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Tytuł:
Procesy poznawcze i orientacja w otoczeniu
Autorzy:
Lewicki, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1409892.epub
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1409892.mobi
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1409892.pdf
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1409892.zip
Data publikacji:
1960
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN
Opis:
Psychology today has got far beyond the traditional introspective description of states of consciousness and discovery of the laws governing those states. It is now concerned with the inner mechanisms of action, and therefore with the inner processes regulating the behaviour of both men and animals. The cognitive processes should be regarded as the essential factor in the mechanism of behaviour, and as a subject of importance in psychological research. In research of this kind, however, the cognitive process must be properly defined. The psychological terms used by introspective psychology do not suffice here because 1) they do not cover the sub-conscious phenomena which play a part in the mechanism of behaviour, 2) they treat the psychic processes as non-spatial and therefore do not explain how these may influence the actions of the organism, 3) they cannot be applied to animals without committing the error of anthropomorphism, 4) they separate the mental processes from the natural laws governing the organism, and 5) they are not precise enough. A new terminology is needed for the mechanism of behaviour. There have already been several attempts in psychology to create such a terminology. The present work discusses and analyses 1) the terminology of Freudism, 2) the terms used by classical and operational behaviourism, and 3) Soviet psychological terminology treating the cognitive processes as a reflection or mirroring of the material environment in the consciousness. Each of these conceptions has its own virtues, but none of them is fully satisfactory in itself. A useful conception of the cognitive process should include more than conscious cognition, it should embrace the unconscious phenomena of cognition as well, while at the same time it should treat the cognitive process as a concrete activity on the part of the organism. In seeking a better definition of the cognitive process one might well start off with Pavlov’s theory, which treats the mental processes as complex nervous processes of which consciousness is a characteristic feature. Such a conception of the cognitive process, however, is too narrow, and should be extended to include the unconscious, purely nervous elements of the mechanism of behaviour. For this purpose it must be shown that these processes, too, possess certain psychological features common both to them and to the conscious processes, a fact which enables one to include both one and the other under a uniform psychological terminology. Taking the view that the cognitive processes should be understood as the processes whereby stimuli are received in the central nervous system, the author bases his arguments on psychological experiments on animals. The behaviour of animals is an act of adaptation to the environment, that is, it enables the individual to satisfy its needs and therefore maintain an inner balance (Pavlov). An action that is truly adaptive means that the animal reacting to its environment is guided by the various features of the objects it comes across as indications of what action should be taken in the given situation. Experiments show that animals of different kinds are able successfully to guide their actions according to the characteristics of the objects in their environment, which shows that the processes whereby stimuli are received are differentiated to suit the objective properties of the objects, that is, they constitute the reflection or mirroring of the objects (nervous correlates). This thesis, which is reached on the basis of an analysis of behaviour, is then discussed in detail by the author in the light of the electrophysiological research of Adrian and the experiments of Pavlov. According to this argument the reception processes in animals, quite independently of the fact whether they are conscious or not, possess their own particular „mirroring aspect”, which constitutes their psychological aspect. The cognitive processes therefore can be defined as the mirroring of the environment in the central nervous system. This definition, however, is insufficient. Animals mirror the various features of objects as indications of the objects’ values and as indications of what action is to be taken, that is, they „understand” the meaning which these objects have for them, and it is only this „understanding” that can be termed „cognition”. Instead of the term „understanding the environment”, the author suggests as a more objective definition of the cognitive process another term, „orientation in the environment” (that is, orientation as to the indications of value and indications pointing to action). This definition is