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Tytuł:
On new multiple extension of Hilbert’s integral inequality
Autorzy:
Sulaiman, Waadallah Tawfeeq
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/746566.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne
Tematy:
Inequalities
Hilbert inequality
Holder inequality
Opis:
This paper gives a new multiple extension of Hilbert’s integral inequality generalizing many known results.
Źródło:
Commentationes Mathematicae; 2006, 46, 2
0373-8299
Pojawia się w:
Commentationes Mathematicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Weighted integral inequalities related to Wirtinger’s result for p-norms with applications
Autorzy:
Dragomir, Silvestru Sever
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2078956.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
Wirtinger’s inequality
trapezoid inequality
Gruss’ inequality
Jensen’s inequality
Opis:
In this paper we establish several natural consequences of some Wirtinger type integral inequalities for p-norms. The corresponding weighted versions and applications related to the weighted trapezoid inequalities, to weighted Gruss’ type inequalities and reverses of Jensen’s inequality are also provided.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio A – Mathematica; 2021, 75, 1; 37-51
0365-1029
2083-7402
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio A – Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On new multiple extension of Hilbert’s integral inequality (2)
Autorzy:
Sulaiman, W.T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/745879.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne
Tematy:
Inequalities
Hilbert inequality
Holder inequality
Opis:
Via Laplace transformation some new generalization of Hardy-Hilbert’s integral inequality is given.
Źródło:
Commentationes Mathematicae; 2007, 47, 1
0373-8299
Pojawia się w:
Commentationes Mathematicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
People’s Evaluations of Income Inequality and the Gini Coefficient Different in Details, Similar in Patterns
Autorzy:
Jancewicz, Barbara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1790674.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-08-22
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne
Tematy:
income inequality
inequality
transfer principle
inequality perception
multidimensional scaling
Opis:
Recent studies suggest that the Gini coefficient’s and people’s evaluations of income inequality differ. Thus, we risk adopting policies that decrease the coefficient but not the inequality people see. This article argues that the coefficient does reflect people’s perception of inequality, at least in relation to the criticised Pigou-Dalton Transfer Principle stating that inequality falls whenever a person with higher income gives a small part of it to a person with lower income. Results from a questionnaire experiment where 105 WUT students evaluated inequality of different income distributions confirm that answers strictly following the principle are rare (around 3% of the sample). However, the average correlation between respondents’ and Gini’s evaluations was relatively high (0.693). Furthermore, when respondents’ evaluations were averaged, the correlation jumped to 0.954. An MDS analysis confirms that while these evaluations differed in details, the pattern common to respondents’ evaluations was in line with the Gini coefficient.
Źródło:
Polish Sociological Review; 2019, 207, 3; 289-304
1231-1413
2657-4276
Pojawia się w:
Polish Sociological Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Economic growth and the optimal inequality of income
Autorzy:
Sztaudynger, Jan Jacek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/653292.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
income inequality
economic growth
optimal inequality
Opis:
Inequality of income is one of the significant factors forming social capital. Two views dominate among economists dealing with the influence of income inequality on economic growth. On the one hand, a too low level of income inequality does not motivate people to increase their labour productivity. Low inequality of income might result from an extended social care system and a GDP burdened with social transfers. A good example may be a situation when an unemployed person refuses to accept a job offer and prefers unemployment benefits to a slightly higher salary. Moreover, a lack of incentives for an employee who fails to acknowledge the economic sense of increasing the productivity of his or her work might lead to a slower growth of the economy. On the other hand, a contrary view suggests that an increase in inequality of income has a negative impact on the economy. The accumulation of wealth by a small number of citizens raises doubts about the good use of that wealth for the investments necessary for the growth of the economy. Excessive inequality of income is confronted with the disapproval of a significant part of society and is regarded as unfair and unjustified. It may also increase the crime rate, decrease trust and, more generally, lead to the weakening of social capital. The arguments presented above lead to the hypothesis that the influence of income inequality on the growth of the economy has a non-linear, parabolic character. We have confirmed this hypothesis in growth models of the US and Swedish economies. We assess the historically optimal inequality of income measured by the Gini coefficient at 46% and 24% for the US and Sweden, respectively. The optimal inequality of income for Poland was assessed previously at 29%. The dissimilarities may result from differences in culture, society, educational level and diligence.
Źródło:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym; 2018, 21, 8; 89-99
1899-2226
2353-4869
Pojawia się w:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Some remarks on the altitude inequality
Autorzy:
Jarboui, Noômen
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/965848.pdf
Data publikacji:
1999
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
valuation domain
altitude inequality
restrictive altitude inequality
locally Jaffard domain
Opis:
We introduce and study a new class of ring extensions based on a new formula involving the heights of their primes. We compare them with the classical altitude inequality and altitude formula, and we give another characterization of locally Jaffard domains, and domains satisfying absolutely the altitude inequality (resp., the altitude formula). Then we study the extensions R ⊆ S where R satisfies the corresponding condition with respect to S (Definition 3.1). This leads to a new characterization of integral extensions.
Źródło:
Colloquium Mathematicum; 1999, 80, 1; 39-52
0010-1354
Pojawia się w:
Colloquium Mathematicum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Inequality Hurts Happiness
Autorzy:
Okulicz-Kozaryn, Władysław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/942360.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
Tematy:
Life Satisfaction
Happiness
Inequality
Welfare
Opis:
Income inequality and its potential effect on human wellbeing is one of the key research areas in social science. Likewise, there is a lively debate about the optimal degree of government intervention to ensure wellbeing of citizens. The paper investigates impact of inequality and welfare on happiness in a panel of West European countries from 1970 to 2002, taking into account both individual and country-level variables. The results suggest that inequality hurts our wellbeing. Welfare states are happier than countries with limited welfare. Public policy implications are discussed.
Źródło:
Warsaw Forum of Economic Sociology; 2015, 6, 12; 135-152
2081-9633
Pojawia się w:
Warsaw Forum of Economic Sociology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Income inequalities: axioms of income inequality measures and peoples perceptions
Autorzy:
Jancewicz, Barbara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1198719.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
Income Inequality
Inequality Axioms
Questionnaire Experiments
Transfer Principle
Population Symmetry
Opis:
Studies show that people perceive income inequality differently than most popular income inequality measures and axioms (postulated properties of inequality) indicate. This article synthesizes and reviews different results on income inequality perception. It presents basic income inequality axioms and analyses the level of support found in multiple studies. The paper shows that while answers to particular questions seldom perfectly agree with income inequality measures, the general pattern of respondents' answers is strongly correlated with these measures. It also argues that the observed differences can be partially explained by following Amartya Sen’s suggestion that income inequality is a multidimensional concept (1973, p. 48).
Źródło:
Decyzje; 2016, 25; 21-42
1733-0092
2391-761X
Pojawia się w:
Decyzje
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On some inequality of Hermite-Hadamard type
Autorzy:
Wąsowicz, S.
Witkowski, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/254903.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
convex function
Hermite-Hadamard inequality
Fejer inequality
simplex
approximate integration
Opis:
It is well-known that the left term of the classical Hermite-Hadamard inequality is closer to the integral mean value than the right one. We show that in the multivariate case it is not true. Moreover, we introduce some related inequality comparing the methods of the approximate integration, which is optimal. We also present its counterpart of Fejér type.
Źródło:
Opuscula Mathematica; 2012, 32, 3; 591-600
1232-9274
2300-6919
Pojawia się w:
Opuscula Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Orientacje empiryczne w badaniach nierówności edukacyjnych
Empirical Orientations in Educational Inequality Research
Autorzy:
Zawistowska, Alicja
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2138962.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
educational inequality
empirical orientations
effectively maintained inequality
maximally maintained inequality
rational action theory
nierówności edukacyjne
orientacje empiryczne
teoria racjonalnego wyboru
Opis:
The paper aims to review main approaches in research on educational inequalities, focusing mainly on quantitative studies of social structure. The review starts with a discussion of the 'status attainment school' developed in nineteen sixties, followed by 'educational transition approach' and empirical generalizations proposed in nineteen nineties, namely 'maximally maintained inequality', 'effectively maintained inequality' and rational choice theory. The article shows how the concept of educational process has been redefined in these perspectives, what research questions have been asked and what types of statistical techniques have been used. Such comparison leads to the conclusion that changes in research strategies in the past five decades evolved towards more valid and detailed models which were better fitted to actual educational paths. Nevertheless they can be still seen as rather crude research patterns. Their application in the context of differentiation of educational institutions can seriously limit possibilities of asking new questions concerning educational stratification.
