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Tytuł:
Logosfera a więzi społeczne
Logosphere and social bonds
Autorzy:
Lepa, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/502395.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Łodzi
Tematy:
mass media
logosfera
Opis:
This paper demonstrates the role of logosphere in strengthening social bonds. In a broader sense logosphere is the layer of the word in human environment, both within mediosphere and outside it. It occurs in symbiosis with the remaining environment layers, i.e. iconosphere, sonosphere, and galenosphere (the layer of silence). In a narrower meaning logosphere occurs when it is organized by the people who form it (family, school, orphanage, etc.). The basic properties of such logosphere involve: the primacy of the word, dialogicity, and its environmental character. Reflection on these properties leads to a conclusion that their functioning contributes to the enhancement of social bonds linking the participants of logosphere.
Źródło:
Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne; 2006, 15; 147-154
1231-1634
Pojawia się w:
Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Communication in social networking websites. Development of social bonds or polarization of political views?
Autorzy:
Juszczyk-Rygałło, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/514779.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Śląski. Wydział Nauk Społecznych
Tematy:
networking websites
social bonds
social relationships
trust
Opis:
New media are frequently used for presenting views and developing desired socio-political opinions. The social networking websites are becoming an objection towards the use of media messages as tools of persuasion and manipulation. However, they are not playing that role exhaustively. The article discusses the process of developing social capital in social networking websites, against the background of social relationships based on trust or lack of trust. Partnership and cooperation are becoming important tools of democracy, with which there are constructed the social bonds which mobilize the users of media networking websites to undertake political activities. The developed social bonds constitute a source of discussion groups concentrated around joint views. In turn, in the light of lack of trust, that division into groups leads to alienation and the resulting polarization of views. Polarization tendencies in the social networking media limit their informative character. At the same time, they cause a situation when, in the social networking area of the Internet, different socio-political activities are ignored or blocked. Media education is to counteract such tendencies. Under the European law, the European countries have been obliged to develop media education both in education, and through social educational programs. The current condition of media education in Poland was presented.
Źródło:
Political Preferences; 2016, 13; 73-85
2449-9064
Pojawia się w:
Political Preferences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kreacja, odtwarzanie, podtrzymywanie więzi społecznej w zespołach mieszkaniowych
Creation, reconstruction, sustaining social bonds in housing complexes
Autorzy:
Kwiatkowski, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/398716.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Politechnika Białostocka. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Białostockiej
Tematy:
więź społeczna
zespół mieszkaniowy
centrum wspólnotowe
social bonds
housing estates
community centres
Opis:
Współczesne zespoły mieszkaniowe i osiedla na ogół nie są ożywione kontaktami i więzią społeczną. Jeszcze rzadziej doświadczyć można jakiejś formy wspólnoty. We współczesnym, sztucznym świecie także kontakty, więź społeczną i wspólnoty trzeba budować i podtrzymywać w pewnym sensie sztucznie. Owa kreacja może dokonywać się na trzech płaszczyznach. Pierwszą jest przestrzeń architektoniczna umożliwiająca interakcjonizm symboliczny w rozumieniu G.H. Meada i H. Blumera. Drugą tworzy przestrzeń działań animacyjnych. Trzecią płaszczyzną generowania potencjalnych więzi są specjalnie wznoszone budynki i urządzenia. Obiekty wspólnotowe mogłyby umożliwiać między innymi realizację zachowań „tłumionych” przez ograniczający charakter sąsiedztwa (określenie jednego z poziomów sąsiedztwa wg klasyfikacji socjologa P. Kryczki). Ów ograniczający charakter polega na zaniechaniu czynności, które mogłyby spotkać się z negatywną oceną sąsiadów, np. głośne przyjęcia, uroczystości rodzinne, grillowanie, hobby typu majsterkowanie i inne podobne zachowania znane z życia osiedlowego. „Ośrodki ekspresji społecznej” mogłyby, prócz innych aktywności, umożliwiać takie „tłumione” zachowania i uczynić je jedną z osi więzi społecznych.
The contemporary housing complexes and housing estates are not on the whole animated by lively social contact and bonds. The forms of communal life can be encountered even more rarely. In the contemporary artificial world, also personal contacts, social bonds and communities have to be built up and sustained to some extent artificially. This creation may be realized on three planes. The first is to do with architectural space which enables symbolic interaction in the sense proposed by G.H. Mead and H. Blumer. The second plane is created by the area of animation activities. The third plane of generating potential bonds is to do with specially erected buildings and facilities. The communal buildings could enable, among others, the realization of behaviors “suppressed” by the restricting character of the neighbourhood (definition of one of the levels of neighbourhood according to the classification of sociologist P. Kryczka). Then above-mentioned restricting character consists in foregoing activities which might be met with a negative reaction of the neighbours, e.g. loud parties, family get-togethers, communal grilling, hobbies and DIY activities and other similar types of behavior characteristic of community life. Apart from other activities, the “centers of social expression” could also permit such “suppressed” behaviors and turn them into the axis of social bonds.