then supplemented by discussion on how to treat the acceptance of values in the object and on how one can objectively presume action. This definition is also applicable to the cognitive processes in Man. Human cognition, however, differs from animal cognition in that 1) it is concerned with values that are not only biological, but also cultural and social as well, and 2) it is general and abstract. These differences are due to the fact that Man adapts himself to his own particular social environment in which non-biological values are of equal importance with biological ones; living in a community means that Man must communicate with his fellow-men by means of articulate speech, which develops a new form of mirroring (Pavlov — theory of the two signalling systems). Undoubtedly in Man the cognitive processes must have a different physiological structure than in animals, but they nevertheless fulfil the same function in the mechanism of behaviour, and therefore should also be regarded as coming within the term „orientation in the environment”. The author also shows that such a conception of the cognitive processes in Man is in accordance with the known facts, and that such a conception possesses certain advantages for theoretical work (it forms a connection between diverse and apparently contradictory views of cognition), and is a handy tool in research. In conclusion the author emphasises the great importance of the Pavlovian theory of the mechanism of behaviour in psychological theory.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Książka
Tytuł:
Psychologia kliniczna w zarysie
Autorzy:
Lewicki, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1623111.epub
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1623111.mobi
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1623111.pdf
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1623111.zip
Data publikacji:
1968
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Książka
Tytuł:
Zapominanie nazwisk: studium nad psychologicznymi podstawami uczenia się i nauczania
Autorzy:
Lewicki, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1191565.zip
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1191565.pdf
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1191565.mobi
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1191565.epub
Data publikacji:
1951
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Opis:
A study on the psychological foundations of learning and teaching Research on forgetting brings important contributions to the science of proper teaching and learning methods but its results are theoretically interesting too. The task of this paper ist to explain in what way arise the deformations in remembering names and how these processes are connected with forgetting. Forgetting is defined – a hypothetical process resulting in getting worse of recollections and recognitions as well as in increasing the difficulty of repeated learning. At present there are two theories concerning the problem of memory deformations. The older theory, most clearly presented by Abramowski in 1910., holds they are a secondary product of forgetting. The process of forgetting consists in fading of memory traces and results in recollections becoming more and more fragmentary. The subject while remembering tries to reconstruct the stimulus on the ground of his undistinct recollection and fills its gaps with some material taken from the stock of his general knowledge. The other theory, presented 1922. by F. Wulf, states that the memory traces themselves become more and more deformated with the lapse of time, thus the deformated reproductions are a direct expression of these changes coming in the traces. A discussion on the various models of memory traces leads to the conclusion that the contemporary theories of memory trace are either unlogic (as the theory seeing in them unconscious psychic experiences) or unpractical (theories conceiving them as anatomical changes in the nervous system). The present author proposes the „psychophysical model” of memory traces i. e. sees in them anatomical changes in the brain but affirms that they may be at the same time looked upon as latent contents of previous perceptions on account of the role they play in the psychic life of man. The method of research consisted in exposing optically 3 short stories each of them containing 10 names, mostly family names, to three different sets of subjects individually. Each subject studied only one text through 5 minutes and then responded questions put by the experimenter in such way that all the remembered names of the text had to be reproduced too. Each response was followed by the collecting of introspective data on learning and remembering names. The reproduction was repeated after one week. After the first session the subjects were asked not to think about the texts during the pause. The first reproduction taken directly after the exposure of stimuli showed that the names were mostly reproduced correctly, but among the uncorrect reproductions the deformations were more frequent than other kinds. This bears evidence of some tendency to deform names in remembering them. Introspective analysis of learning and remembering names brought following results: 1. Learning names is a process of perceiving them in which two components are to be discerned, first, the visual sensation (visual picture of the name) and, secondly, the intellectual apprehension of the name consisting of one or more judgements about it egz. about its specific qualities, its resembling some other name known to the subject etc. Both components leave a separate trace. The trace of the intelecctual apprehension may be called „knowledge about the name”. 