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja najważniejszych podejść do badania nierówności edukacyjnych, ograniczona do prac mieszczących się w paradygmacie ilościowych badań nad strukturą społeczną. Przegląd nurtów i opisanie założeń szkoły osiągania statusu rozwijanej w latach sześćdziesiątych XX wieku, następnie podejście określane mianem „przejść edukacyjnych”, potem stanowiska rozwijane w latach dziewięćdziesiątych: „maksymalnie utrzymujących się nierówności”, „skutecznie utrzymujących się nierówności” oraz teorii racjonalnego wyboru. Tekst pokazuje zmiany w definiowaniu procesu edukacyjnego, w stawianych pytaniach badawczych i w technikach analitycznych. Analiza prowadzi do wniosku, że modele osiągnięć edukacyjnych stają się coraz lepiej dopasowane do rzeczywistego przebiegu karier szkolnych. Nadal jednak są to schematy uproszczone, które w warunkach zróżnicowania instytucji edukacyjnych mogą ograniczać możliwość stawiania nowych pytań o stratyfikację edukacyjną.
Źródło:
Studia Socjologiczne; 2009, 3(194); 53-82
0039-3371
Pojawia się w:
Studia Socjologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Markov inequality on sets with polynomial parametrization
Autorzy:
Baran, Mirosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1311658.pdf
Data publikacji:
1994
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
extremal function
Markov inequality
Opis:
The main result of this paper is the following: if a compact subset E of $ℝ^n$ is UPC in the direction of a vector $v ∈ S^{n-1}$ then E has the Markov property in the direction of v. We present a method which permits us to generalize as well as to improve an earlier result of Pawłucki and Pleśniak [PP1].
Źródło:
Annales Polonici Mathematici; 1994-1995, 60, 1; 69-79
0066-2216
Pojawia się w:
Annales Polonici Mathematici
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On discontinuous quasi-variational inequalities
Autorzy:
Chu, Liang-Ju
Lin, Ching-Yang
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/729419.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Wydział Matematyki, Informatyki i Ekonometrii
Tematy:
variational inequality
quasi-variatioal inequality
Ricceri's conjecture
Karamardian condition
Hausdorff continuous multifunction
Kneser's minimax inequality
Opis:
In this paper, we derive a general theorem concerning the quasi-variational inequality problem: find x̅ ∈ C and y̅ ∈ T(x̅) such that x̅ ∈ S(x̅) and
⟨y̅,z-x̅⟩ ≥ 0, ∀ z ∈ S(x̅),
where C,D are two closed convex subsets of a normed linear space X with dual X*, and $T:X → 2^{X*}$ and $S:C → 2^D$ are multifunctions. In fact, we extend the above to an existence result proposed by Ricceri [12] for the case where the multifunction T is required only to satisfy some general assumption without any continuity. Under a kind of Karmardian's condition, we give a partial affirmative answer to an unbounded quasi-variational inequality problem.
Źródło:
Discussiones Mathematicae, Differential Inclusions, Control and Optimization; 2007, 27, 2; 199-212
1509-9407
Pojawia się w:
Discussiones Mathematicae, Differential Inclusions, Control and Optimization
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Income gaps: Education and inequality
Autorzy:
Leone, Julián
Cascio, Jorge Lo
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1806937.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
Tematy:
education
inequality
human capital
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to analyze the employment-related real income gaps according to the education level reached by the working population during the 19972017 period. Using a panel methodology (pseudo-cohorts) it sums up that throughout recession, employment-related real income gaps by education level are wider, amplifying income inequality. During the economic boom the narrowing of the gap was due to the weak growth in skilled employment that did not manage to recover the pre-crisis values. This phenomenon is typical of a labour market structure with less skilled employment demand than its increasing supply. eTh employment-related diefrence in reduction of the real income gaps is exclusively reflected by a decline in employees from the highest education segment. The whole of tertiary education although with less intensity, replicates its trend. Not only educational credentials increase future employment-related income but also starting then not completing a university degree provides a significant disparity. Gender control shows a sharp drop in its determination.
Źródło:
Economics and Business Review; 2020, 6, 4; 27-50
2392-1641
Pojawia się w:
Economics and Business Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Estimating the parameter of inequality aversion on the basis of a parametric distribution of incomes
Autorzy:
Kot, Stanislaw Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22444415.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
income inequality
inequality aversion
estimation
income distribution
Opis:
Research background: In applied welfare economics, the constant relative inequality aversion function is routinely used as the model of a social decisionmaker?s or a society?s preferences over income distributions. This function is entirely determined by the parameter, ?, of inequality aversion. However, there is no authoritative answer to the question of what the range of ? an analyst should select for empirical work. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is elaborating the method of deriving ? from a parametric distribution of disposable incomes. Methods: We assume that households? disposable incomes obey the generalised beta distribution of the second kind GB2(a,b,p,q). We have proved that, under this assumption, the social welfare function exists if and only if ? belongs to (0,ap+1) interval. The midpoint ?mid of this interval specifies the inequality aversion of the median social-decisionmaker. Findings & Value added: The maximum likelihood estimator of ?mid has been developed. Inequality aversion for Poland 1998?2015 has been estimated. If inequality is calculated on the basis of disposable incomes, the standard inequality?development relationship might be complemented by inequality aversion. The ?augmented? inequality?development relationship reveals new phenomena; for instance, the stage of economic development might matter when assessing the impact of inequality aversion on income inequality.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2020, 15, 3; 391-417
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Spatial wage inequality and its sectoral determinants: the case of modern Russia
Autorzy:
Malkina, Marina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/19090894.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
regional average wage
spatial inequality
sectoral structure of economy
decomposition of inequality
convergence
Opis:
Research background: We assume that the dynamics of spatial wage inequality can be caused by both shifts in the sectoral structures of regional economies and changes in inter-sectoral and intra-sectoral (inter-regional) wage inequality. Purpose of the article: The paper is aimed at analysis of the sectoral factors influenced the spatial wage inequality in Russia in 2005-2014. Methods: The employment-weighted Gini coefficient was applied for assessment of spatial wage inequality; the modified Lerman-Yitzhaki technique allowed to decompose it by main economic activities and their determinants; the mixed methods of factor analysis was used to evaluate the contribution of sectoral determinants to regional wage convergence in Russia. Findings & Value added: We found a weak and inconsistent convergence of Russian regions in average wage over the period under review and explained it by the opposing forces in the main economic activities. The spatial convergence was basically created by mining, manufacturing, agriculture, construction, and transport and communications activities, while wholesale and retail trade, financial intermediation and real estate operations counteracted it. The convergence was mainly facilitated by a reduction in inter-sectoral differences in wages as well as by rapprochement of the employment structures in some economic activities of Russian regions. In the meanwhile, the migration of labor force from lower wage to higher wage activities negatively affected the smoothing regional differences. Ultimately, intra-sectoral wage inequality and wages correlation in various activities rather preserved inequality. The results are applicable in the management of spatial inequality both at the regional and national levels.
Źródło:
Oeconomia Copernicana; 2019, 10, 1; 69-87
2083-1277
Pojawia się w:
Oeconomia Copernicana
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Generalized Levinsons inequality and exponential convexity
Autorzy:
Pecaric, J.
Praljak, M.
Witkowski, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/255037.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
Levinson's inequality
exponential convexity
Opis:
We give a probabilistic version of Levinson's inequality under Mercer's assumption of equal variances for the family of 3-convex functions at a point. We also show that this is the largest family of continuous functions for which the inequality holds. New families of exponentially convex functions and related results are derived from the obtained inequality.
