzi z zespołu Pergamenturkunden. O pomyłce pisarzy lub kopistów nie może być mowy, a wcześniej i później znajdujemy inne wzmianki o urzędnikach szestneńskich – prokuratorach (Pfleger) i namiestniku (Stathalter).
The commandery in Szestno does not appear in any previous lists of the Teutonic Order’s commanderies. However, there are some mentions in written sources that prompt the question in the title. This concerns a series of documents relating to the Szestno and Lec (Giżycko) districts at the beginning of the 16th century: Sehesten and Letzen. Extraordinarie [1503–1523]. This only contains their regests, but usually copies of these documents have been preserved within the Ordensbriefarchiv collection. The Hauskomptur zu Sehesten is mentioned at the very beginning of this register. Unfortunately, the register, as well as the preserved copy, is not dated. There are also another two regests of documents issued in 1516, including one by the Szestno commander (Compthur von Sehesten) and the other containing his account (Comptur zu Sehesten). A further document has survived in the Ordensbriefarchiv collection, mentioning the commander in Szestno. The final document mentioning the commander in Szestno comes from the Pergamenturkunden collection. There can be no question of a mistake by the writers or copyists, and sooner or later there are other mentions of Szestno officials – prosecutors (Pfleger) and a governor (Stathalter).
Źródło:
Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2021, 315; 168-180
0023-3196
2719-8979
Pojawia się w:
Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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