Wszystkie pola: Polish language of 18th century - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Językowe regionalizmy w odnalezionym rękopisie Roślin potrzebnych Krzysztofa Kluka jako element atrybucji tekstu
Regional linguistic features in a discovered manuscript Roślin Potrzebnych by Krzysztof Kluk as a part of attribution process
Autorzy:: Szamryk, Konrad Kazimierz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2117725.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016-12-30
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:: Eastern Borderland Polish Language
Polish language of 18th century
territorial variation of the Polish language
dialects of Podlasie
manuscript
Opis:: This article concerns the manuscript Roślin potrzebnych by Krzysztof Kluk, an enlightenment priest and scientist from Podlasie, an author of botanic and zoological guidebooks. The manuscript of his first botanic handbook was recently found in Baworoscy’s Library in Lviv. Nevertheless, considering lack of direct authorship mark, an analysis focused on graphic and phonetic linguistic features has to be performed to confirm the authorship. Studies have shown some linguistic features, which have as much in common with 18th century Eastern Borderland Polish Language (especially the northeastern). Other linguistic features have much in common with the dialects of Mazowsze and Podlasie. It is very likely that the manuscript has been written by someone who lived on the borderland of Mazowsze and Podlasie. According to Kluk’s biography it is almost certain this person was Krzysztof Kluk. Therefore, the manuscript discovered in Baworowscy’s Library is Krzysztof Kluk’s autograph with all probability.
Źródło:: Białostockie Archiwum Językowe; 2016, 16; 313-324
1641-6961
Pojawia się w:: Białostockie Archiwum Językowe
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Tempo przemian językowych wśród ludności Ciechanowca na Podlasiu
The rate of change of language in the population of Ciechanowiec in the Podlasie region
Autorzy:: Maryniakowa, Irena
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/568217.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2012
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK
Tematy:: Ciechanowiec
North-Eastern Polish language
the Polish language of the 18th century
Krzysztof Kluk
Opis:: Ciechanowiec is one of the oldest cities in the Podlasie region, located in the south - western part of the region. The town is situated in the region of Masovian dialect, with many features characteristic of the north-eastern Polish dialects. The earlier Polish language, which has preserved vocabulary and grammatical features recorded in the eighteenth-century works of Christopher Kluk (naturalist from Ciechanowiec), is at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first century rapidly disappearing. It is displaced by the nationwide language, heard on radio and television.
Źródło:: Linguistica Copernicana; 2012, 2(8); 77-86
2080-1068
2391-7768
Pojawia się w:: Linguistica Copernicana
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Linguistic and Cultural Perceptions of Selected Occupations in Eighteenth-Century Proverbs (on the Basis of "Nowy dykcjonarz" by Michał Abraham Troc)
Językowa i kulturowa percepcja zawodów w XVIII-wiecznych przysłowiach (na materiale Nowego dykcjonarza Michała Abrahama Troca)
Autorzy:: Kuryłowicz, Beata
Szamryk, Konrad Kazimierz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38695729.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Slawistyki PAN
Tematy:: lexicography
proverbs
Polish language of the 18th century
Michael Abraham Trotz
Polish culture of the 18th century
Opis:: This paper is an attempt to show the possibilities offered by an analysis of a historical dictionary in researching the old ways of perceiving, categorizing and evaluating the world. The observations in question are based on proverbs extracted from Nowy dykcjonarz by Michał Abraham Troc, which is one of the most significant achievements of Polish lexicography of the eighteenth century. Using the methodology of linguistic worldview reconstruction, the authors present the ways of perceiving certain occupations (shoemakers, blacksmiths, wheelwrights, cooks, doctors, executioners) by people in the eighteenth century and provide the cultural context of these perceptions. The analysis demonstrates that language is not only a communication tool, but also a carrier of the collective experience and outlook on life.
Celem niniejszego tekstu jest wskazanie możliwości, jakie daje analiza słownika historycznego w badaniu dawnych sposobów postrzegania, kategoryzowania i wartościowania świata. Rozważania te opierają się na przysłowiach zaczerpniętych z Nowego dykcjonarza Michała Abrahama Troca. Słownik ten jest jednym z najważniejszych osiągnięć polskiej leksykografii XVIII wieku. Posługując się metodologią językowego obrazu świata, autorzy rekonstruują językowo-kulturowy sposób postrzegania zawodów (szewców, kowali, kołodziejów, kucharzy, lekarzy, katów) utrwalony w osiemnastowiecznych przysłowiach. Przedstawiona analiza dowodzi, że język jest nie tylko narzędziem komunikacji, ale także nośnikiem zbiorowego doświadczenia i poglądu na świat.