Źródło:
Opuscula Mathematica; 2015, 35, 3; 397-410
1232-9274
2300-6919
Pojawia się w:
Opuscula Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Spatial inequality in Jordan
Autorzy:
Al Sharafat, Ayman
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/522256.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Distribution
Jordan governorates (Muhafazat)
Regional inequality
Urban and rural areas
Opis:
Aim/purpose – The aim of this study is to examine the spatial inequality in Jordan, amongst Jordan’s rural and urban governorates (Muhafazat). Design/methodology/approach – This study describes and portrays comparisons between investigated administrative units in search of finding the governorates’ economic inequality. It is based on the official raw data of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) which were created by Jordan’s Department of Statistics (DoS) in 2013- 2014. It uses four indicators covering water, sewage, labour market and finance to present inequalities between rural and urban areas. In addition, it uses another four measures covering income and expenditure of the households and their members to find inequality among governorates. Findings – The results indicate that although there is generally a significant inequality between rural and urban areas in Jordan, there is much more substantial inequality among governorates; people in Amman are the richest and those in Tafiela, Mafraq, and Ma’an are the poorest. Research implications/limitations – Some development programs should be carried out to reduce the existing inequality to lead to the improvement of life quality of the rural areas and to support their infrastructure, as well as to provide economic opportunities. Economic decentralisation should be considered seriously, and the development programs for the governorates should be redefined. Originality/value/contribution – This is the first investigation into spatial differences in intergenerational mobility in Jordan and provides critical evidence in spatial inequality of economic outcomes and infrastructure available for Jordan.
Źródło:
Journal of Economics and Management; 2019, 36; 71-83
1732-1948
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Economics and Management
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On the empirics of violence, inequality, and income
Autorzy:
Riveros Gavilanes, John Michael
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2191600.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
violence
inequality
income
simultaneous
worldide
Opis:
Aim/purpose – This paper aims to examine with new empirical evidence the joint relationships between violence, income inequality, and real income per capita in a simultaneous equation framework using a worldwide sample at the country level. Design/methodology/approach – To examine the several simultaneous relationships between the variables, this study uses the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) and Three-Stage Least Squares (3SLS) with two-way fixed effects on a linear system of regression equations. The data used for analysis are sourced from the World Bank, the SWIID inequality database, and the Penn World Table. The final sample for the estimations includes 110 countries in the period between 1994 and 2019. Findings – Based on the estimations, the results confirm a strong positive relationship between violence and income inequality. Conversely, a negative but non-robust relationship exists between violence and real income per capita. Additionally, the findings show that human capital based on years of schooling plays a critical role in reducing both inequality and violence. Research implications/limitations – The negative relationship between income and violence is sensitive to the sample size. The institutional framework characterized by high levels of democracy does not ensure by itself a reduction in violence. The SUR model is limited to the endogeneity of the variables. Instruments selected for the 3SLS are based on previous lags of the endogenous variables, no external instruments were used. Data availability also compromises extending the estimations with a greater number of controls. Originality/value/contribution – This study considers the explicit joint simultaneous endogenous behavior of income inequality, violence, and real income in a worldwide sample, which contrasts most of the traditional individual-type analysis of previous studies with limited samples. Furthermore, it provides evidence of the importance of human capital and the existence of the non-robust relationships between income and violence.
Źródło:
Journal of Economics and Management; 2023, 45; 102-136
1732-1948
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Economics and Management
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mosers Inequality for a class of integral operators
Autorzy:
Holland, Finbarr
Walsh, David
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1289652.pdf
Data publikacji:
1995
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
Moser's Inequality
integral operator
distribution function
Opis:
Let 1 < p < ∞, q = p/(p-1) and for $f ∈ L^p(0,∞)$ define $F(x) = (1/x) ʃ_0^x f(t)dt$, x > 0. Moser's Inequality states that there is a constant $C_p$ such that $sup_{a≤1} sup_{f∈B_{p}} ʃ_{0}^{∞} exp[ax^{q}|F(x)|^{q} - x]dx= C_p$ where $B_p$ is the unit ball of $L^p$. Moreover, the value a = 1 is sharp. We observe that $F = K_1$ f where the integral operator $K_1$ has a simple kernel K. We consider the question of for what kernels K(t,x), 0 ≤ t, x < ∞, this result can be extended, and proceed to discuss this when K is non-negative and homogeneous of degree -1. A sufficient condition on K is found for the analogue of Moser's Inequality to hold. An internal constant ψ, the counterpart of the constant a, arises naturally. We give a condition on K that ψ be sharp. Some applications are discussed.
Źródło:
Studia Mathematica; 1995, 113, 2; 141-168
0039-3223
Pojawia się w:
Studia Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Inequality and politics in Brazil: Bolsa Familia and beyond
Autorzy:
Dowbor, Ladislau
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1806934.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Bolsa Familia
inclusion
inequality
Lula da Silva
Opis:
The Bolsa Familia program of money transfers to the roughly 50 million poor at the bottom of the pyramid is internationally known but its success was grounded in a much wider set of 149 programs constituting an integrated and inter-sector policy. With inequality presently soaring not only in Brazil but throughout the world the aim of this paper is to understand how inclusive and sustainable policies can work both for society and the economy and assess their performance in Brazil as an illustration of institutional change as a key approach. Equally essential is understanding the power of the global financial interests which generated the drama of 1 percent having more wealth than the other 99 percent. Both mechanisms, of inclusion and exclusion, are analyzed here, on the basis of the Brazilian experience.
Źródło:
Economics and Business Review; 2020, 6, 4; 7-26
2392-1641
Pojawia się w:
Economics and Business Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Income inequality in Israel between 2003 and 2014
Autorzy:
Tzarfati, Beny
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/692539.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
Tematy:
income inequality
distribution of income
Gini index
Israel
Opis:
Inequality in the distribution of income in the population is an important economic indicator. Today, economic inequality receives considerable attention due to the book of Thomas Piketty Capital in the 21st Century. The tremendous media coverage of the topic also attracted the attention of the world leaders. In many countries, the topic of inequality in income distribution was defined as a national challenge and was found at the top of the priorities of many important organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). These organizations treat income distribution as the top priority because they see the problem to be a threat to the continuation of the existence of the global economic system [Piketty and Qian 2009]. This paper aims to describe the distribution of income in Israel and provide solutions for a more equal distribution of income.
Źródło:
Research Papers in Economics and Finance; 2017, 2, 1; 19-25
2543-6430
Pojawia się w:
Research Papers in Economics and Finance
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The converse of the Hölder inequality and its generalizations
Autorzy:
Matkowski, Janusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1290537.pdf
Data publikacji:
1994
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
measure space
integrable step functions
conjugate functions
a converse of Hölder inequality
subadditive function
convex function
generalized Hölder-Minkowski inequality
Opis:
Let (Ω,Σ,μ) be a measure space with two sets A,B ∈ Σ such that 0 < μ (A) < 1 < μ (B) < ∞ and suppose that ϕ and ψ are arbitrary bijections of [0,∞) such that ϕ(0) = ψ(0) = 0. The main result says that if $ʃ_Ω xydμ ≤ ϕ^{-1} (\int_{Ω} ϕ∘x dμ) ψ^{-1} (\int_{Ω} ψ∘x dμ)$ for all μ-integrable nonnegative step functions x,y then ϕ and ψ must be conjugate power functions. If the measure space (Ω,Σ,μ) has one of the following properties: (a) μ (A) ≤ 1 for every A ∈ Σ of finite measure; (b) μ (A) ≥ 1 for every A ∈ Σ of positive measure, then there exist some broad classes of nonpower bijections ϕ and ψ such that the above inequality holds true. A general inequality which contains integral Hölder and Minkowski inequalities as very special cases is also given.
