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    Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 15
    Tytuł:
    An integrated geoarchaeological approach to late Iron Age settlement at Kaštelina hillfort (Lopar, Island of Rab, Croatia) using Amplitude Data Comparison (ADC) method and trial excavation
    Autorzy:
    Androić Gračanin, Paula
    Welc, Fabian
    Konestra, Ana
    Nowacki, Bartosz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1634067.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-19
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    Northeast Adriatic
    hillfort settlement
    Late Iron Age building structures
    geophysical survey
    Amplitude Data Comparison (ADC) method
    archaeological excavation
    ground penetrating radar
    magnetometry
    multidisciplinary research
    Opis:
    Geophysical prospection and small-scale archaeological excavation were undertaken on the site of Kaštelina, a Late Iron Age hillfort settlement located on the Stolac promontory in the eastern part of Rab island (Kvarner Gulf, Croatia). Within the frame of the “Archaeological topography of the island of Rab” program, a Polish–Croatian team applied a series of multidisciplinary methods to study the occupational history of the site, its preservation, the nature of selected site features and future research potential. Ground-penetrating radar and magnetometer surveys, combined with the implementation of the Amplitude Data Comparison (ADC) method, led to the detection of remains of Late Iron Age building structures distributed over the northwestern side of the Stolac promontory. Archaeological excavations verifying the findings of the geophysical survey resulted in the discovery of a dwelling with associated outdoor features. A preliminary assessment of the outcome of a multidisciplinary approach to the study of the site of Kaštelina emphasizes the importance of the collected data for a general understanding of Late Iron Age settlements and their internal organisation in a wider context.
    Źródło:
    Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2020, 29(2); 447-467
    1234-5415
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Examining a scallop shell-shaped plate from the Late Roman Period discovered in Osie (site no.: Osie 28, AZP 27-41/26), northern Poland
    Autorzy:
    Sosnowski, Mateusz
    Noryśkiewicz, Agnieszka M.
    Czerniec, Jerzy
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/498095.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
    Tematy:
    Scallop shell-shaped plate
    Roman Empire
    Late Roman Period
    Late Iron Age
    pollen analysis
    Opis:
    Research conducted using Airborne Laser Scanning methods in northern Poland allowed traces of a settlement from almost 2,000 years ago to be registered. The most valuable item found is a copper-alloy scallop shell-shaped plate which is still an unknown object in the cultural realities of the Roman Period in northern Poland. The results of pollen analysis of the material obtained during the cleaning of the found scallop shell-shaped plate indicate the dominance of herbaceous plants over the representation of trees in the vicinity of the archaeological site discussed. The advantage of synanthropic plants among herbaceous plants informs us about the open habitat communities formed as a result of human activity (fields, meadows, roads or ruderal areas).
    Źródło:
    Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia; 2019, 14; 91-98
    2084-4409
    Pojawia się w:
    Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Studies on the Lusatian culture settlement and animal husbandry on site 1 at Zagórzyce, Kazimierza Wielka district, based on the materials from seasons 2001–2003
    Autorzy:
    Gocman, Ulana
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/442439.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Instytut Archeologii
    Tematy:
    Lusatian culture
    Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age
    animal husbandry
    Opis:
    The paper presents the Lusatian culture materials recovered during the first three excavation seasons on site 1 at Zagórzyce, Kazimierza Wielka district. The discovered artefacts (pottery shards) may be connected particulary with the end of the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age (Bronze Age Period V and HaC phase). The collected bone remains were analysed archaeozoologically, which allowed for conclusions to be drawn on the model of animal husbandry. An analysis of the species composition showed that the predominant dietary components were cattle and small ruminants, followed by pigs. Such a herd composition suggests a economy based on herding cattle and small ruminants. Due to the small number of collected bone remains it seems that additional research needs to be conducted, using materials from the remaining excavation seasons.
    Źródło:
    Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie; 2011, 3; 227-240
    0137-3285
    Pojawia się w:
    Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Metal garment elements from the Late Bronze Age–Early Iron Age cemetery at Beshtasheni (eastern Georgia)
    Autorzy:
    Hamburg, Jacek
    Pawłowska, Katarzyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1683827.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-07-09
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    Beshtasheni
    bronze
    Early Iron Age
    Georgia
    Late Bronze Age
    metal artifacts
    dress elements
    Opis:
    The paper presents metal elements of garments and jewellery dating to the Late Bronze Age–Early Iron Age period (13th–6th century BC) coming from the excavation of the Beshtasheni cemetery in eastern Georgia carried out from the mid-1930s until 2014. A brief historical and cultural background, including a short description and chronology of the Beshtasheni cemetery, is given before presenting the assemblage of metal garment elements found in the graves: pins, belts and buckles, finger rings, bracelets, parts of buckles and beads, including a preliminary typology of some of these artifacts. The typology takes into account the decoration and shape, as well as ornamental elements and motifs. The paper goes on to describe the observed relation between metal garment elements and the gender and age of the deceased.