2. The process of remembering is in most cases an instantaneous and automatic springing up of names in memory but sometimes it consists in a difficult reconstructing names through a series of mediating links that may be of three different kinds i. e. a) uncomplete recollections (fragmentary memory images connected with an unclear „feeling” of the characteristic quality of the name as a whole and of its missing parts), b) actualisations of the knowledge about the name, c) deformations of the name. The deformation of the name may appear directly or it may itself represent a construction built on the ground of preceding uncomplete recollections. In the first case the deformations are names known to the subject from his previous experience and in some respects resembling the name being sought. The deformated reproductions of names (i. e. the final products of remembering given by the subject to the protocol) appear when the subject does not remember the name quite well, so he gives one of the mediating links considering it either as a correct reproduction or as one only approaching the original. This analysis is in the whole in agreement with other descriptions (Giessler, Wenzl, James, Woodworth). It gives evidence that the deformated reproductions of names depend not only upon the trace of the name but also upon the traces of other names known to the subject as well. The analysis of the changes brouht in the reproductions of names with the lapse of time (after a week) leads to following conclusions. 1. The reproductions of names become mostly worse (i. e. less like the original) but sometimes they get better and in some cases they change in an undefinite way. 2. Getting worse of reproductions may consist in their deforming but more frequently it is a process of their getting more fragmentary. 3. New deformations of names appear in connection with reproductions getting better and with their undefinite changes as well. 4. Correct reproductions frequently become deformed while getting worse, uncorrect reproductions (including the previous deformations) become rather more fragmentary or change to complete oblivion. Thus getting worse by becoming deformated cannot be called a progressive change. 5. The introspective analysis of remembering brigs evidence that the main cause of reproductions getting worse must be seen in the progressive dying out of recollections i. e. a) in memory images becoming more and more fragmentary and deprived of the accompanying „feeling”, b) in a gradual extinction of the knowledge about the names, though the knowledge seems more persistent than memory images. Thus the subject while remembering the name less distinctly than formerly tries to reconstruct it and produces new deformations that had not appeared previously as the recollection was still fresh and vivid. New phantastic elements appearing in the deformations produced after pause have their source in a) some other words resembling the name being sought included in the knowledge about the name or not, b) some deformated projects of reproduction formerly created but not used, c) in experiences of the subject during the pause. In addition to these the present author remarks that the memory trace of the name is only a part of a broader trace left by the perception of the whole text and consisting of the knowledge about the persons carrying the names. The trace of the text represents a whole so it is comprehensible that the memory of the names must depend upon the memory of their meaning i. e. upon the memory of the persons carrying the names, too. Some suggestions are given concerning this dependence. The most important of them is that the lack of reproductions of names sometimes may be attributed not to the fading of the memory trace of the name but only to forgetting the bond connecting the name with its meaning. From these the conclusion is drawn that the facts observed in the presented experiments do not support the theory of Wulf. There is no evidence of traces getting deformed, in the contrary all deformations of names can be explained by the dying out of recollections and by the process of reconstruction basing upon fragmentary and undistinct recollections . Thus the older theory of Abramowski finds a new hold in these observations. At last there are brought 1. some suggestions concerning further research on forgetting and 2. two practical rules that may help to learn and to retain names and other words.