Źródło:: Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej; 2021, 56
0081-7090
2392-2435
Pojawia się w:: Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Leksyka specjalistyczna w Informacyi matematycznej Wojciecha Bystrzonowskiego z 1749 roku na tle polszczyzny XVIII wieku
Specialist lexis in the Informacyja matematyczna (Mathematical Information) by Wojciech Bystrzonowski of 1749 against the Polish language of the 18th century
Autorzy:: Szczaus, Agnieszka
Biniewicz, Jerzy
Waniakowa, Jadwiga
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/46098213.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Opis:: This treatise provides reflections on the specialist lexis extracted from the encyclopaedic text entitled Informacyja matematyczna (1st edition 1743, 2nd edition 1749), prepared and published by Wojciech Bystrzonowski, a Jesuit. This monograph is composed of an introduction, two principal parts and a conclusion. The introduction presents Bystrzonowski’s profile and discusses his literary output. The further part of the introduction provides methodological assumptions and outlines the objectives, which are as follows: a) presentation of the words and collocations with a specialist meaning from the Informacyja matematyczna; b) semantic, structural and genetic (comparative) analysis of the excerpted lexis; c) determination of the popularisation degree of that lexis in the Polish language of the first half of the 18th century. The main part of this treatise is a presentation and analysis of the specialist lexis selected from the Informacyja matematyczna (2186 lexemes). The analysed vocabulary was divided into two basic groups, according to the substantive key being derived just form antiquity. The first group presents the lexis of liberal arts (including arithmetic and geometric, optical, cosmographic, astronomic, chronographic, geographic, medical and musical lexis). The second group presents the lexis of mechanical sciences (including architectural and building, military, commercial and nautical lexis). Each of the subsections dedicated to he vocabulary of one domain has a tripartite structure: it starts with an introduction where respective communication spheres are being briefly characterised, reasons for the interest of Polish Jesuits in different branches of science are being discussed, and Polish- and Latin texts used by Bystrzonowski are being indicated. The primary part of subsections presents the analysed lexis: a meaning of respective lexemes is being defined, number of their uses is being given, exemplary citations illustrating the use of words are being excerpted, and the fact of their recording in the lexicons registering the Polish language of the first half of the 18th century is being determined. In case of loanwords (or collocations), also etymological information is being given. The recapitulation of subsections, semantic fields built by the analysed vocabulary are being separated, methods for creation of the analysed specialist lexis are being discussed, and reasons for development of redundant names are being explained. Also the vocabulary for which attestations in other Polish written texts of the mid-18th century had not been found was singled out. In the conclusion of this treatise, a comprehensive review of the methods for creation of the specialist lexis being found in the Informacyja matematyczna was made, separating indigenous vocabulary (1101 lexemes; 50% of the whole material) and loan-words (1078 lexemes; 49% of the whole material). In the group of indigenous names, syntactic derivatives were indicated (439 lexemes; 20% of this material), as well as morphological derivatives (320 lexemes; 14.5% of this material) and semantic derivative (342 lexemes; 16.0% of this material). In the group of cited borrowed names, cited loan-words were separated (79 lexemes; 3.5% of this material), as well as proper loan-words (675 lexemes; 31% of this material), structural loan-words (290 lexemes; 13% of this material) and semantic loan-words (34 lexemes; 1.5% of this material). It was shown that Latin loan-words (264 lexemes; 39%) and Greek-Latin ones (132 lexemes, 20%) prevailed among foreign names, which is reasoned by the fact that Latin was the language of science. Also German loan-words are fairly numerous (123 lexemes; 18%), whereas Italian (37 lexemes; 5.5%, and French 20 lexemes, 3%, loan-words constitute a clearly smaller group respectively). The influence of other languages on the analysed lexis is small; we have here Czech loan-words (14 lexemes; 2%), Ruthenian loan-words (14 lexemes; 2%), Turkish loanwords (9 lexemes; 1.5%), Hungarian loan-words (4 lexemes; 0.5%) and Chinese loan-words (3 lexemes; 0.5%). In case of 55 names (8%), it was not possible to determine unambiguously which languages they had come to the Polish language from. Due to the assimilation degree of borrowed