    Źródło:
    Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2017, 26(1); 601-618
    1234-5415
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    K. Aslıhan Yener (ed.), Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age Relations between Syria and Anatolia. Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Research Center of Anatolian Studies, Koç University, Istanbul, May 31 – June 1, 2010, Leuven–Paris–Walpole MA., 2013
    Autorzy:
    Lipiński, Edward
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/707492.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Źródło:
    Rocznik Orientalistyczny; 2014, 2
    0080-3545
    Pojawia się w:
    Rocznik Orientalistyczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    IZAK CORNELIUS, The Iconography of the Canaanite Gods Reshef and Ba‘al. Late Bronze and Iron Age I Periods (c. 1500–1000 BCE), University Press Fribourg Switzerland, Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1994
    Autorzy:
    Śliwa, Joachim
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/672994.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1995
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Teologiczne
    Opis:
    -
    Źródło:
    Ruch Biblijny i Liturgiczny; 1995, 48, 2; 152-152
    2391-8497
    0209-0872
    Pojawia się w:
    Ruch Biblijny i Liturgiczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Osada z późnej epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza w Grabowcu, pow. jarosławski, woj. podkarpackie
    A settlement of late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in Grabowiec, district Jarosław, the Podkarpackie Voivodeship
    Autorzy:
    Baron, Justyna
    Karpow, Jadwiga
    Kuźbik, Radosław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/896913.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    settlement
    late Bronze Age
    early Iron Age
    Lusatian culture
    Opis:
    The article presents the results of research conducted in 2011 on the settlement of late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in Grabowiec in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship. Subsequently group of features were presented according to their probable function, including exceptionally numerous series of wells and relics of fencings and then results of the analysis of artifacts is presented, discovered both in the cultural layer and earth-sheltered features fills. A separate part of the article are the issues of relative and absolute chronology as well as spatial organisation of the settlement. Detailed analyses of archaeological sources allowed to distinguish at least two phases of the settlement use.
    Źródło:
    Raport; 2014, 9; 53-115
    2300-0511
    Pojawia się w:
    Raport
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    „Fortece na bagnach”. Pierwsze interdyscyplinarne badania stanowiska z późnej epoki brązu w Jatwiezi Dużej (Polska północno-wschodnia)
    „Fortress on the marshland”. First interdisciplinary research on the late bronze site at Jatwieź Duża (north-eastern Poland)
    Autorzy:
    Żurek, Krzysztof
    Wawrusiewicz, Adam
    Kalicki, Tomasz
    Niebieszczański, Jakub
    Piasecki, Aleksander
    Bahyrycz, Cezary
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27312737.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    North-Eastern Poland
    Podlaskie voivodship
    Jatwieź Duża
    settlement archaeology
    Urnfield culture
    Late Bronze Age
    Early Iron Age
    Opis:
    The phenomenon of functioning of fortified settlements of late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in northern Podlasie (North-Eastern Poland) is a relatively new research problem, on which the knowledge is a result of research conducted in the last several years. The aim of the paper is to present the preliminary results of the interdisciplinary research of the Jatwieź Duża site (district of Suchowola, Sokółka County, Podlaskie voivodeship). The research area is located in the Podlaskie voivodeship in the Brzozówka valley (left tributary of Biebrza River), in the Biebrza Basin. The described site is characterized by an oval form of anthropogenic origin, which indicates a permanent or temporary settlement in the prehistory. This object is one of many similar forms currently being discovered in Podlasie region.This form is build by two distinct trench rings separated by earth embankment and a central flat elevation with a diameter of about 60 m. A geophysical survey (geomagnetic and GPR) was carried out. They registered a series of anomalies, forming two rings which relate to the relief of the site. Archaeological excavation was made in the north-west direction. It was 25 m long and 2 m wide, crossing the embankment and both trenches.. In the course of archaeological excavations, ten objects were discovered with fragments of ceramics and a few flint tools. Preliminary results of archaeological research indicate that this structure was use by the communities of Urnfield culture in the Bronze Age.
    Źródło:
    Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia; 2022, 27; 201-225
    0239-8524
    2450-5846
    Pojawia się w:
    Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Bronze and Iron Age pottery from Metsamor (2018 season)
    Autorzy:
    Iskra, Mateusz
    Zakyan, Tigran
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1634202.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    Metsamor
    pottery
    Iron Age
    Transcaucasia
    Urartu
    Late Bronze Age
    ceramic sequence
    Opis:
    A rich and diverse pottery assemblage from the Middle Bronze Age through the Urartian Red Polished Ware and local “post-Urartian ware” of the Iron III period comes from occupational deposits discovered within the lower town of Metsamor during fieldwork in 2018. The stone architecture recorded in this sector functioned in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. The pottery finds thus represent periods from Iron I to Iron III, for the first time producing a detailed sequence for the previously less than satisfactorily documented Iron I phase. New types of pottery were also distinguished for the Urartian and post-Urartian phases.