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Książka
Tytuł:
Humanistyka i przyrodoznawstwo
Autorzy:
Wachowski, Witold
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/632608.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Projekt Avant
Tematy:
działanie
Lewicki Andrzej
orientacja w otoczeniu
poz- nanie
psychologia
wartość
Opis:
W niniejszej recenzji dokonuję przeglądu zbioru tekstów Andrzeja Lewickiego opatrzonego wstępem, koncentrując się na tym ostatnim oraz na analizach autora zawartych we fragmentach jego książki z 1960, a także odnosząc je do współczesnych zmian w paradygmacie badań nad poznaniemAutor tekstów w zbiorze: Andrzej LewickiTytuł: Między humanistyką a przyrodoznawstwem. Od podstaw psychologii do eksperymentalnej psychologii klinicznejWstęp i dobór tekstów: Maria Lewicka, Helena Sęk Rok wydania: 2009Wydawnictwo: Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk Liczba stron: 220
Źródło:
Avant; 2016, 7, 3
2082-6710
Pojawia się w:
Avant
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zakres frazeologii
Autorzy:
Lewicki, Andrzej Maria
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/680491.pdf
Data publikacji:
1992
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Kształcenie Polonistyczne Cudzoziemców; 1992, 4
0860-6587
2449-6839
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Kształcenie Polonistyczne Cudzoziemców
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Antologizowanie jako forma polityki miejsca. Przypadek Bieszczadów – „Wiersze z Rzeszowskiego”
Anthologizing as a Form of Politics of Place: The Case of the Bieszczady Mountains in “Wiersze z Rzeszowskiego”
Autorzy:
Lewicki, Andrzej Grzegorz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2129183.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-06-12
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
antologizowanie
polityka miejsca
poezja
Bieszczady
anthologizing
politics of place
poetry
the Bieszczady Mountains
Opis:
Antologizowanie może stanowić jedną z form realizowania polityki miejsca, projektując przez odpowiedni dobór wierszy i komentarzy do nich wyobrażenie przestrzeni, odpowiadające przyjętej polityczno-ideologicznej narracji. W niniejszym artykule autor proponuje spojrzeć na antologię pod kątem wpisanej w nią topografii, wykorzystując do tego perspektywę kartograficzną (antologia jako mapa), a także uwzględniając przypisy jako część dopełniającą lekturę antologii. Na podstawie wierszy zawartych w antologii Wiersze z Rzeszowskiego z 1974 r. autor dokonał analizy topografii wyobrażonej Bieszczadów po drugiej wojnie światowej, zwracając uwagę na zbieżność polityki miejsca (i polityki narodowej) uprawianej przez władzę centralną PRL-u wobec Bieszczadów z polityką miejsca realizowaną w tej antologii: centralność Baligrodu i okolicy jako miejsc symbolicznie związanych z postacią Karola Świerczewskiego, dominację perspektywy (po)wojennej, nieobecność miejsc wysiedlonej ludności i konsekwentnie przemilczaną pamięć o nich (zarówno w wierszach, jak i w komentarzach do nich).
Anthologizing may be one of the forms of implementing a politics of place, designing an image of space that corresponds to an adopted political and ideological narrative through an appropriate selection of poems and comments to those poems. The author suggests in this article to read the anthology with respect to the topography it contains, taking advantage of the cartographic perspective (anthology as a map), and also taking into account footnotes as a complementary part to the anthology. The author analyzes the presupposed topography of post-World War II Bieszczady on the basis of the poems included in the anthology Wiersze z Rzeszowskiego published in 1974. He pays attention to the convergence of the politics of place (and national policy) pursued by the central authorities of the People’s Republic of Poland towards the Bieszczady region with the politics of place implemented by means of this anthology, that is the importance of Baligród and the surrounding areas as places symbolically associated with the figure of Karol Świerczewski, the dominance of the (post)war perspective, the eradication of villages and the displacement of local communities fading into public oblivion both in the poems and in comments.
Źródło:
Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo; 2022, 12 (15); 163-178
2084-6045
2658-2503
Pojawia się w:
Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cognition as Orientation in the Environment (translated by Magdalena Kopczyńska)
Autorzy:
Lewicki (1960), Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/632575.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Projekt Avant
Tematy:
cognition
indication of value
indication pointing to action
Lewicki Andrzej
Pavlov Ivan
orientation in the environment
tendency
Opis:
There is one major reason that the conception of nervous reflection cannot be directly associated with “cognition” even though it undoubtedly should be a vi- tal component of the definition of this term. Namely, reflection, understood as the creation of equivalents of external stimuli, is a process that happens not only in the brains of living creatures, but also in inanimate matter. A thermometer “reflects” changes in temperature, but we would not say that it “knows” them- it is the man who knows the temperature when using a thermometer. Reflection means cognition only when it determines offensive or defensive reactions of an organism: when it constitutes an element of the mechanism of adaptation to the environment, it enables the individual to be guided by the reflected external phenomena. [...]
Źródło:
Avant; 2016, 7, 3
2082-6710
Pojawia się w:
Avant
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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