names, it is possible to indicate among them, as follows: a) borrowed specialist vocabulary, non-assimilated and functioning in the Polish language of the mid-18th century as citation, b) borrowed specialist vocabulary but not fully assimilated, such as the one undergoing only just the adaptation process, which had led, among others, to loosening of the spelling or to occurrence of the morphological by-forms of a word, c) borrowed specialist vocabulary settled in the Polish language of the 18th century, fully assimilated with respect of inflexion, phonetics and orthography. The popularisation degree of the specialist vocabulary in the Polish language of the 18th century, attested in the Informacyja matematyczna, differed. It is possible to indicate here, as follows: a) lexis commonly known in the Polish language of the mid-18th century (both indigenous and borrowed lexis), b) lexis with a narrow extension, being present only in the specialist texts of the 17th and the 18th century of various knowledge domains, c) specialist vocabulary which probably appeared in the Informacyja matematyczna for the first time, i.e. the names attested not before texts of the second half of the 18th century or later ones. A wide array of the problems being discussed in the Informacyja matematyczna had caused Bystrzonowski to be pitted against numerous terminological problems and scarcities of the Polish specialist lexis of that time. The accomplished review of the specialist vocabulary selected from that encyclopaedia allows Bystrzonowski to be regarded as the author who had played a prominent role in the process of preparing the ground for linguistic changes which would take place in the Polish scientific literature of the second half of the 18th century. Translated by Jerzy Stępień
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Relacje między odmianami stylowymi języka doby średniopolskiej
Relations between stylistic variety of language in Middle Polish period
Autorzy:: Cybulski, Marek
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594157.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
Tematy:: text
stylistic variation
16th–18th century Polish language
tekst
odmiana stylistyczna
język polski XVI–XVIII w.
Opis:: Autor analizuje przykłady obecności elementów jednej odmiany stylowej (np. potocznej) w gatunkowo określonych tekstach innej odmiany (np. urzędowej) w XVI–XVII w. i rozważa, czy to przykłady świadomej stylizacji, czy relikty hipotetycznego pierwotnego „amorficznego continuum stylowego”, w którym nie było jeszcze ukształtowanych odmian stylowych.
The author analyses examples of occurrence of the elements of a particular stylistic variety (f.e. colloquial) in stylistically categorized 16th–18th century texts belonging to other variety (f.e. formal). The author examines whether these are the examples of a conscious stylization or the relics of primary hypothetical “amorphic stylistic continuum”, in which particular stylistic varieties had not yet been developed.
Źródło:: Rozprawy Komisji Językowej ŁTN; 2013, 59; 21-32
0076-0390
Pojawia się w:: Rozprawy Komisji Językowej ŁTN
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: O statusie i zasięgu gwary w osiemnastowiecznej Polsce (na przykładzie nazw orczyka w wielkopolskich inwentarzach dóbr szlacheckich)
About the status and scope of the dialect in 18th century Poland (the case of whippletree’s names in stock lists of the nobility from Greater Poland)
Autorzy:: Osowski, Błażej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594090.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
Tematy:: dialect
Greater Poland’s dialect
the history of the Polish language
names of whippletree
language and dialect’s status
18th century
gwara
gwary wielkopolskie
historia języka polskiego
nazwy orczyka
status języka i gwary
wiek XVIII
Opis:: The paper shows the social status of dialects in the eighteenth-century Polish society. The first part of article contains theoretical attentions: findings of researchers and the opinions of witnesses era. It turns out that social scope of dialects was wider and not limited only to the peasants. The second part is an analysis of the names of whippletree. I used material from stock lists of the nobility from the second half of the eighteenth century from Wielkopolska, showing the presence of distinctive and regional vocabulary.
Artykuł podejmuje temat statusu społecznego gwary w XVIII-wiecznym społeczeństwie polskim. Składa się z dwóch części. Pierwsza zawiera uwagi teoretyczne: ustalenia badaczy oraz opinie świadków epoki. Okazuje się, że dawniej zasięg społeczny gwary był szerszy i nie ograniczał się tylko do chłopów. Druga część to analiza nazw orczyka na jednego, dwa i trzy konie. Wykorzystano materiał wielkopolskich inwentarzy dóbr szlacheckich z 2. połowy XVIII wieku, pokazując obecność w nich leksyki dyferencyjnej i regionalnej.