Źródło:
Studia Mathematica; 1994, 109, 2; 171-182
0039-3223
Pojawia się w:
Studia Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Taxation, Inequality, and Poverty: Evidence from Ukraine
Autorzy:
Markina, Oksana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1965130.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-01-27
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Ekonomicznych
Tematy:
fiscal policy
inequality
poverty
taxation
well-being
Gini coefficient
Ukraine
Opis:
The aim of the article is to assess the impact of taxes on poverty and inequality in Ukraine and provide recommendations on how taxation should be used to address problems of inequality and poverty. The research methodology is based on a combination of linear regression and commitment to equity (CEQ) methodology, which was designed by Lustig to analyse the impact of taxation and social spending on inequality and poverty in individual countries. The dataset consists of data from the World Inequality Data Base and data from State Statistic Service of Ukraine. The analysis shows that income tax reform in Ukraine should not take place in the context of changing tax rates and tax periods but in the context of shifting the tax burden from the poor to the rich and preventing aggressive tax planning. Also, the results of the analysis show that the Ukrainian government’s policy of reducing free education and health services may contribute to poverty if the government does not change its redistributive policies. The article contributes to the academic literature on the impact of taxation on poverty and inequality in developing countries. The practical results obtained in the paper are useful for developing countries’ governments to design poverty- and inequality-sensitive tax policies.
Źródło:
Central European Economic Journal; 2022, 9, 56; 1-18
2543-6821
Pojawia się w:
Central European Economic Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reverse and improved inequalities for operator monotone functions
Autorzy:
Dragomir, Sever
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2078966.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
Operator monotone functions
Lowner-Heinz inequality
logarithmic operator inequality
Opis:
In this paper we provide several refinements and reverse operator inequalities for operator monotone functions in Hilbert spaces. We also obtain refinements and a reverse of Lowner-Heinz celebrated inequality that holds in the case of power function.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio A – Mathematica; 2020, 74, 2; 19-29
0365-1029
2083-7402
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio A – Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Globalization, inequality and economic policy
Autorzy:
Broll, Udo
Kemnitz, Alexander
Mukherjee, Vivekananda
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/557702.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-03-22
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
Tematy:
globalization, inequality, marginalization, economic policy, public policy
Opis:
In our paper a very simple model is used to analyze the relationship between trade globalization, inequality and economic policy. Although the local government exclusively maximizes the welfare of the marginalized (unemployed) people, the inequality of relative consumption between employed and unemployed will increase with intensified trade liberalization. In contrast to this result the relative income inequality may fall in certain situations.
Źródło:
Economics and Business Review; 2019, 5 (19), 1; 3-11
2392-1641
Pojawia się w:
Economics and Business Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Inequality in Economics: The Concept, Perception, Types, and Driving Forces
Autorzy:
Jabłoński, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1810493.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-03-25
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
inequality
classification
mainstream economics
heterodox economics
Opis:
Purpose: The aim of the paper is to overview the research on inequalities in economics. The paper is based on mainstream and heterodox economic theories and approaches addressing inequality and its economic interdependence. Methodology: Due to its positive and normative nature, inequality is a complex concept that eludes precise definition. The available application of mainstream and heterodox approach to study inequality and its economic interdependence allows for the identification of various components of inequality. Classifications that fall within the mainstream economics especially reveal less numerous and often even different types of inequalities compared to heterodox approaches. Moreover, what determines within-country inequality is the number of driving forces related to the factual and regulatory sphere of an economy. Findings: This study does not exhaust the general debate over inequality in economics. The question remains about the state of research dedicated to the outcomes of inequality, for instance, perceived in its dynamic and historical perspective. Moreover, there emerges a need to overview the theoretical and empirical research dedicated to inequality in terms of not only its driving forces but also economic outcomes.
Źródło:
Central European Management Journal; 2019, 27(1); 17-43
2658-0845
2658-2430
Pojawia się w:
Central European Management Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Percepcja nierówności społecznych a rzeczywistość
Perception of Inequality and Objective Reality
Autorzy:
Malinowski, Grzegorz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/547499.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
nierówności dochodowe
percepcja nierówności
współczynnik Giniego
model środkowego wyborcy
income inequality
perception of inequality
Gini coefficient
Median Voter
Opis:
W tekście przedstawiona została analiza, której zasadniczą konkluzją jest stwierdzenie istnie-nia rozbieżności pomiędzy percepcją nierówności społecznych a ich obiektywnym poziomem. Wyprowadzenie takiej konkluzji staje się możliwe na gruncie porównania obiektywnych zmian w poziomie nierówności, których odzwierciedleniem są zmiany wartości współczynnika Giniego, z ich subiektywną oceną uzyskaną na podstawie ankietowych badań Eurobarometru. Przyczyn takiego rozdźwięku należy upatrywać w licznych czynnikach, ze szczególnym wskazaniem na utożsamienie nierówności z poziomem ubóstwa (dla osób ankietowanych subiektywny poziom ubóstwa jest najlepszym przybliżeniem poziomu nierówności), wpływ mitów oraz różnych ideolo-gii (pewne wartości obecne w kulturze przekładają się na percepcję określonych zjawisk) oraz konkretne uwarunkowania historyczne (dany fakt staje się obserwowalny dopiero w określonych uwarunkowaniach społeczno-polityczno-ekonomicznych). Zostaje także wysunięta teza, że niedo-skonała percepcja nierówności społecznych może mieć istotne znaczenie w dyskursie toczonym wokół zagadnienia wpływu nierówności społecznych na wzrost gospodarczy. Popularny bowiem model środkowego wyborcy, który wyjaśnia jeden z możliwych negatywnych kanałów wpływu nierówności na dynamikę wzrostu zakłada, że opinia publiczna poprawnie odczytuje zmiany za-chodzące w rzeczywistości społeczno-gospodarczej i na gruncie tych obserwacji wybiera określo-ne opcje polityczne w demokratycznych wyborach. Z kolei stwierdzenie istnienia niespójności pomiędzy percepcją nierówności społecznych a ich faktycznym stanem niejako przekreśla zasad-ność jednego z głównych założeń modelu.
In the article an analysis was presented according to which there is a discrepancy between the public perception of income inequality and its objective level. This sort of attempt is based on comparison between Gini coefficient value – common measure of inequality, and subjective opin-ions expressed in Eurobarometer’s social survey. There is a number of reasons for this state but the most fundamental are: identification of inequality level with the level of poverty (level of poverty is treated by the public as an approximation of inequality), the impact of myths, various ideologies and specific historical circumstances (for culture and political circumstances do matter for percep-tion of social issues). The author also puts forward a thesis, that an imperfect perception of ine-quality may be of vital importance in the discourse around the issue of the influence of income inequality on economic growth. It is because of the fact, that a popular Median Voter model, which explains how inequality may be harmful for economic performance assumes that public opinion correctly perceive the changes in socioeconomic reality. This very discrepancy between public perception of inequality and its objective level makes median voter model – hard to accept.