Źródło:
Architecturae et Artibus; 2010, 2, 1; 46-52
2080-9638
Pojawia się w:
Architecturae et Artibus
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Social Bonds and Mass Organizations in the Rural Milieu
Więzi społeczne i oranizacje masowe w środowisku wiejskim
Autorzy:
Piotrowski, Wacław
Starosta, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/20874559.pdf
Data publikacji:
1991
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Opis:
W niniejszym artykule analizujemy układy więzi społecznych zachodzące pomiędzy instytucjonalną infrastrukturą środowiska wiejskiego reprezentowaną przez sformalizowane organizacje masowe a kulturowymi orientacjami mieszkańców wsi. Innymi słowy, interesować nas będzie problem sprowadzający się do pytania: jakiego typu nastawienia i zachowania wobec funkcjonujących na wsi organizacji masowych przejawiają jednostki socjalizowane zwykle według innych celów kulturowych aniżeli cele organizacji? Pojęcie celów kulturowych — wprowadzone za R.K.Mertonem oznacza tu "kulturowo zdefiniowane zamierzenia i zainteresowania dla wszystkich lub dla różnie umiejscowionych członków społeczeństwa". Aby udzielić odpowiedzi na tak sformułowane pytanie, w artykule staramy się przedstawić zarówno: a) motywy przynależności do organizacji masowych, b) identyfikację psychiczną badanych z organizacjami, jak i c) wzory uczestnictwa jednostek w organizacjach, czyli względnie powtarzające się sposoby grania ról członkowskich w danej organizacji i sposoby wchodzenia w sieć interakcji z daną strukturą poprzez określone podmioty w mniej lub bardziej uświadomiony i dający się wyodrębnić behawioralnie sposób. Obiektem obserwacji uczyniono zatem organizacje spełniające wymogi zarówno struktur formalnych, jak i masowych. Przymiotnik "masowy" nie sprowadza się w naszym rozumieniu jedynie do liczebności składu danej struktury. Drugą cechą organizacji masowych jest fakt, że ich działalność polega głównie na mobilizowaniu swoich członków do zachowań zbiorowych, poprzez które manifestowana jest głównie przynależność. Wreszcie trzecią cechą organizacji masowych jest unifikacja i standaryzacja treści ich programów działania zorientowanych na pozyskanie masowego odbiorcy. Analizie poddano trzy typy organizacji masowych funkcjonujących w środowisku wsi polskiej: kościoła, organizacji politycznych oraz organizacji obsługi wsi i rolnictwa. Dominujący typ więzi z organizacjami masowymi występujących w środowisku wiejskim jaki wyłania się z niniejszych rozważań można nazwać postawą czy też nastawieniem adaptacyjnym. Jego istota sprowadza się do silnej orientacji na własną grupę pierwotną i instrumentalnego traktowania organizacji formalnych. Innowacyjność tej postawy polega na tym, że jednostka nie uznając a czasami i nie akceptując ideologicznych przesłanek działania struktur zgłasza do nich akces i wszystkimi dostępnymi sobie środkami stara się ową strukturę uczynić sobie przydatną. Czyni to zwykle poprzez personalne kontakty i nie pomija przy tym sposobów niezgodnych z formalnym ustawodawstwem, ale zwyczajowo utrwalonych. Zresztą wszystkie sposoby postępowania są przyzwalane o ile prowadzą do osiągnięcia dobra grupy pierwotnej. Powyższy utylitarnie zorientowany wzór uczestnictwa wykazuje trwałość w czasie. Jego wytłumaczenia należy szukać nie tyle w sferze świadomości społecznej, co przede wszystkim w zbyt dużej nieodpowiedniości elementów struktury instytucjonalnej w stosunku do naczelnych wartości kulturowych, powszechnie akceptowanych i uznawanych w środowisku wiejskim.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Sociologica; 1991, 22; 153-182
0208-600X
2353-4850
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Sociologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Facebook jako płaszczyzna kreowania więzi społecznych między wybranymi podmiotami turystycznymi a użytkownikami serwisu. Studium przypadku
Facebook as a creation plain of secondary social bonds between selected tourist companies and users. Case study
Autorzy:
Stepaniuk, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/419743.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
Facebook
secondary social bonds
tourism
Opis:
The paper shows the results of analysis of the motivations and selected aspect of functioning of tourist companies profiles on Facebook and its influence on secondary social bonds creation between users and a company. Ten companies from Podlaskie Voivodeship having the products and services associated with the active tourism were chosen as a subject of research. The research was conducted based on the author’s self-completion questionnaire and observation of the Facebook profiles content. Comments of users were classified based on the AIDA model. The activity of the competition was the main reason for the creation of the company Facebook profiles. The need for building long-lasting relations with the users indicated only 10% of respondents. At the same time half of the respondents does not notice significant benefits for a company from the functioning of its profile on Facebook. The results of the analysis of comments of users on analyzed companies profiles show that most of them concern the company and its employees or recommended products and tourist services, whereas they rarely relate to users tourist experience associated with the past or planned using of the firm offer. The ability of Facebook use as a platform of social secondary bonds creation, based on common interests of users, has been reported. The article also presents the insufficient use of Facebook opportunitie
Źródło:
Nauki o Zarządzaniu; 2013, 4(17); 142-153
2080-6000
Pojawia się w:
Nauki o Zarządzaniu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Architectural Strategies that Promote Creation of Social Bonds within Eco-Neighbourhoods
Strategie architektoniczne promujące tworzenie więzi społecznych na terenie ekoosiedli
Autorzy:
Trojanowska, Monika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2034271.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane ZUT w Szczecinie
Tematy:
community engagement
architecture
urban design
eco-neighbourhood
inclusive public space
social space
architektura
urbanistyka
ekoosiedla
włączająca przestrzeń publiczna
przestrzeń kontaktów społecznych
Opis:
Modern eco-neighbourhoods are designed to implement the 3e principles: ecology – equality -economy. The ecological aspects require harmony with nature and people. The equality concept stipulates living together in the environment which stimulates individual growth and well-being. The economic aspects encompasses promotion of short-distances circular economy, securing employment for the inhabitants and limiting wasteful spending. The goal of those principles is to create the neighbourhoods, where the well-being of inhabitants is promoted. This paper discusses how the designed environment based on 3e principles can influence the creation of community engagement, social bonds and social capital.