    Źródło:
    Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2019, 28(2); 309-326
    1234-5415
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Dom to nie tylko dach i cztery ściany… O budownictwie w późnej starożytności w Europie Północnej i Środkowej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ziem polskich
    A House Means Not Only Four Walls and a Roof… On House Building in Northern and Central Europe in Late Antiquity with Special Consideration of Poland
    Autorzy:
    Schuster, Jan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048809.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    okres przedrzymski
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    okres wędrówek ludów
    budownictwo
    długi dom
    archeologia osadnictwa
    Polska
    Pre-Roman Iron Age
    Roman Iron Age
    Migration Period
    house building
    long-house
    settlement archaeology
    Polska
    Opis:
    One of the most interesting, but sometimes slightly underestimated topics of research as a whole into the Late Antiquity of the ‘barbaric’ part of Europe is the development of longhouses and settlements. This paper is an attempt to combine the results of long-term research on construction and settlements from the Iron Age (with a main focus on the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period) in the western part of Central Europe and Scandinavia with the results of relevant research in Poland. This is no easy task. Despite undeniable research progress in recent decades, settlement archaeology in Poland is still in the early stage of searching for patterns of recognition and reconstruction of longhouses that can contribute to the determination of individual house types. The aim of this paper is to convince the Polish research community that it is necessary to change its perspective on the subject of Iron Age house building and especially on the spatial organisation of settlements. Too often, one can observe an avoidance of careful and accurate analysis of archaeological objects in relation to the reconstruction of house plans – partly out of fear of misinterpretation, partly due to inability, partly because of habit and use of well-worn research paths, but often also out of a lack of reflection on the regularities and laws of statics and carpentry methods. In this way (unnecessarily), a gap was created between two (artificially created) zones of barbaric Europe that lacks one of the basic features of working on archaeological material within the so-called Germania magna: comparability. For a long time, the pit house was regarded as the main residential building in Late Antiquity in the area of Poland. Additionally, post houses were and are being reconstructed that could never have existed in this way. As a result of efforts to adapt the shape of the house to his own needs and economic requirements, a man living in Central and Northern Europe had already created a universal building in the Neolithic (Fig. 2) that we call a longhouse. However, this building is not a homogeneous creation. In different periods of time, in regionally determined varieties, it occurs in different forms. On the basis of certain design features, arrangements of roof-bearing structures and other elements, these varieties are recognised as house types. Similarly to the classification of artefacts and analysis of the distribution of different types, variants and varieties, the analysis of house types also helps us to determine the peculiarities of individual societies and groups, to track their development and to recognise zones of common tradition and contact networks. At this point, I would venture to say that construction traditions even more closely reflect the characteristics of individual societies than, for example, brooches whose forms have undergone rapid fashion changes and influences from various milieus. For large areas in western Central Europe and Scandinavia, we can determine house types that can be grouped into overarching categories, defining building tradition zones (Hauslandschaften). In the relevant works, such regions east of the Oder have not yet found their place. It is high time to change that. I decided to review in the first part of the paper the most important issues related to Iron Age house building, given the fact that this paper cannot cover and discuss all aspects of the issue. Construction details, forms and basic types of longhouses in northern Central Europe are discussed, followed by the layout of farmsteads and settlements. The second part of the article attempts to relate the results of settlement archaeology in western Central Europe and Scandinavia to research results in Poland, often based on a reinterpretation of published features. When discussing the main features – the description of the post hole, the appearance and foundation of the post itself, the walls, doorways, roofs and house types, as well as the layout of farmsteads and settlements – I always had in mind and attempted to refer to the situation in Poland. It is a trivial statement that the most important feature in settlement research is the post hole. We owe the first detailed description of the archaeological feature which we call a post hole to A. Kiekebusch (1870–1935), an employee and later a department head of the Märkisches Museum in Berlin. He had contact with C. Schuchhardt (1859–1943), one of the founders of the Römisch-Germanische Kommission in Frankfurt am Main. From 1899, he, in turn, conducted excavations in the Roman legionnaire camp of the Augustus period in Haltern on the northern edge of the Ruhr region, during which, for the first time on a large scale, attention was paid to the remains of ancient post foundations. Thus, research in Haltern can be regarded as the beginning of modern settlement archaeology. During research on the early Iron Age stronghold Römerschanze in Potsdam, Schuchardt transferred the discovery of the research value of the post hole to ‘barbarian’ archaeology. The aforementioned A. Kiekebusch participated in research on Römerschanze; C. Schuchardt’s innovative research methods made a huge impression on him. In the publication of results of his own excavation of a Bronze Age settlement in Berlin-Buch, he described the appearance and properties of the post hole on eleven (!) pages (Fig. 4). The turn of the 19th/20th cent. is also a breakthrough in settlement archaeology in the Scandinavian countries. Here, however, the road was slightly different than on the continent, in a figurative sense from the general to the detail. Geographical conditions and construction methods, sometimes quite different from the way houses were erected in Central Europe, were conducive to the discovery of real Iron Age ruins of three-aisled houses and in this way it was known almost from the very beginning of settlement research that the houses were elongated and based on the structure of regularly placed roof-bearing posts. For example, in 1924, plans were published of the remains