Źródło:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy; 2014, 38; 118-135
1898-5084
2658-0780
Pojawia się w:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An inequality for integrals
Autorzy:
Calderón, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1390105.pdf
Data publikacji:
1976
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Źródło:
Studia Mathematica; 1976, 57, 3; 275-277
0039-3223
Pojawia się w:
Studia Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Financial Inclusion, Growth and Inequality: A Model Application to Colombia
Autorzy:
Karpowicz, Izabela
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/565672.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
Financial deepening
financial inclusion
access to finance
inequality
Opis:
Financial inclusion has been one of the key pillars of Colombia’s development strategy for a number of years. Financial inclusion policies have aimed at channeling microcredit to poor, spreading formal banking system usage, fostering electronic payment acceptance, and making financial services more affordable. Using simulations from a general equilibrium model it is possible to identify the most binding financial sector frictions that preclude financial inclusion of enterprises, and study the effects on growth and inequality of efforts to remove these frictions. The study finds that lowering contraints on collateral promises higher growth while inequality is better tackled through measures that lower the financial participation cost
Źródło:
Journal of Banking and Financial Economics; 2016, 2(6); 68-89
2353-6845
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Banking and Financial Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dynamika nierówności w europejskiej przestrzeni
Inequality dynamism in european space
Autorzy:
Mau, Steffen
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1834343.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-05-14
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
nierówności społeczne
mobilność społeczna
europeizacja
elity
transmigranci
grupy transferowe
urynkowienie nierówności
social inequality
social mobility
Europeanization
elites
transmigrants
transfer groups
inequality marketization
Opis:
The article deals with the issue of an emerging European space of social inequality. It begins with a critical examination of prevalent and unquestioned views on national inequality and the tendency to ignore transnational inequality. The main section of the text identifies new groups that are part of the European inequality regime – among them European Union elites, transmigrants, and transfer groups – and new dimensions of structuration that can be attributed to the Europeanization process such as the marketization and regionalization of inequality. Based on this analysis, the article highlights possible shifts in social cleavages that may lead to a broader reconfiguration of societal conflict structures.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych; 2012, 40, 4; 41-68
0137-4176
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wzrost gospodarczy a optymalne zróżnicowanie dochodów w USA i Szwecji
Economic Growth and the Optimal Inequality of Income in the US and Sweden
Autorzy:
Pawlak, Witold
Sztaudynger, Jan Jacek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/964278.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008-05-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
income inequality
economic growth
optimal inequality
Opis:
Inequality of incomes is one of the significant factors forming the social capital. Two views dominate among economists dealing with the influence of inequality of income on economic growth. On the one hand, a too low inequality of income does not motivate people to increase the labour productivity. A low inequality of income might result from an extended social care system and overloading GDP with social transfers. A good example of it may be a situation when the unemployed refuses to accept a job offer and prefers the unemployment benefit rather to a slightly higher salary. Moreover, a lack of incentives for the employee who fails to acknowledge the economic sense of increasing the productivity of his work might lead to the slower growth of economy. On the other hand, a contrary view suggests that an increase of the inequality of income has a negative impact on the economy. The accumulation of wealth by a small number of citizens raises doubts about good use of that wealth for investments necessary for the growth of the economy. An excessive inequality of income is confronted with disapproval of the significant part of society and regarded as unfair and unjustified. It may also increase the crime level and decrease the trust and, more generally, lead to the weakening of social capital. The arguments above lead to a hypothesis that the influence of the inequality of income on the growth of the economy has a non-linear character. We confirmed this hypothesis in growth models of the US and Swedish economies. We assess the historically optimal inequality of income measured by the Gini coefficient at 46% and 24% for the US and Sweden respectively. The optimal inequality of income in Poland was assessed previously at 29%. The dissimilarities may result from the cultural differences, educational level differences, ethnic differences and differences in diligence.
Źródło:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym; 2008, 11, 1
1899-2226
2353-4869
Pojawia się w:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Spaces defined by the level function and their duals
Autorzy:
Sinnamon, Gord
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1290183.pdf
Data publikacji:
1994
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
function spaces
Hölder's inequality
Hardy's inequality
dual spaces
Opis:
The classical level function construction of Halperin and Lorentz is extended to Lebesgue spaces with general measures. The construction is also carried farther. In particular, the level function is considered as a monotone map on its natural domain, a superspace of $L^p$. These domains are shown to be Banach spaces which, although closely tied to $L^p$ spaces, are not reflexive. A related construction is given which characterizes their dual spaces.
Źródło:
Studia Mathematica; 1994, 111, 1; 19-52
0039-3223
Pojawia się w:
Studia Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polish inequality statistics reconsidered: are the poor really that poor?
Autorzy:
Szulc, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2108172.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-09-14
Wydawca:
Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Tematy:
inequality indices
household income imputation
income correlates
Opis:
In the present study income inequality in Poland is evaluated using corrected income data to provide more reliable estimates. According to most empirical studies based on household surveys and considering the European standards, the recent income inequality in Poland is moderate and decreased significantly after reaching its peaks during the first decade of the 21st century. These findings were challenged by Brzeziński et al. (2022), who placed Polish income inequality among the highest in Europe. Such a conclusion was possible when combining the household survey data with information on personal income tax. In the present study the above-mentioned findings are further explored using 2014 and 2015 data and employing additional corrections to the household survey incomes. Incomes of the poorest people are replaced by their predictions made on a large set of well-being correlates, using the hierarchical correlation reconstruction. Applying this method together with the corrections based on Brzeziński's et al. results reduces the 2014 and 2015 revised Gini indices, still keeping them above the values obtained with the use of the survey data only. It seems that the hierarchical correlation reconstruction offers more accurate proxies to the actual low incomes, while matching tax data provides better proxies to the top incomes.
Źródło:
Statistics in Transition new series; 2022, 23, 3; 79-94
1234-7655
Pojawia się w:
Statistics in Transition new series
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The atlas of inequality aversion: theory and empirical evidence on 55 countries from the Luxembourg Income Study database
Autorzy:
Kot, Stanisław Maciej
Paradowski, Piotr R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22443170.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
inequality aversion
Atkinson Index
income distribution
inequality
utility function
Opis:
Research background: In the distributive analysis, the constant relative inequality aversion utility function is a standard tool for ethical judgements of income distributions. The sole parameter ? of this function expresses a society?s aversion to inequality. However, the profession has not committed to the range of ?. When assessing inequality and other welfare characteristics, analysts assume an arbitrary level of ?, common to all countries and years. This assumption seems unjustified. Purpose of the article: This paper aims to estimate the parameter ? for each country and year individually using datasets from the Luxembourg Income Study Database in all available years, which dates back to the 1970s. Methods: We utilise the method of estimating ?, which assumes the generalised beta of the second kind distribution of incomes. The estimator of ? is derived from the mathematical condition of the existence of the social welfare function.  Findings & value added: We have elaborated an ?atlas? of  388 estimates of ? for 55 countries across time. Inequality aversion is country-year specific, with a minimum of 0.97 and a maximum of 3.8. Ninety per cent of all estimates are less than 2.5. Inequality aversion is negatively correlated with income inequality, but it is independent of economic development. Thus, inequality aversion appears as an additional dimension of the classical inequality-development relationship. This article contributes to solving a fundamental problem of Welfare Economics: directly measuring the social utility of income (welfare) function. The estimates of ? for 55 countries imply a complete knowledge of these countries' constant relative inequality aversion utility functions.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2022, 17, 2; 261-316
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Impact of outliers on inequality measures – a comparison between Polish Voivodeships
Autorzy:
Ostasiewicz, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/434056.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
inequality
outliers
Gini index
Theil index
Atkinson indexes
Opis:
It is known that outlying (large) incomes strongly influence the results of inequality measuring. Thus, there is a question how to deal with such observations. In this paper the rule of excluding observations based on (Q1 – 1.5Q; Q3 + 1.5Q) interval is investigated, for data from household budget survey in 2011, for Polish voivodeships. It is shown that although including more observations obviously changes the values of inequality measures, the relative values of them are surprisingly quite stable, with the rank correlation coefficient never over 0.9.
Źródło:
Śląski Przegląd Statystyczny; 2014, 12(18); 105-120
1644-6739
Pojawia się w:
Śląski Przegląd Statystyczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Gender Inequality and Female Sports Participation in Turkey
Autorzy:
Yenilmez, Meltem Ince
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1339504.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Tematy:
sports
women
female athletes
gender discrimination
wage inequality
media
Opis:
Research Questions: Discrimination remains a sore point for women in Turkish sports. This has subsequently hindered women from participating or building thriving careers in sports in Turkey. Many women are discouraged from taking part in professional sports due to the perceptions existing around such activities. Therefore, the Turkish female sports sector is growing at a very sluggish pace. The present study evaluates Turkish women's roles regarding connections between sports and politics to revolutionize the country. This assessment is vital to understand the barriers to Turkish women's sports participation and what can be done to encourage more women to invest in professional sports. Research Methods: The present study provides an in-depth view of the limiting factors hindering women from developing thriving professional Turkish sports careers. The research utilizes a semi-structured questionnaire to establish data from about 162 female participants (amateur and professional sportswomen) in different cities across the country. Results and Findings: The present study highlights that unequal salaries, unavailability of sports facilities for women, media misrepresentation, and pressures from the family, are some of the factors limiting the participation of females in Turkish sports. Inferences: The study provides insights on the vitality of sports programs and physical activities, everyone, including females. The study further emphasizes the need to create enabling environments that will foster female participation in Turkey's sports.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine; 2021, 33, 1; 27-41
2300-9705
2353-2807
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Does income inequality hamper human capital accumulation in OECD countries?