Współczesne eko-dzielnice mają realizować zasady 3e: ekologia - ekorówność - ekonomia. Aspekty ekologiczne wymagają harmonii z naturą i ludźmi. Koncepcja równości zakłada wspólne życie w środowisku, które stymuluje rozwój i dobre samopoczucie jednostki. Aspekty ekonomiczne obejmują promocję gospodarki krótkich dystansów o obiegu zamkniętym, zapewnienie miejsc pracy mieszkańcom oraz ograniczenie marnotrawstwa. Celem tych zasad jest tworzenie dzielnic w trosce o dobrobyt mieszkańców. W artykule omówiono, jak środowisko zaprojektowane w oparciu o zasady 3e może wpłynąć na tworzenie więzi społecznych i kapitału społecznego na przykładach z ekoosiedli w Europie.
Źródło:
Przestrzeń i Forma; 2021, 46; 195-210
1895-3247
2391-7725
Pojawia się w:
Przestrzeń i Forma
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ogrody społecznościowe jako forma edukacji ekologicznej wśród inicjatyw lokalnych – unikalność łączenia pedagogiki z ekologią w ramach obchodów Jubileuszu APS
Community gardens as a form of environmental education among local initiavites – the uniqueness of combining pedagogy with ecology as a part of The Maria Grzegorzewska University jubilee celebration
Autorzy:
Falkowska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2029500.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Ośrodek Badawczy Facta Ficta
Tematy:
community gardens
ecological education
social initiatives
pedagogy
social bonds
Opis:
In the urban space we can see less and less elements of animate and inanimate nature. The dominance of skyscrapers, office buildings, and large-scale shopping malls contributes to limiting the development of children and adults in the natural environment. Limited green areas, prevent contact with the ecosystem. The remaining few Family Allotment Gardens located for example in Warsaw, as well as the establishment of community gardens on the initiative of local residents, can be a form of creating social bonds and an ecological awareness. Through this kind of participation for environmental protection, we can educate children, youth and adults about the need to raise the level of environmental issues. The article presents qualitative research consisting of the analysis of documents concerning local initiatives disseminated in the mass media and on the websites of local, non-governmental bodies. Not every person is looking for such information, so not everyone understands the need to preserve green areas and the possibility of integration and popularization of knowledge in the field of environmental protection. The article will also present the works of The Maria Grzegorzewska University students who were to design a garden located at educational institutions. Ideas of students will be presented in the photographs. The subject matter is undoubtedly necessary to show among educators the relationship between the city – the individual – society, for example upbringing in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. Teaching about ecology at the Maria Grzegorzewska University at the department of Education for Sustainable Development may be an example combining pedagogy with ecology, as part of the APS Jubilee celebrations.
Źródło:
Facta Ficta. Journal of Theory, Narrative & Media; 2021, 8, 2; 27-41
2719-8278
Pojawia się w:
Facta Ficta. Journal of Theory, Narrative & Media
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Women’s Rights in Muslim Countries Temporary Marriage-how Modernization May Limit Women’s Rights. Interview with Homa Hoodfar
Autorzy:
Włodek-Biernat, Ludwika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1929667.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011-01-04
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne
Tematy:
modernization
social change
women’s rights
marriage
social bonds
family
Źródło:
Polish Sociological Review; 2011, 172, 4; 511-514
1231-1413
2657-4276
Pojawia się w:
Polish Sociological Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Activation and Restoration of Shame in an Intimate Relationship: A First-Hand Account of Self-Injury
Autorzy:
Gunnarsson, Nina Veetnisha
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1024411.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-04-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Self-Injury
Shame
Social Bonds
Critical Other
First-Person Account
Opis:
This paper is grounded in a first-hand account of my own experiences with self-injury and shame. By using my personal diary entries as support for this account and a sociological framework of shame, I explore the process of shame and shame reactions in an intimate relationship. I illustrate how shame was activated by my internalized critical other, how the shame cycle de-stabilized my relationship, and, finally, how shame was restored through the other’s validation and acceptance, or how it led to more shame managed by self-injury. However, this account is not simply about self-analysis, or a need to indulge in my pain; rather, it is an inner dialogue that rests on the commitment to develop a richer understanding of the personal and interpersonal experiences of self-injury and shame. Today, I finally understand how shame works and this has helped me to not get caught up in my emotions. So, although shame may take a hold of me at times, I am no longer, like before, controlled by my shame.