of burnt down houses in the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age settlement at Kraghede in northern Jutland that was discovered in 1906 (Fig. 5). The posts of these houses have survived partly as charred wood, which greatly facilitated the interpretation of discovered traces. The 1920s and 30s witnessed a real leap in settlement archaeology, which was also observed on the continent, e.g. in the Netherlands. A.E. van Giffen (1888–1973) conducted excavations in 1923–1934 in the area of the warf/Wurt/wierde/terp at Ezinge in the Dutch part of Friesland – a Late Pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age settlement. These names, mentioned in Dutch, Frisian and North German dialects, refer to an artificial hill in the North Sea shore region, created to protect house sites against high tide and floods. Moisture in the earth was conducive to the preservation of organic materials, and because of this van Giffen also found ‘real’ ruins of houses (Fig. 6). Large-scale excavations of this type in Germany were conducted in 1954–1963 at the Feddersen Wierde site. The results of this research were just as spectacular as in the case of the settlement at Ezinge (Fig. 46, 47). Large-scale research began in various countries in the 1960s as part of extensive research projects. In Denmark, the nationwide ‘Settlement and Landscape’ project resulted, among others, in the uncovering of a huge area with several settlements/farm clusters from the Pre-Roman Iron Age at Grøntoft, Jutland (Fig. 1). The completely surveyed, enclosed settlement from the Pre-Roman Iron Age at Hodde, Jutland must be mentioned in this context, too. At Vorbasse in Jutland, a huge area from the Late Roman Iron Age and Migration Period settlement was uncovered. After pioneering research at Feddersen Wierde in the 1970s, as part of the ‘North Sea Programme’ project of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Community), research began at the 1st to 6th cent. CE settlement site at Flögeln in the German part of the southern coast of the North Sea. The results became fundamental not only for this region of Germany. As part of the competitive project ‘Research on Iron Age settlements’ of the Academy of Sciences in East Berlin, large-scale excavations were conducted in settlements of the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period settlements at Tornow in Lower Lusatia and at Herzsprung in the Uckermark. Already at the turn of the 1950s/60s, the famous Early and Late Roman Iron Age settlement at Wijster in the northern Netherlands was excavated, but the area studied was not comparable in size to the areas of the above-mentioned sites. In 1974, excavations began at Oss in the southern part of the country, starting in 1979 within the so-called Maaskant-Project of the University of Leiden, which led to the unveiling of an extremely large area, consisting of many, slightly dispersed excavations at so-called native settlements from the Pre-Roman Iron Age and the time when this region was part of the Roman Empire. North of the Rhine and Waal, in the northern Netherlands, the Peelo site is situated. Here, in the 1970s and 1980s, extensive excavations at several neighbouring settlement sites were carried out as part of the ‘Peelo project’ of the Biologisch-Archaeologisch Instituut of the University of Groningen. Similar large excavations were conducted in the 1980s at Colmschate in the eastern Netherlands by the Rijksdienst voor Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, Archeologische Werkgemeenschap Nederland and Archeologie Deventer. The settlement traces date back to the Bronze Age up to medieval times. In the meantime, many new and important large-scale settlement excavations took place that cannot all be mentioned here. In the following chapters, I discuss the most important basic features of longhouses, beginning with the post hole and the post itself. Along with the growing sensitivity of archaeologists towards this issue and thanks to the good condition of surviving posts, there are more and more examples of houses where planks were used as roof-bearing poles. Excellent examples are the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age house at Jerup on Vendsyssel-Thy and two Late Roman Iron Age houses at Ragow and Klein Köris, both south of Berlin (Fig. 8). In some cases, there is evidence that the post was secured in the ground, such as a plank basement at the settlement of Klein Köris, anchoring at Feddersen Wierde or stones used as stabilisation like at Herzsprung (Fig. 7). In eastern Brandenburg, we have seen partial or complete post-hole fillings of burnt or unburnt clay, especially in the case of granaries. Depending on the function of the post, the sizes of the post holes can differ. The deepest post holes often belong to roof-bearing and doorway posts. It is interesting that this applies not only to three-aisle, but also to two-aisled houses (Fig. 10). This fact can be useful in the case of incomplete house plans. The basic typological division of longhouses refers to the general roof-bearing construction (three-aisled, two-aisled, one-aisled and so-called four-aisled houses). Three-aisled houses were not invented in the Iron Age; they appeared as early the Early Bronze Age (Fig. 11) within a large zone including northwestern France and Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden. Although closely related to the idea of keeping livestock in the same building where people lived, well-dated three-aisled houses with a stall do not date to earlier than around 1400 BCE. During the Pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age, the area of occurrence of these houses contracted slightly; they were erected in a wide zone south of the North Sea, in the Netherlands and northern Germany, Jutland, on the Danish islands and in southern areas of Norway and Sweden. Due to intensive settlement research carried out since the 1990s, we know that – at least in the Roman Iron Age – all of Mecklenburg, Western Pomerania, most of Brandenburg and some regions at the Middle Elbe belonged to this zone of three-aisled houses. The layout of two-aisled houses differs slightly due to construction based on only one row of roof-bearing posts. The arrangement and number of posts are often not as regular as in the case of three-aisled houses, which can create problems when interpreting house plans. Two-aisled longhouses, known from Neolithic sites, and sometimes appeared in a surprising similar form at Bronze Age, Roman Iron Age and Migration Period sites south of the Baltic Sea (Fig. 13), were replaced in Scandinavia and the southern North Sea coast region by three-aisled houses as early as the Middle Bronze Age. The zone of appearance of two-aisled houses is not that well specified and seems to have changed over time. In the west, it is situated to the south of the three-aisled house zone, reaching Westphalia, eastern Brandenburg and parts of Saxony. In Lower Lusatia and south of Berlin, so-called