Autorzy:
Bartak, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/108295.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
generalized method of moments
human capital
income inequality
Opis:
The purpose of this article is to verify whether income inequality impedes the accumulation of human capital in OECD countries during the years of 1990–2010. The article reviews theoretical findings that suggest a negative impact of income dispersions on human capital, and subsequently, it presents estimations of a dynamic model of human capital accumulation. The results of the study reveal a negative and statistically significant relationship between income inequality and human capital inflow measured as student skills test scores.
Źródło:
Managerial Economics; 2017, 18, 2; 133-145
1898-1143
Pojawia się w:
Managerial Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Globalization and income inequality: a critical examination of the major economic and political challenges
Globalizacja i nierówności dochodowe
Autorzy:
Gwiazda, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/547724.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
globalization
globality
income inequality
growth
inequality crisis
globalizacja
globalność
nierówności dochodowe
wzrost
kryzys nierówności
Opis:
In this paper an attempt was made to present the nature of contemporary globalization and its impact on the income inequalities both between-countries and within selected countries. The analysed statistical data confirm the fact that progressing globalization creates new forms of inequality. Globalization does not benefit everyone. Some countries and social classes (groups of people) are more affected by that process and only a few are less affected. However due to the positive influence of globalization on high-growth rates in emerging countries that process has brought about a visible reduction of between-country inequality. Alas, the inequality dynamics in many countries has increased, where the richest people own much of the wealth and poor and middle-class people are becoming poorer. The rising concentration of wealth will only accelerate the inequality crisis and bring about the slow-down of economic growth with all its negative consequences.
Celem niniejszego artykułu było wykazanie czy i w jakim zakresie globalizacja wywiera znaczący wpływ na nierówności dochodowe pomiędzy różnymi grupami krajów jak również w obrębie poszczególnych krajów. Dostępne dane statystyczne potwierdzają pojawianie się nowych form nierówności. Globalizacja nie jest jednak procesem korzystnym dla wszystkich. Wywiera ona także różny wpływ na poszczególne grupy krajów i klasy społeczne. Globalizacja miała i ma nadal pozytywny wpływ na wzrost gospodarczy. Przyczynia się do zmniejszenia nierówności pomiędzy poszczególnymi krajami. Natomiast w ramach poszczególnych krajów nastąpił dalszy wzrost nierówności pomiędzy najbogatszymi i najbiedniejszymi oraz klasą średnią, która w skali globalnej najbardziej straciła na globalizacji. Dalsza koncentracja bogactwa w rękach nielicznej grupy ludzi najbogatszych zwiększy kryzys nierówności i przyczyni się do zahamowania wzrostu gospodarczego .
Źródło:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy; 2018, 55; 9-21
1898-5084
2658-0780
Pojawia się w:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analogy of Classical and Dynamic Inequalities Merging on Time Scales
Autorzy:
Sahir, Muhammad Jibril Shahab
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1818648.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Politechnika Rzeszowska im. Ignacego Łukasiewicza. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
time scales
Radon’s inequality
weighted power meaninequality
Hölder’s inequality
Nesbitt’s inequality
nierówność Radona
moc średnia
nierówność Höldera
nierówność Nesbitta
Opis:
In this paper, we present analogues of Radon’s inequality and Nesbitt’s inequality on time scales. Furthermore, we find refinements of some classical inequalities such as Bergström’s inequality, the weighted power mean inequality, Cauchy–Schwarz’s inequality and Hölder’s inequality. Our investigations unify and extend some continuous inequalities andtheir corresponding discrete analogues.
Źródło:
Journal of Mathematics and Applications; 2020, 43; 139--152
1733-6775
2300-9926
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Mathematics and Applications
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A note on Hölders inequality
Autorzy:
Jones, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1388504.pdf
Data publikacji:
1979
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Źródło:
Studia Mathematica; 1979, 64, 3; 273-278
0039-3223
Pojawia się w:
Studia Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On a generalized Carleson inequality
Autorzy:
Deng, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1388948.pdf
Data publikacji:
1984
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Źródło:
Studia Mathematica; 1984, 78, 3; 245-251
0039-3223
Pojawia się w:
Studia Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Jensen and Ostrowski type inequalities for general Lebesgue integral with applications
Autorzy:
Dragomir, Sever
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/747184.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
Ostrowski’s inequality
Jensen’s inequality
f-divergence measures
Opis:
Some inequalities related to Jensen and Ostrowski inequalities for general Lebesgue integral are obtained. Applications for f-divergence measure are provided as well.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio A – Mathematica; 2016, 70, 2
0365-1029
2083-7402
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio A – Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Financial development and income inequality
Autorzy:
Weychert, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1356392.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-10-03
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Ekonomicznych
Tematy:
income inequality
financial development
access to finance
financial depth
financial stability
efficiency of financial sector
Opis:
This paper analyses the influence of financial development on income inequality. Throughout this work, one may find the overview of theoretical and empirical literature as well as the empirical model using fixed panel data method. This research paper tries to disentangle the opposing views on the relationship between finance and income distribution, by evaluating the impact of the different dimensions of financial development on the level of income inequality. The important added value of this research is the usage of quintiles of income distribution as a dependent variable that may help to recognise the effect of financial development on the poorest and richest. Another novelty of the paper is the consideration of the effects of financial variables on Gini coefficient in the long and short run. The main results of the analysis using dataset from 2003 to 2014 indicate that financial access decreases income inequality.
Źródło:
Central European Economic Journal; 2020, 7, 54; 84 - 100
2543-6821
Pojawia się w:
Central European Economic Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Power generalization of Chebyshev’s inequality – multivariate case
Autorzy:
Budny, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193069.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-08-30
Wydawca:
Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Tematy:
multivariate Chebyshev’s inequality
Mahalanobis distance
multivariate normal distribution
multivariate t distribution
Opis:
In the paper some multivariate power generalizations of Chebyshev’s inequality and their improvements will be presented with extension to a random vector with singular covariance matrix. Moreover, for these generalizations, the cases of the multivariate normal and the multivariate t distributions will be considered. Additionally, some financial application will be presented.
Źródło:
Statistics in Transition new series; 2019, 20, 3; 155-170
1234-7655
Pojawia się w:
Statistics in Transition new series
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polityka społeczna a polityka symboliczna. Związki między nierównością a niesprawiedliwością
Social Policy and Symbolic Politics. The Links Between Inequality and Injustice
Autorzy:
Miś, Lucjan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/587730.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Nierówności społeczne
Nierówności społeczno-gospodarcze
Polityka społeczna
Social inequality
Social policy
Social-economics inequality
Opis:
Social justice has been the most widely recognized value among the Poles. They also declare their commitment to egalitarianism. Studies show, however, that there is a growing income inequalities among Polish people. Other researches also show that the increase in income inequality is accompanied with more frequent and more severe punishment. Poland is a country with one of the highest ratio of imprisonment in the European Union. In addition, there is over 30 thousand people convicted by law courts who are not in prisons. Current punishment policy is an unsuccessful response to the growing income inequality in Polish society.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2014, 179; 9-20
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Conjugate functions, lp-norm like functionals, the generalized Hölder inequality, Minkowski inequality and subhomogeneity
Autorzy:
Matkowski, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/255030.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
Lp-norm like functional
homogeneity
subhomogeneity
subadditivity
Minkowski inequality
Hölder inequality
converses
generalization of the Minkowski and Hölder inequalities
conjugate functions
complementary functions
Young conjugate functions
convex function
geometrically convex function
Wright convex function
functional equation
Opis:
For h : (0,∞) → R, the function h* (t) := th( 1/t ) is called (*)-conjugate to h. This conjugacy is related to the Hölder and Minkowski inequalities. Several properties of (*)-conjugacy are proved. If φ and φ* are bijections of (0,∞) then [formula]. Under some natural rate of growth conditions at 0 and ∞, if φ is increasing, convex, geometrically convex, then [formula] has the same properties. We show that the Young conjugate functions do not have this property. For a measure space (Ω,Σ,μ) denote by S = (Ω,Σ,μ) the space of all μ-integrable simple functions x : Ω → R, Given a bijection φ : (0,∞) → (0,∞) define [formula] by [formula] where Ω(x) is the support of x. Applying some properties of the (*) operation, we prove that if ƒ xy ≤ Pφ(x)Pψ (y) where [formula] and [formula] are conjugate, then φ and ψ are conjugate power functions. The existence of nonpower bijections φ and ψ with conjugate inverse functions [formula] such that Pφ and Pψ are subadditive and subhomogeneous is considered.