Źródło:
Qualitative Sociology Review; 2021, 17, 2; 104-121
1733-8077
Pojawia się w:
Qualitative Sociology Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Instytucje społeczne według Zygmunta Baumana i Alaina Touraine`a
Social institutions according to Zygmunt Bauman and Alain Touraine
Autorzy:
Leśniak-Moczuk, Krystyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/548613.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
instytucje
więzi społeczne
wspólnota
spójność społeczno-ekonomiczna
institutions
social bonds
community
socio-economic cohesion
Opis:
Istnienie instytucji społecznych dowodzi o praktycznych zasadach funkcjonowania danego społeczeństwa. Instytucje społeczne jako komponent więzi społecznej powinny służyć spajaniu społeczności we wspólnoty zapewniające jednostce warunki do egzystencji i dające poczucie bezpieczeństwa. Zróżnicowanie typów instytucji społecznych wynika z regulacji przez nie sfer życia społecznego. Od sprawności działania instytucji społecznych zależy jakość warunków życia. Na stan spójności społeczno-ekonomicznej na poszczególnych etapach rozwoju społecznego wpływa zaawansowanie instytucjonalizacji. Gwarantem przetrwania biologicznie i społecznie uwarunkowanej wspólnotowości jest pełna wymiana i wzajemność. Utrudnienia wymiany i zerwanie wzajemności wynikają z powodu nadmiernych nierówności społecznych – z jednej strony nędzy i ciemnoty u dołu drabiny społecznej, a z drugiej strony męczącej obfitości na górze tej drabiny. Determinantem upadku wspólnoty w społeczeństwie informacyjnym jest ubożenie i zrywanie więzi społecznych prowadzące do izolacji i desocjalizacji jednostek na skutek substytucji styczności w sferze realnej kontaktami w cyberprzestrzeni.
The existence of social institutions demonstrates the presence practical rules of functioning of a given society. Social institutions as a component of social bonds should serve to bind communities that provide the individual with conditions for existence and give a sense of security. The diversity of types of social institutions results from their regulation of different spheres of social life. The quality of living conditions depends on the efficiency of the social institutions. The state of social and economic cohesion at the various stages of social development is influenced by the advanced institutionalization. The survival of biologically and socially conditioned community is guaranteed by full exchange and mutuality. Difficulties of exchange and rupture of reciprocity are due to excessive social inequalities – on the one hand, poverty and darkness at the bottom of the social ladder, and on the other hand tiring abundance at the top of this ladder. The fall of the community in the information society is determined by the scarcity and disruption of social ties leading to the isolation and de-socialisation of individuals as a result of the substitution of contact in the real sphere with contacts in cyberspace.
Źródło:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy; 2018, 55; 213-225
1898-5084
2658-0780
Pojawia się w:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Teoria kontroli społecznej w kryminologii
The Theory of Social Control in Criminology
Autorzy:
Kossowska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699086.pdf
Data publikacji:
1983
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
kontrola społeczna
teoria powstrzymywania
socjalizacja
więzi społeczne
kryminologia
containment theory
socialization
social control
social bonds
criminology
Opis:
              "Social control" is one of thę most fundamental  concepts in sociology. Nevertheless, the meaning of that term has changed, parallel with the development of sociology as an academic discipline. Originally, the idea of social control was the focal idea in studies of the organization and growth of industrial societies, and formed the basis of investigations of the various elements constituting law and order. Nowadays, the dominant trend is to narrow the meaning of the term „social control" to defining the process of conformism to the rules of society. It is this second meaning that is used in criminology today. There is a basic difference betwęen the theory of social control and other criminological theories. This difference consists in the fact that this theory, unlike other ones, tries to explain why people do not break the law, why they behave according to the rules of society, why they fall in with the group - in other words, why they are conformist in their  attitude towards the rules and norms, as well as to the values generally accepted by society. The other theories try to find out what makes people go against the social norm.       The basic principle of the theory of social control is the recognition that human beings must learn social behaviour through a process of socialisation. The aim of socialisation is to lead people to absorb the norms and values held in esteem by a given society. The process whereby the individual absorbs social norms and values depends mainly on the character of his links with the primary social groups, on the cohesion of the system of social norms, and on how far conformily with those norms will offer him the advantages he looks for.        A survey of the criminological literature dealing with the question of the effect of social control on deviant behaviour reveals that several theoretical  approaches exist, each of them emphasizing different elements of such control. These elements are: the social bonds, the system of norms and yalues and the course and results of socialisation. These three theoretical approaches are not mutually exclusive. They are undoubtedly complementary.     We can distinguish three theoretical approaches to social control: a) the socialisation approach, b) the sociar bond approach, and c) the normative system approach.      In the first of these approaches, attempts are made above all to explain how socialisation takes place, and what results it leads to.     The chief representatives of this approach may be said to be W. Reckless, I. Nye, and A. Reiss. Recklessr is the author of the containment theory, in which he distinguishes the following elements of social control: We have outer containment when external pressure is exerted on the individualn by the group, or by society, in order to bring about behaviour approved by the group. This kind of pressure is exerted through training the individual to carry out socially approved roles, through his affiliation to tradition and the community in which he lives, and through direct control. We have inner containment when, through socialisation, the individual develops self-control, that is, what we sometimes call his conscience. Five elements developed in the course of socialisation go to make up inner containment: a favorable self-concept, goal orientation, a realistic,aspiration level, adequate frustration tolerance, and commitment to socially accepted norms and values.        These two mechanisms - outer containment and inner containment  - function either together or soparately. In some cases they reinforce each other, while in other cases they are complementary. On the whole, inner containment regulates behaviour based on a person's internal pressures whereas outer containment is used when factors in the environment favour criminal  behaviour. But there are also frequent situations where, when inner containment fails, behaviour is modified by exteinal controlling factors; and conversely, it sometimes happens that in situations where control by the social group or social institutions is ineffective, self-control is the regulating mechanism. Nye is of  the opinion that the role of social control in society is that it strengthens our motivation towards conformist behaviour. It is a factor that increases our conformism, whereas lack of it  encourages anti-social behaviour. Nye  sees four types of social control: Internal control occurs when, in the course of socialisation the individual Internalises the norms and values generally accepted in the given society, so that they become components of this conscience. Indirect control is based on the emotional links between the child and his parents which cause the child to absorb the rules of behaviour passed on by the parents in the course of socialisation. Direct control is exerted by the social institutions and primary groups; punishments are threatened in the case of nonconformist behaviour. Then we have legitimate need satisfaction, where society guarantees that the emotional needs of the individual will be met if he conforms, but threatens that these needs will not be satisfied if he does not conform.       