four-aisled houses were discovered (Fig. 14, 63). It is not easy to interpret the plans of these buildings. Here, I present a new proposition for the characteristic post arrangement as supporting a loft (Fig. 64). In the case of one-aisled houses, the inner space is free of posts (Fig. 15) since the walls took over the roof-bearing function. It was a very demanding construction because poor carpentry of joining elements above the wall line inevitably led to its destabilisation and collapse, so it appeared on a larger scale at the beginning of the Middle Ages. However, we also know a few one-aisled longhouses dating to an earlier period. In the next chapter, all elements of the walls are discussed. Special attention is drawn to the fact that rows of posts and walls do not necessarily line up. Since the wall construction is not connected to the house frame or roof, its roof-bearing function can often be excluded (Fig. 20). As the ruins at Feddersen Wierde demonstrate, the line of the wall and that of lateral posts may differ. A special feature are the outer, eave-supporting posts (Fig. 21) that we know from houses in both the west and in the east, but at different times. Such constructions seem to appear in Poland, too. Most of the walls were probably built using the wattle and daub technique. It was predominant used in Central and Northern Europe, but was not the only technique. Houses with wall trenches might have been built with palisade-like walls, with planks (Fig. 26) or as log constructions (Fig. 27). Sometimes there are no traces of the walls at all and the construction must have been over-ground (Fig. 25, 29). With respect to log construction, one drawback is the need for timber, which in regions with limited timber resources can be decisive for choosing another wall variant. For constructing the huge Early Bronze Age house (33.5×ca. 8 m) at Legård on Thy-Vendsyssel (Fig. 27), it was calculated that about 150 oak trees were needed! Most longhouses were built with a rectangular plan, but a quite high number of longhouses in Northern and Central Europe had apse-shaped gable walls (Fig. 30). Roof reconstruction of three-aisled houses with that characteristic seems to pose no problem (Fig. 40–44), but in the case of two-aisled houses with a roof-bearing post in the apse-shaped gable wall, the task of reconstruction is challenging. Regarding the interior structure of Iron Age longhouses, we have a lot of information from the well-preserved house ruins at Feddersen Wierde (Fig. 47–50) and burnt down houses from Denmark (Fig. 51). They prove the widespread use of houses with a living area and stall under one roof. In other cases, the inner division is proven by the existence of small trenches where the partition walls of the boxes were placed (Fig. 52, 53). For now, we cannot determine the precise range of this economic model; the easternmost houses with stall trenches were discovered in Lower Lusatia (right on the German-Polish border). Placing animals under the same roof as people is not a phenomenon limited to antiquity. In some regions of Germany and the Netherlands, it was a fairly common form of farming in modern times. Some of these houses survived until the 1970s (Fig. 54). This type of house was found in a long zone from the vicinity of Amsterdam to the Hel Peninsula – mainly in the zone of the historical range of the Low German language, which is therefore called Niederdeutsches Hallenhaus. At a time when Bronze Age and Iron Age longhouses began to be intensively researched in the Netherlands and Germany, the memory of the original functioning of Niederdeutsches Hallenhaus, so similar to ancient buildings, was still alive, and the grandparents or parents of these researchers often lived in them or knew of such houses anecdotally (Fig. 55:1–3). Some very old buildings showed common structural features with houses from the Roman Iron Age. A comparison of the characteristics of ancient and modern houses has greatly facilitated approaching the subject and interpreting the results of excavations. However, it has sometimes also led to the use of inadequate terms that survive to this day and which are misleading. For example, if the famous researcher of rural architecture J. Schepers talked about Germanisches Hallenhaus or W. Haarnagel in his monumental monograph uses the term dreischiffige Hallenhäuser, they were influenced by the use of almost the same name of the above-mentioned medieval and modern houses that in terms of internal division are so similar to three-aisled longhouses from the Iron Age. However, there is a significant functional difference: the term Halle (hall) in Niederdeutsches Hallenhaus refers to a room with a threshing floor in the central nave, located between livestock bays. This room is large and hall-like, and that is why the houses were given the name Hallenhaus. The ‘hall’ in Late Antiquity (Fig. 58, 59) and medieval times had a completely different meaning and does not mean the same as in the case of rural houses from later times. In the next chapter, I discuss congruencies of house plans as a source of interpretation of incompletely preserved longhouses and for typological divisions. In regard to the latter, we have to take into account the state of preservation, touch-ups, repairs, modifications, extensions and superposition of house plans that influence the interpretation of the record. The same applies to farmsteads and even whole settlements that have been shifted, rebuilt, changed in layout and so on (Fig. 75–80). The issue of forms and structures of settlements is a rather complicated topic, because the condition for their assessment is a completely uncovered site. Such objects are rare, and even if a large complex is excavated, we can only assess the arrangement of objects within the excavations. This statement sounds trivial, but I emphasise this fact because we cannot be sure that there were no satellite units belonging to the given settlement nearby. This is well illustrated by the plan of extremely interesting features at Galsted in southern Jutland (Fig. 81). Its second phase represents another step of settlement evolution and is similar to what we know from settlements such as Nørre Snede in eastern Jutland (Fig. 82). The layout of farmsteads – although already present at some Late Pre-Roman Iron Age sites – represents the state of development of Roman Iron Age and Migration Period settlements. The earliest settlements of this type stem from Jutland, while the tendency to set up large, enclosed rectangular or trapezoidal farms in northern Germany is observable from the late 1st cent. CE and in the northern Netherlands from the 2nd cent. CE. The phenomenon of ‘stationary’ settlements is also known from East Germany, including the already mentioned settlements at Dallgow-Döberitz, Wustermark, Herzsprung or Göritz. Probably such settlements were discovered in Poland, too (see below). Settlements of this type replaced settlements with a different structure, dating