Źródło:
Opuscula Mathematica; 2014, 34, 3; 523-560
1232-9274
2300-6919
Pojawia się w:
Opuscula Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ESTIMATING INEQUALITY AVERSION FROM SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENTS OF THE JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCES IN WELFARE
Autorzy:
Kot, Stanislaw Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517250.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
inequality
aversion
income
utility estimation
Opis:
Research background: In Economics, the concept of inequality aversion corresponds with the concept of risk aversion in the literature on making decision under uncertainty. The risk aversion is estimated on the basis of subjective reactions of people to various lottery prospects. In Economics, however, an efficient method of estimating inequality aversion has not been developed yet. Purpose of the article: The main aim of this paper is to develop the method of estimating inequality aversion. Methods: The method is based on two income thresholds which are subjectively assessed by surveyed respondents. Given the level of household income, just noticeable worsening of household welfare is perceived below the first threshold, whereas just noticeable improvement of household welfare is perceived above the second threshold. The thresholds make possible effective calculations of the parameter of the Arrow-Pratt’s constant inequality aversion utility function. In this way, an individual utility of income becomes an empirically observable economic phenomenon. Findings & Value added: In this paper, two theorems are proved which provide the guidance on how to identify a proper version of the above function. The proposed method is tested on the basis of statistical data from the archival survey conducted among Polish households in 1999. The statistical analysis of those data reveals the appearance of convex utility functions as well as concave ones. Nevertheless, the prevailing part of the Polish society exhibited inequality aversion in the year 1999. Another result of this paper is that inequality aversion diminishes as income increases.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2017, 12, 1; 123-146
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Inequality for Polynomials with Prescribed Zeros
Autorzy:
Jain, Vinay Kumar
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1818654.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Politechnika Rzeszowska im. Ignacego Łukasiewicza. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
inequality
polynomial with prescribed zeros
generalization
nierówność
wielomian z określonymi zerami
uogólnienie
Opis:
For a polynomial p(z) of degree n with a zero at $\beta$, of order at least $k(\geq 1)$, it is known that \[ \int_{0}^{2 \pi}\left|\frac{p\left(e^{i \theta}\right)}{\left(e^{i \theta}-\beta\right)^{k}}\right|^{2} d \theta \leq\left\{\prod_{j=1}^{k}\left(1+|\beta|^{2}-2|\beta| \cos \frac{\pi}{n+2-j}\right)\right\} \int_{0}^{2 \pi}\left|p\left(e^{i \theta}\right)\right|^{2} d \theta \] By considering polynomial p(z) of degree n in the form $p(z) = (z-\beta_{1})(z-\beta_{2}) ... (z-\beta_{k})q(z), k \geq \text{ and } q(z)$, a polynomial of degree $n - k$, with \[ S = \{\gamma_{l_{1}}\gamma_{l_{2}} \ldots \gamma_{l_{k}} : \gamma_{l_{1}}\gamma_{l_{2}} \ldots \gamma_{l_{k}} \text{ is a permutation of } k \text{ objects} \] \[ \beta_{1},\beta_{2}, \ldots, \beta_{k} \text{ taken all at a time} \} \] we have obtained \[ \begin{aligned} &\int_{0}^{2 \pi} \left|\frac{p\left(e^{i \theta}\right)}{\left(e^{i \theta}-\beta_{1}\right)\left(e^{i \theta}-\beta_{2}\right) \ldots \left(e^{i \theta}-\beta_{k}\right)}\right|^{2} d \theta\\ &\left.\leq\left[\min _{\gamma_{l_{1}} \gamma_{l_{2} \ldots} \gamma_{l_{k}} \in S}\left\{\prod_{j=1}^{k}\left(1+\left|\gamma_{l_{j}}\right|^{2}-2\left|\gamma_{l_{j}}\right| \cos \frac{\pi}{n+2-j}\right)\right.\right\}^{-1}\right] \int_{0}^{2 \pi}\left|p\left(e^{i \theta}\right)\right|^{2} d \theta \text {, } \end{aligned} \] a generalization of the known result.
Źródło:
Journal of Mathematics and Applications; 2020, 43; 81--85
1733-6775
2300-9926
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Mathematics and Applications
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Simulation Analysis of the Effects of Increased Foreign Ownership on Wage Inequality
Autorzy:
Zulfiu Alili, Merita
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1036337.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Academicus. International Scientific Journal publishing house
Tematy:
simulation analysis
foreign ownership
wage inequality
Opis:
Transition countries have, in general, experienced an increase in labour market inequality during and after the initial transition period. Theory and empirical studies analysing the causes and mechanisms of increasing inequality in transition economies identify globalisation, skilled-biased technological change, differences in access to schooling, the pattern and level of unemployment and institutions as important factors. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has increased significantly in transition economies during the transition period and has been considered to be an important channel for the diffusion of new technology, managerial skills and new knowledge. As a result of technological and management expertise FDI may raise the level of wages in the host economies, improve working conditions and increase employment, though little previous research has focused on these effects in transition economies. Using the GINI coefficient as the measure of wage inequality a simulation analysis indicates that the net effects of FDI on wage inequality will depend in part on country specific factors, namely how large are the differences in skilled and unskilled wages, the skill-intensity of employment in foreign-owned firms compared to domestic ones and the relative size of the foreign-owned sector.