In his well-known paper on the connection between the breakdown of social  control and the occurrence of criminal behaviour, A. Reiss3 declares that criminaIity may be defined as behaviour that is the consequence of the failure of personal control and social control, as regards the regulation of human behaviour in keeping with the social norms.      According to Reiss,  criminal behaviour occurs firstly, when there is a relative lack of internalised norms and rules that would keep behaviour conformist; secondly, when a control mechanism  that previously functioned properly breaks down; and thirdly, when the group to which the individual belongs is such that the social principles for inculcating conformist behaviour are on  the whole lacking, ( or when there is a split between these social principles).       Criminality may be regarded as a function of the relationship between personal control and social control.       The second approach to the theory of social control lays emphasis on the social bond. Hirschi is the chief exponent of this approach, according to which the bonds (taken in the wide sense) between the individual and other people  are the fundamental instrument of social control. According to Hirschi, the social bond consists of four main elements: 1) personal, emotional links (attachment), 2) a rational commitment to conformist behaviour, along with expectations as to punishment and reward (commitment); 3) a degree of involvement which would leave no room for deviant behaviour (involvement), and 4) beliefs.                  In the case of personal attachment, the behaviour of the individual will depend on how sensitive he is to the opinions of others, on how far he reckons with their views. The people who matter here are the members of the primary groups to which the given individual belongs, the people whose opinion he respects, the people who  will expext him to conform to the norms which they themselves recognize. According to Hirschi, the groups with whom bonds are all important are: the parents, the school, and the peer group.         Commitment means that the person absorbs the life style of his environment. A strong commitment to conformist behaviour, with the aim of achieving the kind of goals ranked high by the given culture, means that the person may lose a great deal if he acts contrary to the norms accepted by that culture. At the same time, conformism guarantees as it were that the person's  aspirations will be achieved.        Strong involvement in conformist behaviour results in the fact that the person spends so much time and energy in keeping to the generally accepted model of behaviour that even "physically" he cannot behave otherwise (e.g. for lack of time).          Beliefs affect the acceptance or otherwise of the norms  adhered to in a given society. Difference of behaviour between individuals may be due to difference in the degree to which the norms laid down by the law are accepted.       By and large  Hirschi believes that all four types of social bond act together. Yet he also accepts that the diverse elements separately may each have an independent effect on the person's behaviour. Schrag is one of those who adopt the normative and system approach to the question of the functioning of social control. He examines the functioning of the social control system on two planes; 1) culturally approved ends- culturally approved means, and 2) behaviour expected in a given society (prescriptions) – actual behaviour (performance). The cultural goals (prescribed ends) are values such as: freedom, justice, equality, happiness, security, Means that are approved by society (prescribed means) are such norms as: the law, beliefs, legal codes, regulations, agreements. Goals which may actually be achieved (performed ends) are goals such as influence, social status, prestige, education, reputation, money. The means actually used to attain these goals (performed means) are practices such as. customs, traditions, conventions of behaviour, innovations in existing customs.      A social system works well when all its constituent elements work well together. In such circumstances there are no disruptions in the functioning of social control. But if the various elements of the system clash, social control ceases to function efficiently, that is, it ceases to regulate human behaviour effectively. There is always a danger that the connections between the various elements of the system will become looser. This danger may take at least six forms: the accepted norms may not be able to protect the group values; goals may be beyond the reach of practical action; ways of behaving may be at odds with the sopially accepted norms; goals may be in conflict with the generally accepted values; there may also be a contradiction between values and practices, and between goals and norms. If the system is to work well, it is essential that there should be no basis divergence between formal (= legal) norms, and informal (= moral) norms. If the legal norms are rejected by the group because they do not fit in with the group's values, social control will not work.        According to Schrag, the causes of crime should be sought not so much in the individual as in the social system and the way it functions.       To sum up, one may present the sociological theory of social control as follows. It asks what makes people ready to subscribe to the norms and values accepted in a given society. Three basic types of answer may be given to this question. Answers of the first type stress the course and the effectiveness of socialisation processes. Answers of the second type emphasize the role of social bonds in the shaping of conformist behaviour. Answers of the third type draw attention to the importance of cohesion in the system of norms and values in a given society.        On the whole, socialisation is a process that takes place within the primary groups. Its aim is to make the individual adopt society's norms and values. The optimum situation is where these norms become internalised, that is, they become an integral part of the person's internal mental and moral structure. If this happens, we can say that inner control governs behaviour - that is, the person’s own conscience keeps him  from behaviour that does not fit the generally accepted patterns. This goal can be achieved when there are strong bonds of affection between an individual and his parents, and also when the individual finds emotional support in other primary groups. The role of the primary groups is not only to provide good personal models to imitate, or to help the inaividual to adopt the generally accepted norms, but also to exercise direct control over tbe individual' behaviour by inducing him  to conform. If the individual is to absorb a sociaily approved system of norms and values, that system should be a well integrated  one, the rules should be clearly stated, and behaviour at odds with the approved norm should encounter expected social sanctions. Social control is most effective when three basic factors play a role: when socialisation follows its undisturbed course, when the individual finds support in the group and the group is able to control the behaviour of the individual, and thirdly when the system of social norms and values is cohesive and clear. In times of social unrest, when bonds are weaker, and the individual does not know what to expect from society, social control will be unable to exert effective control over the individual’s behaviour.