to the Pre-Roman Iron Age. Their features included a loose arrangement of farms (rather unfenced) spread out over a large area (Fig. 1) and instability of house and farm sites. Houses and farmsteads were not occupied for a long period of time, but changed relatively quickly (the so-called wandering/shifting settlements). In the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age in Jutland and – in a slightly different form – in the northern Netherlands, completely enclosed settlements appeared. It was a fairly short-lived phenomenon (that ended in the 1st cent. CE), but the first step to stationary settlements, where farmsteads were designed to last for a longer period of time. At sites such as Nørre Snede in Jutland or Flögeln at the North Sea, there was a slow shifting of farmsteads, but over a period of several hundred years. With such a slow pace of changes in the positions of houses and farms, we can actually talk about stationary farms/settlements. It should be emphasised that the structure of settlements during the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period was not compact and there were no clusters of houses around a free square, as is sometimes suggested in Polish literature (admittedly on the basis of insufficient evidence). The image of settlements at that time resembles instead a group of several farms, sometimes in rows. We also know this spatial organisation from settlements in the left-bank regions of the Oder and Neisse Rivers (the German-Polish border) and there is no reason to believe that it was different to the east of these rivers. Despite undeniable progress in recent decades, settlement archaeology in Poland is still at the very beginning of searching for patterns for the recognition and reconstruction of longhouses that can contribute to the determination of individual types. Before completing this stage, analyses at a higher heuristic level do not yet make sense. All attempts to reconstruct settlement structures and search for references in building traditions to other regions in the Barbaricum have ended and often continue to end in failure. There are several reasons for this. First of all, this type of work from the second half of the 20th cent. mainly consisted of incorrect assumptions and axioms – especially regarding the dominance of pit houses in settlements. Secondly, the material that was available cannot create a suitable base for far-reaching conclusions – often the uncovered parts of the settlements were and are still too small to decipher the structures at all; sometimes it is not even possible to say in which part of a given settlement (or farmstead) the researchers conducted excavations. Another, also quite important point is the inaccurate or incompetent recognition of plans for alleged or actually non-existent post houses (Fig. 83). For decades, ‘buildings’ have been published that have no right to exist. Even in contemporary works, we can still find reconstructions (basically recreations) of primitive huts without statics or carpentry rules (Fig. 83), which were exceeded – if they had existed – by longhouses, even in the Neolithic. If buildings were created that have never existed, then obviously the image of a given farmstead must be false, not to mention the settlement structure. The necessity to verify published materials from settlements resulting from the state of research as I have described it does not need to be particularly emphasised. In a sense, the above-mentioned region between the Oder and the Elbe can be a benchmark for Poland. With regard to the state of research on settlements and the research paradigm, the situation in recent decades has been very similar to the situation in recent years in Poland. Until the early 1990s, the regions east of the Elbe could barely contribute to research on the subject of longhouses in the Barbaricum. It seemed that the presence of such buildings at settlements east of these regions that B. Trier (1969) had examined in his basic monograph on Iron Age longhouses was impossible. The very few examples were treated as exceptions. But due to large, often linear investments in infrastructure renewal in the early 1990s, the situation in Eastern Germany changed radically. Suddenly, longhouses started to appear at almost every settlement surveyed. One of the first excavations of this type was carried out in 1994 at the settlement site at Dallgow-Döberitz, a few kilometres west of Berlin, where at least 28 longhouses were discovered, primarily of the three-aisled variety. Publication of research results at Herzsprung in the Uckermark became a milestone, proving in the Oder region the existence not only of three-aisled longhouses, but farmsteads with a layout that was known only until that time from southern Scandinavia and the western part of Central Europe. In 1994–1997, 25 longhouses, mainly two-aisled, were uncovered at Göritz in Lower Lusatia. Today, a similar shift in settlement archaeology is taking place in Poland. Nevertheless, the attempts to distinguish longhouses at settlements in Poland and, at the same time, the frequent lack of experience of archaeologists in this field led to the creation and inclusion of objects that either did not exist in this form or not at all. The biggest obstacle is the lack of models to recognise house types, reflected by the arrangement of posts. There are still very few confidently confirmed three-aisled longhouses in Poland, yet this fact seems to result from the state of research rather than reflect the realities of the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period. To date, we do know four ‘definite’ buildings of this type, three from Pomerania and one from Mazovia; two others houses from central and southern Poland probably also belong to this group: the house I/A at Czarnowo in Western Pomerania (Fig. 85), a not fully uncovered house at Ostrowite in southeastern Pomerania (Fig. 86:1), a house at Leśno in southeastern Pomerania (Fig. 87), and a house in Rawa Mazowiecka (site 38) in western Mazovia (Fig. 88). In my opinion, the traces of a house at Kuców in Central Poland have to be interpreted as two rows of the roof-bearing posts of a three-aisled building (Fig. 89:1), while a house at Domasław in Lower Silesia also probably belongs to the three-aisled type (Fig. 90). Today, we know more examples of two-aisled houses than of three-aisled houses, which primarily appear only in the Przeworsk Culture area. It seems that in fact two-aisled houses were dominant in the area of this cultural unit, but it is still a bit too early to determine this with great certainty. The largest series of longhouses results from excavations of the settlement at Konarzewo near Poznań (Fig. 91), a smaller group we know from the Bzura River region (Fig. 94). The latter form a group that can be used to define the first longhouse type in Poland, the Konotopa type. A very interesting house was discovered in the 1960s at Wólka Łasiecka in Central Poland (Fig. 95). Although the