Źródło:: Rozprawy Komisji Językowej ŁTN; 2017, 64; 203-215
0076-0390
Pojawia się w:: Rozprawy Komisji Językowej ŁTN
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Inwentarze skarbca katedry ormiańskiej we Lwowie z XVIII wieku jako źródło do leksykologii historycznej
The inventories of treasury of Armenian cathedral in Lviv from the eighteenth century as a source for historical lexicology
Autorzy:: Żuraszek-Ryś, Iwona
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/965841.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:: Polish language in the 18th century
historical lexicology
inventory
osiemnastowieczna polszczyzna
leksykologia historyczna
inwentarz
Opis:: This article relates to methods for the determination of certain elements of reality – sacral objects (in this case, the mobile elements of the equipment of the Armenian Cathedral in Lviv, which are liturgical appliances and other valuables that were stored in it). The presented vocabulary can provide very valuable source for historical lexicology.
Źródło:: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Linguistica; 2015, 049
0208-6077
2450-0119
Pojawia się w:: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Linguistica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Pudełko Srebrne do Hoſtyi bez przykrywadła. O sposobach określania przedmiotów w inwentarzach kościelnych
Pudełko Srebrne do Hostyi bez przykrywadła. The methods of specifying the objects in the ecclesiastical inventories
Autorzy:: Żuraszek-Ryś, Iwona
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1045051.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016-08-02
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:: the Polish language in the 18th century
ecclesiastical inventory
identification and specification of objects
Opis:: This article focuses on methods of specifying mobile objects in the ecclesiastical inventories. The research material comes from the manuscript entitled: The revision of the treasury of the Poznań cathedral (Revisio Thesauri Ecelesiae Cathedralis Poznaniensis), which is located in the Archives of the Archdiocese of Poznań under the inventory number DK pap IV/003. This document was drawn up on 6th July 1719 and certifies revision of the treasury of the cathedral in Poznań. The person who was preparing this document had to face the difficulty of describing objects located in the treasury by means of appropriate language. The choice of objects was not a coincidence. Descriptions were used for identification of relevant specimen and had to be as precise and comprehensive so that it was possible to identify a relevant object.The specifications of mobile items stored in the treasury have the analytic form of different length that mainly depends on a number of objects with the same functions. The more such objects were stored, the more elaborated description had to be attached that would include more differentiating factors. The Polish name of the object was an obligatory part of these syntactic and semantic language structures. The description also specifies: a kind of material the item was made of, its appearance, size, purpose for which it was used, a number of subsequent items of the same kind as well as the data concerning founders and owners of those objects.
Źródło:: Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza; 2016, 23, 1; 131-143
1233-8672
2450-4939
Pojawia się w:: Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Największe dzieła polskiej leksykografii XVIII wieku (Nowy dykcjonarz Michała Abrahama Troca oraz Nowy wielki dykcjonarz Piotra Daneta i Dymitra Koli) z perspektywy współczesnych badań historycznojęzykowych: nowe wyzwania i potrzeby badawcze
The most significant works of the 18th century Polish lexicograph (Nowy dykcjonarz by Michał Abraham Troc and Nowy wielki dykcjonarz by Piotr Danet and Dymitr Kola) from the perspective of contemporary historical linguistics: new research challenges and needs
Autorzy:: Kuryłowicz, Beata
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2117217.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021-11-22
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:: historical lexicography
multilingual dictionaries
18th century Polish language
Opis:: The paper presents fundamental achievements of the 18th century Polish lexicography: Nowy dykcjonarz (New Dictionary) by M.A. Troc and Nowy wielki dykcjonarz (New Great Dictionary) by P. Danet and D. Kola, in the context of contemporary research needs (especially those pertaining to historical linguistics) as well as the challenges faced by Polish lexicography (historical lexicography in particular). The primary objective is the identification of lexis comprised in both dictionaries – the linguistic material is reliable and representative of the status and condition of the Polish language of the day. A more profound insight into lexical structure, the analysis of word meanings along with the examination of the frequency of words in particular lexico-semantic fields may be a major contribution to the knowledge of the Polish lexis of mid 18th century and a promising scientific springboard for further research into the development of lexical system of the epoch that still remains a blank spot in Polish lexicology. The two works are also interesting for their cultural value. The units recorded in both lexicons not only show the richness of Polish vocabulary, but they also shed light on the Polish culture. Behind these words are two worlds – the material and the mental/spiritual, the latter hidden beneath the former. The aforementioned challenges for historical lexicography include the need for digitization of the contents of the dictionaries under study. Although they have already been digitized, the present version is far from being easy to use, with the Polish material (especially that in Danet-Kola’s lexicon) still remaining inaccessible.
Źródło:: Białostockie Archiwum Językowe; 2021, 21; 97-107
1641-6961
Pojawia się w:: Białostockie Archiwum Językowe
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Elementarne szkoły wielskie z polskim/kaszubskim językiem nauczania w synodzie słupskim od reformacji do wojny siedmioletniej
Rural Elementary Schools with Polish/Kashubian as the languages of instruction in Słupsk Synod from the Reformation to Seven Years’ War.