                "Social control" is one of thę most fundamental  concepts in sociology. Nevertheless, the meaning of that term has changed, parallel with the development of sociology as an academic discipline. Originally, the idea of social control was the focal idea in studies of the organization and growth of industrial societies, and formed the basis of investigations of the various elements constituting law and order. Nowadays, the dominant trend is to narrow the meaning of the term „social control" to defining the process of conformism to the rules of society. It is this second meaning that is used in criminology today. There is a basic difference betwęen the theory of social control and other criminological theories. This difference consists in the fact that this theory, unlike other ones, tries to explain why people do not break the law, why they behave according to the rules of society, why they fall in with the group - in other words, why they are conformist in their  attitude towards the rules and norms, as well as to the values generally accepted by society. The other theories try to find out what makes people go against the social norm.       The basic principle of the theory of social control is the recognition that human beings must learn social behaviour through a process of socialisation. The aim of socialisation is to lead people to absorb the norms and values held in esteem by a given society. The process whereby the individual absorbs social norms and values depends mainly on the character of his links with the primary social groups, on the cohesion of the system of social norms, and on how far conformily with those norms will offer him the advantages he looks for.        A survey of the criminological literature dealing with the question of the effect of social control on deviant behaviour reveals that several theoretical  approaches exist, each of them emphasizing different elements of such control. These elements are: the social bonds, the system of norms and yalues and the course and results of socialisation. These three theoretical approaches are not mutually exclusive. They are undoubtedly complementary.     We can distinguish three theoretical approaches to social control: a) the socialisation approach, b) the sociar bond approach, and c) the normative system approach.      In the first of these approaches, attempts are made above all to explain how socialisation takes place, and what results it leads to.     The chief representatives of this approach may be said to be W. Reckless, I. Nye, and A. Reiss. Recklessr is the author of the containment theory, in which he distinguishes the following elements of social control: We have outer containment when external pressure is exerted on the individualn by the group, or by society, in order to bring about behaviour approved by the group. This kind of pressure is exerted through training the individual to carry out socially approved roles, through his affiliation to tradition and the community in which he lives, and through direct control. We have inner containment when, through socialisation, the individual develops self-control, that is, what we sometimes call his conscience. Five elements developed in the course of socialisation go to make up inner containment: a favorable self-concept, goal orientation, a realistic,aspiration level, adequate frustration tolerance, and commitment to socially accepted norms and values.        These two mechanisms - outer containment and inner containment  - function either together or soparately. In some cases they reinforce each other, while in other cases they are complementary. On the whole, inner containment regulates behaviour based on a person's internal pressures whereas outer containment is used when factors in the environment favour criminal  behaviour. But there are also frequent situations where, when inner containment fails, behaviour is modified by exteinal controlling factors; and conversely, it sometimes happens that in situations where control by the social group or social institutions is ineffective, self-control is the regulating mechanism. Nye is of  the opinion that the role of social control in society is that it strengthens our motivation towards conformist behaviour. It is a factor that increases our conformism, whereas lack of it  encourages anti-social behaviour. Nye  sees four types of social control: Internal control occurs when, in the course of socialisation the individual Internalises the norms and values generally accepted in the given society, so that they become components of this conscience. Indirect control is based on the emotional links between the child and his parents which cause the child to absorb the rules of behaviour passed on by the parents in the course of socialisation. Direct control is exerted by the social institutions and primary groups; punishments are threatened in the case of nonconformist behaviour. Then we have legitimate need satisfaction, where society guarantees that the emotional needs of the individual will be met if he conforms, but threatens that these needs will not be satisfied if he does not conform.       In his well-known paper on the connection between the breakdown of social  control and the occurrence of criminal behaviour, A. Reiss3 declares that criminaIity may be defined as behaviour that is the consequence of the failure of personal control and social control, as regards the regulation of human behaviour in keeping with the social norms.      According to Reiss,  criminal behaviour occurs firstly, when there is a relative lack of internalised norms and rules that would keep behaviour conformist; secondly, when a control mechanism  that previously functioned properly breaks down; and thirdly, when the group to which the individual belongs is such that the social principles for inculcating conformist behaviour are on  the whole lacking, ( or when there is a split between these social principles).       Criminality may be regarded as a function of the relationship between personal control and social control.       The second approach to the theory of social control lays emphasis on the social bond. Hirschi is the chief exponent of this approach, according to which the bonds (taken in the wide sense) between the individual and other people  are the fundamental instrument of social control. According to Hirschi, the social bond consists of four main elements: 1) personal, emotional links (attachment), 2) a rational commitment to conformist behaviour, along with expectations as to punishment and reward (commitment); 3) a degree of involvement which would leave no room for deviant behaviour (involvement), and 4) beliefs.                  In the case of personal attachment, the behaviour of the individual will depend on how sensitive he is to the opinions of others, on how far he reckons with their views. The people who matter here are the members of the primary groups to which the given individual belongs, the people whose opinion he respects, the people who  will expext him to conform to the norms which they themselves recognize. According to Hirschi, the groups with whom bonds are all important are: the parents, the school, and the peer group.         Commitment means that the person absorbs the life style of his environment. A strong commitment to conformist behaviour, with the aim of achieving the kind of goals ranked high by the given culture, means that the person may lose a great deal if he acts contrary to the norms accepted by that culture. At the same time, conformism guarantees as it were that the person's  aspirations will be achieved.        