arrangement of the posts is very clear, it can be read in the source publication, and sometimes in later ones, that this building is a three-aisled house. Actually, we are dealing with a two-aisled house with additional, external eave-supporting posts. In the case of the settlement at Izdebno Kościelne in western Mazovia, one can point to a house that was not included in the analysis of the site plan (Fig. 97). The same applies to a two-aisled longhouse at Janków in Central Poland (Fig. 96). It also belongs to the ‘verified’ buildings which were distinguished after the publication of the research results. The above-mentioned house at Wólka Łasiecka can be interpreted as a ‘lime kiln building’ on the basis of similar houses that, for example, were discovered at Klein Köris near Berlin and Herzsprung in the Uckermark. At the latter site, several buildings of this type have been even discovered, at least four of which were longhouses (e.g. Fig. 99:1.6). Lime kiln houses in other forms at this settlement (Fig. 100:3) and subsequent ones (Fig. 99:7, 100:1.2) show that there are many variants of such buildings. It might seem that production halls with limes kilns are a special feature of the settlements of Central Europe from the left-bank regions of the Oder and Neisse to the Vistula. However, the example from Osterrönfeld and houses from the settlement at Galsted in southern Jutland that are not yet published warn against this inference. It is not an exaggeration to claim that previous attempts to distinguish farmsteads in Poland have usually lacked sufficient evidence; often such an activity was and is simply impossible. There are several reasons for this: in the first place, often there are no reliable house plans, also the excavation area is too small and – it should be strongly emphasised – the research results are presented as a schematic plan only or in the form of a plan with symbols. Recently, contrast has been emphasised between the interpretation of the ‘farmstead’ approach among researchers from ‘west of the Oder’ and researchers in Poland, which in my opinion results mainly from the state of research and – probably even in a decisive way – from the research paradigm, and under no circumstances reflects ancient conditions. The results of excavations in recent years have shown that such an contradiction – if used to refer to archaeological material – is only apparent and artificial. The basis for analysing settlement structures in terms of farmsteads is quite narrow, although there are few proposals worth considering. In a separate article, I re-analysed published research results in the area of the settlement at Wytrzyszczki in Central Poland in terms of some longhouses. In addition to the alternative interpretation of buildings, the published plan and field documentation analysis provide the basis for a new interpretation of the spatial organisation of the uncovered part of the settlement (Fig. 102–104). An interesting arrangement of objects was observed at the settlement in at Mąkolice in Central Poland. Both post and pit houses as well as production facilities were uncovered here. The dispersion of all objects is quite clear, but several issues remain an open question (Fig. 105). Closely related to the form of the farmsteads is their arrangement relative to each other, meaning the form of a settlement. Polish literature holds the view that one of the basic forms of settlements of the Przeworsk Culture (because it is the only one we can say anything about) is the circular settlement. The above-mentioned settlement from Wytrzyszczki in Central Poland and well-known settlement from Konarzewo near Poznań cannot be called circular under any circumstances as has happened in the literature (Fig. 104, 106). Concerning the spatial organisation of settlements from areas east of the Oder, I am convinced that they did not differ from settlements in areas west of this river (Fig. 108, 109). The latest field research results provide us with more and more arguments confirming this thesis. The basic unit of each settlement was a farmstead, which was spatially organised as economic units in the western and northern regions of the Barbaricum.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 3-159
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Geneza i początki kultu Afrodyty
    Genesis and beginnings of the cult of the goddess Aphrodite
    Autorzy:
    Zeman-Wiśniewska, Katarzyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1195680.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-01-20
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Afrodyta
    Cypr
    kultura mykeńska
    późna epoka brązu
    wczesna epoka żelaza
    Aphrodite
    Cyprus
    Mycenaean culture
    the late Bronze Age
    the early Iron Age
    Opis:
    Afrodyta, grecka bogini miłości i piękna, już wg. autorów starożytnych wywodzić się miała z Cypru, gdzie znajdowała się jej najstarsza znana świątynia w Palaepaphos. Domniemany proces przekształcenia lokalnego bóstwa cypryjskiego w helleńską Afrodytę jest jednak trudny do prześledzenia. Nie podważając jej cypryjskich korzeni, niniejszy artykuł koncentruje się na kwestii genezy jej obecności w greckim panteonie bóstw, dowodząc, iż Afrodyta była od początku bóstwem sensu stricto greckim (greko-cypryjskim), a nie lewantyńskim, którego kult  jedynie wtórnie uległ wpływom kultu Astarte, nim ostatecznie bogini ta stała się częścią panteonu bóstw czczonych przez Greków.
    Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty, according to ancient authors, was supposed to have come from Cyprus, where her oldest known temple was located in Palaepaphos. However, the alleged process of transforming the local Cypriot deity into the Hellenic Aphrodite is difficult to trace. Without questioning her Cypriot roots, this article focuses on the issue of the origins of her presence in the Greek pantheon of deities, proving that Aphrodite was from the beginning a strictly Greek (Greek-Cypriot) and not a Levantine deity, whose worship was only secondarily influenced by the cult of Astarte, before she eventually became part of the pantheon of deities revered by the Greeks.
    Źródło:
    Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne; 2020, 27, 2; 5-18
    1232-1575
    Pojawia się w:
    Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wyniki analizy materiałów archeozoologicznych ze stanowisk 1-5 w Grabowcu, gm. Radymno, woj. podkarpackie
    The results of analysis of archaeozoological materials from sites 1-5 in Grabowiec, commune Radymno, the Podkarpackie Voivodeship
    Autorzy:
    Piskorska, Teresa
    Stefaniak, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/896941.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    archaeozoology
    late Bronze Age
    early Iron Age
    settlement
    Opis:
    The text presents the analysis results of archaeozoological materials from sites 1-5 in Grabowiec in the district of Jarosław obtained during rescue excavations in 2011.