Autorzy:: Szultka, Zygmunt
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1591141.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Tematy:: education in the Słupsk Synod
Polish/Kashubian language
16th–18th century
szkolnictwo wiejskie synodu słupskiego
język polski/kaszubski
XVI– XVIII wiek
Opis:: Artykuł jest próbą syntetycznego przedstawienia zarysu szkół wiejskich z polskim językiem nauczania na kaszubskim obszarze językowym synodu słupskiego na tle uwarunkowań i głównych linii rozwoju wiejskiego szkolnictwa elementarnego z niemieckim językiem nauczania na Pomorzu Zachodnim od reformacji do wojny siedmioletniej. Szkolnictwo elementarne kaszubskiej mniejszości etniczno-językowej charakteryzowało się wieloma specyficznymi cechami, wśród których najważniejszą był język nauczania. Zwrócono również uwagę na zrodzone z pietyzmu próby ożywienia umysłowego, w tym szkolnictwa elementarnego, w pierwszej połowie XVIII wieku.
This article is an attempt of a synthetic outline of the rural schools with Polish as the language of instruction in the Kashubian language area of the Słupsk Synod in the context of the conditions and main directions of the development of rural elementary education with German as the language of instruction in West Pomerania in the period from the Reformation to the Seven Years’ War. The elementary education of the Kashubian ethnic and linguistic minority was defined by many specific traits, among which the most significant one was the language of instruction. In addition, the paper touches on the pietism-inspired attempts at an intellectual revival, which included elementary education, in the first half of the 18th century.
Źródło:: Przegląd Zachodniopomorski; 2017, 3; 57-67
0552-4245
2353-3021
Pojawia się w:: Przegląd Zachodniopomorski
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:: Oryginalność Komisji Edukacji Narodowej na tle europejskim
The uniqueness of the Commission of National Education in Europe
Autorzy:: Bartnicka, Kalina
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/955453.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:: Education in the Polish Republic
education reforms in the 18th century
the state organ of the education authorities
the secular profession of a teacher
the structure of universities
the ideal of a citizen
curricula
teaching language
Opis:: As a result of the ban imposed on the Society of Jesus, post-Jesuit schools and funds had to be submitted to control. On 14 October 1773, on the initiative of king Stanisław August Poniatowski, the Commission of National Education (KEN) was appointed during a session of the parliament confirming the First Partition of Poland. The Commission was a body supervising the entire Polish education system, as well as an education fund created from the post-Jesuit assets. The king and the members of Parliament hoped that the Commission would reform the Polish education system and subsequently Poland would become a powerful state again. The Commission was a state institution appointed by parliament and answerable only to parliament. The Commission members included well-educated individuals, prominent politicians, representatives of the social elite who added to the Commission of National Education’s prestige. The school reform was inspired by the concepts of physiocracy (adapted to Polish conditions), the achievements of the pedagogy and philosophy of the Enlightenment, coupled with the local political and educational heritage, as well as the experiences of the National Academy in educating teachers and in cooperating with secondary schools. The Commission of National Education did not have any examples to follow, be it for institutional work or the planned school reform. The Commission managed to create a new type of state institution in charge of education. University-level education was provided to teachers, while the universities themselves were upgraded in terms of academic requirements and organisation. Departments were replaced with two equal-rank colleges. A Moral College was established with social science and humanities in mind, while a Physical College was created with mathematics and natural science in mind. The universities were delegated the responsibility of academic and pedagogic supervision of secondary schools. The Commission established the modern profession of teacher, the so-called academic estate. Polish was introduced to schools as a teaching language, accompanied by an encyclopaedic curriculum. Polish school books were developed. An enlightened and responsible nobleman-cum-patriot was offered as an educational model. The Laws of the Commission of National Education for the academic estate and the schools of the Polish Republic, an academic legal code, was developed and published in 1783. The Commission was appointed by parliament and had an educational fund at its sole disposal. It was esponsible only to parliament for its activity and financial policy. This significantly differentiated the KEN from the institutions supervising education in Russia, Germany or Austria, as well as other countries, which were financially and legally dependent on enlightened monarchs. The KEN schools educated patriots and citizens, while the schools in absolutist monarchies desired loyal and obedient subjects of the tsar or king.
Źródło:: Biuletyn Historii Wychowania; 2015, 33; 7-22
1233-2224
Pojawia się w:: Biuletyn Historii Wychowania
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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