Strong involvement in conformist behaviour results in the fact that the person spends so much time and energy in keeping to the generally accepted model of behaviour that even "physically" he cannot behave otherwise (e.g. for lack of time).          Beliefs affect the acceptance or otherwise of the norms  adhered to in a given society. Difference of behaviour between individuals may be due to difference in the degree to which the norms laid down by the law are accepted.       By and large  Hirschi believes that all four types of social bond act together. Yet he also accepts that the diverse elements separately may each have an independent effect on the person's behaviour. Schrag is one of those who adopt the normative and system approach to the question of the functioning of social control. He examines the functioning of the social control system on two planes; 1) culturally approved ends- culturally approved means, and 2) behaviour expected in a given society (prescriptions) – actual behaviour (performance). The cultural goals (prescribed ends) are values such as: freedom, justice, equality, happiness, security, Means that are approved by society (prescribed means) are such norms as: the law, beliefs, legal codes, regulations, agreements. Goals which may actually be achieved (performed ends) are goals such as influence, social status, prestige, education, reputation, money. The means actually used to attain these goals (performed means) are practices such as. customs, traditions, conventions of behaviour, innovations in existing customs.      A social system works well when all its constituent elements work well together. In such circumstances there are no disruptions in the functioning of social control. But if the various elements of the system clash, social control ceases to function efficiently, that is, it ceases to regulate human behaviour effectively. There is always a danger that the connections between the various elements of the system will become looser. This danger may take at least six forms: the accepted norms may not be able to protect the group values; goals may be beyond the reach of practical action; ways of behaving may be at odds with the sopially accepted norms; goals may be in conflict with the generally accepted values; there may also be a contradiction between values and practices, and between goals and norms. If the system is to work well, it is essential that there should be no basis divergence between formal (= legal) norms, and informal (= moral) norms. If the legal norms are rejected by the group because they do not fit in with the group's values, social control will not work.        According to Schrag, the causes of crime should be sought not so much in the individual as in the social system and the way it functions.       To sum up, one may present the sociological theory of social control as follows. It asks what makes people ready to subscribe to the norms and values accepted in a given society. Three basic types of answer may be given to this question. Answers of the first type stress the course and the effectiveness of socialisation processes. Answers of the second type emphasize the role of social bonds in the shaping of conformist behaviour. Answers of the third type draw attention to the importance of cohesion in the system of norms and values in a given society.        On the whole, socialisation is a process that takes place within the primary groups. Its aim is to make the individual adopt society's norms and values. The optimum situation is where these norms become internalised, that is, they become an integral part of the person's internal mental and moral structure. If this happens, we can say that inner control governs behaviour - that is, the person’s own conscience keeps him  from behaviour that does not fit the generally accepted patterns. This goal can be achieved when there are strong bonds of affection between an individual and his parents, and also when the individual finds emotional support in other primary groups. The role of the primary groups is not only to provide good personal models to imitate, or to help the inaividual to adopt the generally accepted norms, but also to exercise direct control over tbe individual' behaviour by inducing him  to conform. If the individual is to absorb a sociaily approved system of norms and values, that system should be a well integrated  one, the rules should be clearly stated, and behaviour at odds with the approved norm should encounter expected social sanctions. Social control is most effective when three basic factors play a role: when socialisation follows its undisturbed course, when the individual finds support in the group and the group is able to control the behaviour of the individual, and thirdly when the system of social norms and values is cohesive and clear. In times of social unrest, when bonds are weaker, and the individual does not know what to expect from society, social control will be unable to exert effective control over the individual’s behaviour.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1983, X; 7-22
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Transformation of Social Bonds During a Period of Intensified Online Studying and Work Caused by the SARS-CoV2 Pandemic—the Case of Poland
Przemiany w tworzeniu więzi społecznych w czasie zintensyfikowanej nauki i pracy zdalnej wywołanej pandemią SARS-CoV-2 – przypadek Polski
Autorzy:
Kołodziej, Arkadiusz
Kołodziej-Durnaś, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2040280.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-31
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
COVID-19
edukacja wyższa
zdalne nauczanie
więzi społeczne
kapitał społeczny
higher education
distance learning
social bonds
social capital
Opis:
Classic sociology evaluates and explores changes in social bonds. The last discussion on significant changes in social bonds at Polish universities took place when they experienced a deep transformation after the collapse of communism in Eastern and Central Europe in 1989. Thirty years later, the period of lockdown triggered by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has provided an interesting opportunity to examine how social order is created and social bonds developed without direct, face-to-face interactions. The authors use the schema of social bond formation by Jan Szczepański to analyze the nature of the stages and elements of social bonds built during a time of enforced indirect methods of teaching, studying, working and communicating in general. The article presents the results of research (survey CAWI) conducted on a sample of 555 students of three Polish universities representing various fields of study (divided in the article into two categories: technical and non-technical). The results exhibit the significance of gender and the field of study in adjusting to the new circumstances of online learning including the impeded process of creating social bonds (especially at the very beginning of studies when direct contacts are needed). The authors discuss the consequences of weakening social bonds within academia whilst also referring to the phenomena of social capital, the strength of weak ties and dormant ties.