    Źródło:
    Raport; 2014, 9; 143-149
    2300-0511
    Pojawia się w:
    Raport
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    “Late Hallstatt” hillforts in the Western Carpathians: new contribution to an old discussion
    Autorzy:
    Danielová, Barbora Lofajová
    Markiewicz, Joanna A.
    Przybyła, Marcin S.
    Ledwoń, Jan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2041008.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
    Tematy:
    Early Iron Age
    La Tène period
    Western Carpathians
    hillforts
    prehistoric fortifications
    Opis:
    The article presents new research on fortified settlements from the Early Iron Age in the Orava and Dunajec river valleys. Based on the characteristics of the construction of the fortifications and similarities in terms of material culture, we propose recognizing the hillforts discovered here as a manifestation of one cultural and settlement horizon related to the so-called Pre-Púchov stage. The radiocarbon determinations obtained for the contexts stratigraphically related to the ramparts from the Nižná-Ostražica, Zabrzeż-Babia Góra, and Maszkowice-Góra Zyndrama sites are already located on the calibration curve after the so-called Hallstatt plateau and allow this horizon to be dated to the 4th century BC, i.e. to the times corresponding to the La Tène B1–B2 phases. Our observations confirm the opinions appearing in more recent literature about the need to date the Pre-Púchov stage in Slovakia earlier, and discuss the thesis about the continuation of settlement at the beginning of the La Tène period. With regard to the Polish Carpathian zone, arguments indicating the possibility of the survival of settlements with Early Iron Age traditions up to the 4th century BC are presented for the first time. This allows us to assume that the process of the formation of the cultural tradition of the La Tène period here progressed in a similar manner to Slovakia, and it was not solely the result of migration from the latter.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Carpathica; 2021, 56; 221-256
    0001-5229
    2719-4841
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The case of Nowe Warpno – new dimension of underwater research in the Szczecin Lagoon
    Autorzy:
    Krajewski, Przemysław
    Chmiel, Marta
    Adamczyk, Michał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1023949.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015-01-01
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    Coastal sites
    Coastal processes
    Szczecin Lagoon
    Late Palaeolithic/Mesolithic
    Early Iron Age
    Post-Medieval Period
    Opis:
    Following paper presents a new aspect of the study of submerged landscapes in the Szczecin Lagoon. This aspect is the importance of coastal processes for the conservation status of the sites and archaeological contexts. Underwater prospection can lead to collection of archaeological material of an entirely different character. These artifacts may in fact come from the destroyed land erosion processes (abrasion), and so – in terms of methodology of archeology – lie on the secondary deposit. Of course, cognitive value of such sources is very different than artifacts found in full context. However, there is possibility to use them not only to study archeology, but to assess the scale, pace and extent of coastal phenomena perceived as post-depositional processes.
    Źródło:
    Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia; 2015, 20; 235-256
    0239-8524
    2450-5846
    Pojawia się w:
    Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wyniki ratowniczych badań przeprowadzonych na wielokulturowym stanowisku w Łowcach, stan. 17, gm. Chłopice, pow. jarosławski
    Results of rescue excavations carried out at the multicultural site in Łowce, site 17, Chłopice commune, Jarosław district
    Autorzy:
    Głowacz, Michał
    Szpila, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/567539.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
    Tematy:
    settlement
    late Bronze Age
    early Iron Age
    Funnel Beaker culture
    Mierzanowice culture
    Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture
    Opis:
    The article presents the results of rescue excavations carried out in August 2018, at the archaeological site Łowce 17. The site is located on the extreme promontory of the loess lobe, extending at an altitude of 210m above sea level, near the riverbed of the Łęg Rokietnicki River. The value of this place has been confirmed several times by surface surveys, which provided the evidence of artefacts from the Neolithic period, Bronze Age, Roman influence and Early Middle Ages. In the course of excavations, an area of one are was examined. After removing the surface layer, an accumulation layer was recorded at the level of 40 cm, with numerous Neolithic and Bronze Age materials, together with an iron artefact. Below, at a level of about 50 cm, a layer of yellow loess was uncovered, in which features of the Mierzanowice culture, the Tarnobrzeg Łużycka culture and features of unknown chronology were recorded. In total, 20 features of an economic nature were registered, containing ceramic, flint and stone artefacts in their fills, as well as burnt daub and animal bones were noted. Moreover, secondary deposited material was observed in some features. In the next stage of research, the obtained materials were analyzed, which were mainly represented by pottery vessels. The research included the analysis in terms of technology, morphology and ornamentation, based on macroscopic characteristics. As a result of these observations, an attempt was made to determine the relative chronology, distinguishing the ceramics of the Funnel Beaker culture, the Globular Amphora culture, the Mierzanowice culture, the Trzciniec culture and the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. The assessment of the cultural affiliation of flint materials was difficult due to the uncharacteristic forms or lack of context. With reference to artefacts coming from the accumulation layer, a miniature axe/chisel made of Volyn flint was found, which can be attributed to the activities of the TRB and an iron axe/adze with undetermined chronology. As a result of the research, it was possible to confirm the high importance of site No. 17 in Łowce, which was a settlement enclave from the Middle Neolithic period to the Early Middle Ages. The studied area was part of the settlement of the Mierzanowice culture and Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. Certainly the following years of research will provide a lot of valuable information about the settlement of these communities and the importance of the region.
    Źródło:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego; 2019, 40; 255-278
    0137-5725
    Pojawia się w:
    Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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