Klasyczna socjologia ocenia i bada zmiany w więziach społecznych. Ostatnia dyskusja na temat znaczących zmian w więziach społecznych na polskich uniwersytetach miała miejsce, gdy doświadczyły one głębokiej transformacji po upadku komunizmu w Europie Wschodniej i Środkowej w 1989 roku. Trzydzieści lat później okres zamknięcia wywołany pandemią SARS-CoV-2 stał się ciekawą okazją do zbadania, jak tworzy się porządek społeczny i rozwijają więzi społeczne przy ograniczeniu bezpośrednich (twarzą w twarz) interakcji. Autorzy wykorzystują schemat powstawania więzi społecznych autorstwa Jana Szczepańskiego do analizy charakteru etapów i elementów więzi społecznych budowanych w czasie wymuszonych pośrednich metod nauczania, uczenia się, pracy i komunikacji w ogóle. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań (ankieta CAWI) przeprowadzonych na próbie 555 studentów trzech polskich uczelni reprezentujących różne kierunki studiów (podzielonych w artykule na dwie kategorie: techniczne i nietechniczne). Wyniki wskazują na znaczenie płci i kierunku studiów w przystosowaniu się do nowych warunków kształcenia online, w tym na utrudniony proces tworzenia więzi społecznych (zwłaszcza na samym początku studiów, gdy potrzebne są bezpośrednie kontakty). Autorzy omawiają konsekwencje osłabienia więzi społecznych w środowisku akademickim, odnosząc się jednocześnie do zjawisk kapitału społecznego, siły słabych więzi i więzi uśpionych.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych; 2021, 13, 4; 101-121
0137-4176
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The social impact bond as a financial instrument
Autorzy:
Wiśniewski, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/949108.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
social impact bonds
financial instruments
bonds
public management
Opis:
Social impact bonds are an innovative mechanism for financing social tasks with the financial resources of private investors. The repayment of the capital invested and capital gains depends on obtaining a predetermined social aim that is paid for by the public side under the “payment for results” formula. The previous work on this mechanism focused mainly on its task and organizational dimension. In this paper, the author attempts to define the social impact bond as a financial instrument. In particular, the financial side of the mechanism is considered. First, an attempt is made to determine the place of the social impact bond in the theoretical classifications of financial instruments. Second, the place of the instrument is indicated in the system of financial law. Finally, some remarks are made on the need to have the new instrument regulated in Polish legislation.
Źródło:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach; 2018, 23, 4; 102-120
2080-5993
2449-9811
Pojawia się w:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Obligacje społeczne – stan rozwoju w Polsce
Autorzy:
Krawiec, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/610193.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
social impact bonds
social impact bonds accelerator
social problem
social services
obligacje społeczne
akcelerator obligacji społecznych
problemy społeczne
usługi społeczne
Opis:
The primary purpose of the article is to describe the development status of social impact bonds in Poland as an innovative instrument for social services financing. Within the framework of the defined purpose realisation, the first part of the article presents the short characteristics of social impact bonds, with particular emphasis on the subject of their activities, i.e. social problems to be solved using them. The second part of the article is focused on discussing the state of work related to launching the first national social impact bonds and social impact bonds accelerator and the characteristics of the implemented projects.
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie stanu rozwoju obligacji społecznych w Polsce jako innowacyjnego instrumentu finansowania usług społecznych. W ramach realizacji tak przyjętego celu w pierwszej części artykułu przybliżono charakterystykę obligacji społecznych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przedmiotu ich działania, czyli problemów społecznych, do rozwiązania których zostały powołane. W drugiej części artykułu przedstawiono stan prac nad uruchomieniem pierwszych krajowych obligacji społecznych oraz akceleratorów tych obligacji, w tym charakterystykę implementowanych projektów.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia; 2018, 52, 3
0459-9586
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Obligacje społeczne – innowacyjny instrument finansowania potrzeb społecznych
Social impact bonds – an innovative instrument for financing social tasks
Autorzy:
Cichy, Janusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/591010.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Finanse społeczne
Obligacje społeczne
Zadania społeczne
Social finance
Social impact bonds
Social tasks
Opis:
Finansowanie zadań społecznych odbywa się przede wszystkim poprzez wykorzystanie środków publicznych, a uzyskane rezultaty nie zawsze odpowiadają wymiernym efektom wykonania zadania publicznego czy wysokiej jakości oferowanej usługi. Nowym instrumentem łączącym sferę finansowania zadań społecznych z koniecznością osiągania pozytywnych efektów, jako rezultatu tego finansowania, jest obligacja społeczna. Artykuł ma na celu prezentację obligacji społecznych jako potencjalnie nowego w Polsce instrumentu finansowania zadań społecznych. Autor omawia ekonomiczną koncepcję tego instrumentu finansowego oraz skalę rozwoju rynku obligacji społecznych na świecie. Szczególna uwaga została poświęcona ogłoszonemu i rozstrzygniętemu w 2017 r. konkursowi Ministerstwa Rozwoju na opracowanie modelu polskiej obligacji społecznej.
Social tasks financing is made through the use of public funds, and the obtained results do not always correspond to the measurable effects of completion of a public task or the high quality of offered service. A social impact bond is a new instrument combining the aspect of social tasks financing with the need to achieve positive effects, as a result of such financing. The main aim of the study is to present social impact bonds as a potentially new instrument for social tasks financing in Poland. The author discusses the economic concept of this financial instrument and a scale of social impact bonds market development in the world. Particular attention was paid to the announced and settled in 2017 by the Ministry of Development the contest for the development of Polish social impact bond model.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2018, 356; 33-42
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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