Źródło:
Academicus International Scientific Journal; 2014, 09; 140-158
2079-3715
2309-1088
Pojawia się w:
Academicus International Scientific Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Government social spending in the EU countries: efficiency in poverty and income inequality reduction
Autorzy:
Cyrek, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22446410.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
government expenditure
poverty
inequality
efficiency
Opis:
Research background: Income inequality and poverty attract a lot of attention among politicians, activists as well as scientists, who are trying to find a solution to these socio-economic problems. State intervention is commonly expected in this field, however, there is no agreement about the most efficient methods and instruments, as well as about the scale of public expenditure for the purpose of limiting poverty and inequality. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to specify efficiency of government social spending in reducing problems of poverty and income inequality in the EU countries. Moreover, the attention is paid to changes in the efficiency in a period of the 2007 crisis occurrence and its overcoming and to sources of the changes. Methods: To fulfill the main goal of the paper, the DEA method is used, which enables to compare the social efficiency of the EU countries. The Malmquist index is also calculated and decomposed to identify changes in the efficiency and their sources in the crisis period. Data used in the analyses were obtained from Eurostat and OECD databases and cover the period from 2007 to 2016 year. Findings & Value added: The main findings of the paper shed some light on the differences in social efficiency of government spending in the EU countries. Generally, the countries with a higher level of social spending are also those with lower efficiency in inequality reduction, however, the relationship doesn?t appear for poverty alleviation. Thus, the research suggests some substitution between the scale and the efficiency of social spending, at least for the inequality dimension. Moreover, some differences in a social model can be found between the countries of the  South and of the North: the countries of the South focus their social policy mainly on inequality reduction, while the Scandinavian countries as well as some other affluent societies direct their public support mainly on poverty alleviation. The research also shows that in the crisis period decreases in efficiency concerned mainly the poverty dimension. It reflects the fact that the poor were the losers of the crisis in favor of the middle classes. The efficiency losses were induced by negative changes in the current usage of public sources, while institutional reforms positively influenced the efficiency.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2019, 14, 3; 405-424
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ZAGREGOWANA MOBILNOŚĆ A POZIOM NIERÓWNOŚCI PŁACOWYCH
AGGREGATED MOBILITY VS. WAGE INEQUALITY
Autorzy:
FlisikowskI, Karol
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/453606.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Katedra Ekonometrii i Statystyki
Tematy:
mobilność
nierówności
zagregowana mobilność
nierówności płac
miary mobilności
mobilność sektorowa
mobility
wage mobility
wage inequality
inequality
general mobility
measures of mobility
intersectoral mobility
Opis:
Praca przedstawia rozważania nad zależnością między poziomem nierówności płacowych a uogólnioną, zagregowaną mobilnością płac. Większość analiz prowadzonych w tym zakresie bazuje na twierdzeniu Friedmana (1962), iż wśród dwóch społeczeństw z jednakowymi rozkładami dochodów, to właśnie kraj z najwyższym poziomem mobilności jest najbardziej egalitarny. Badania nad ogólnym pojęciem nierówności i ich wpływem na mobilność prowadzili między innymi: Burkhauser (1997), Buchinsky, Hunt (1999), Dickens (2000), Cardoso (2006). Bardzo ciekawe analizy w ostatnich latach w tym zakresie przeprowadzili również Kopczuk, Saez, Song (2010). Na podstawie indywidualnych danych sięgających 1937 roku (USA) przedstawili oni kompleksowe badania wpływu nierówności na poziom mobilności płacowych. Nierówność rocznych płac układała się w kształcie krzywej „U”, opadając gwałtownie w 1953 roku, następnie przechylając się ku górze. Krótkoterminowe wskaźniki mobilności natomiast otrzymano na niskich poziomach. Nawiązując do samej struktury płac, ruchliwość w górnych partiach rozkładu okazała się bardzo stabilna (nie wykazano znaczących wahań od lat 70-tych XX wieku). Badania nad zależnością mobilność płac – nierówności i teorie krzywej o kształcie litery „U” stały się niezwykle popularne także w ostatnich latach. Niniejsza praca weryfikuje dotychczas przeprowadzone badania w tym zakresie, a także wprowadza element nowości – mobilność mierzona jest na wysoce zagregowanych danych, na poziomie sektorów gospodarki.
The paper presents a discussion on the relationship between the level of wage inequality and generalized, aggregate wage mobility. The idea is based on the Friedman’s (1962) hypothesis, that among the two populations with equal distributions of income, the country with the highest level of mobility is more egalitarian. Studies on the general concept of inequalities and their impact on mobility performed among others: Burkhauser (1997), Buchinsky, Hunt (1999), Dickens (2000), Cardoso (2006). Very interesting analysis in recent years on this issue is done by Kopczuk, Saez, Song (2010). On the basis of individual data spanning 1937 (in the U.S.) they presented a comprehensive study on the impact of inequality on the level of wage mobility. Inequality of annual wage took a shape of the "U" - curve, dropping sharply in 1953, then tilting upwards. Referring to the pay structure, motility in the upper distribution has proved to be very stable (no significant fluctuations in the 70s of the twentieth century). Research on the relationship of wage mobility - inequality and theories of the "U" - curve have become extremely popular in recent years. This paper tries to verify research in this area with the use of the new approach - mobility measured with the highly aggregated data (intersectoral mobility).
Źródło:
Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych; 2014, 15, 3; 42-52
2082-792X
Pojawia się w:
Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analiza nierówności rezydualnej gradientowej termomechaniki
Analysis of residual inequality in the gradient thermomechanics
Autorzy:
Kubik, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/131674.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Komisja Inżynierii Budowlanej PAN Oddział w Katowicach
Tematy:
termomechanika gradientowa
nierówność rezydualna
gradient thermomechanics
residual inequality
Opis:
In the work properties of the residual inequality of gradient thermomechanics are analysed. As a basic result of the considerations limitations of stability for the thermomechanical processes and for its evolution to the states of equilibrium are obtained using the methods of calculs of variations.
Źródło:
Roczniki Inżynierii Budowlanej; 2015, 15; 67-71
1505-8425
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Inżynierii Budowlanej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Income inequality as part of new economic and social conditions of business
Autorzy:
Kuzmišinová, Viera
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2135332.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Studiów Międzynarodowych i Edukacji Humanum
Tematy:
income inequality
causes
consequences
economic and social business conditions
Opis:
The allocation of revenues / incomes is a key factor in the functioning of every socio economic system. Problem, even considerable risk of significant property and the income inequality lies in the fact that this would mortify capital and does not get into the economic cycle. Dangerous is that income inequality is understood (forces to be accepted) as a static and necessarily acceptable phenomenon of the current socio-economic system. The deepening income inequality is the cause of many negative issues of the contemporary world. World inequality (growing disparity in capital and labour income) obtains enormous proportions and has a growing trend, thereby it increases the volume and strength of its negative consequences, such as: economically unjustified concentration of capital and assets in the hands of individual layers of society, economically unjustifiable and unsustainable dis- parity between wealth growth and deepening inequality of its distribution, disregard for the principles of merit and non-discrimination within the manner and form of distribution and redistribution in society, narrowing the space for the recovery of capital surplus, increasingly deformed structure of production and consumption, unprecedented expansion of the financial sector; virtual demand generated by the expanding financial sector , excessive production capacities, increase of regional disparities, increasing economic and political power of TNK, increase of deficit of public finance; shifting of state costs to the citizens (health, education, social care, etc.), permanent income freezing of the majority of the population, growth in the number of people in poverty, escape of firms from paying social and fiscal payables, insufficient effective demand at real economy, corruption, excessive growth of government and household indebtedness, unemployment, inadequate position of people at the labour market, devastation of the environment, the decline of moral and value orientation in people's behaviour and in the functioning of society, decline of the birth rate, aging of population, social, economic and political instability, susceptibility of the society to social and economic shocks, etc. These facts also represent new economic and social conditions for business.
Źródło:
Humanum. Międzynarodowe Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne; 2013, 2(11); 139-149
1898-8431
Pojawia się w:
Humanum. Międzynarodowe Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The effect of microfinance on income inequality: Perspective of developing countries
Autorzy:
Mahmoud Ali, Israa Ali
Ghoneim, Hebatallah
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/522284.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Developing countries
Income inequality
Microcredit
Microfinance
Opis:
Aim/purpose – Studying the impact of microfinance on income inequality from a macro- -economic perspective. Design/methodology/approach – Cross-sectional regression analysis is used to measure the effect of microfinance on the Gini index in a sample of 30 developing countries from across Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Europe. A set of control variables are added to the model including: inflation, educational attainment, democracy, population growth, percentage of arable land to strengthen the model’s reliability. Findings – Results indicate that neither a positive nor a negative impact of microfinance on Gini index could be significantly proved for the sample countries. Research implications/limitations – Due to lack of data availability, research is conducted on a small sample of 30 countries. Therefore, to obtain more generalisable results, it is recommended for future research to use a larger sample. Originality/value/contribution – Microfinance is becoming a focal issue in alleviating poverty and inequality, and this paper’s main contribution is that it explores this matter from a macro-economic perspective by looking at the holistic impact of microcredit on a sample of developing countries. Hence, the paper provides further investigation and suggestions for a better implementation of microfinance policies.
Źródło:
Journal of Economics and Management; 2019, 35; 40-62
1732-1948
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Economics and Management
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Income inequality as part of new economic and social conditions of business
Autorzy:
Kuzmišinová, Viera
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2156929.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Studiów Międzynarodowych i Edukacji Humanum
Tematy:
income inequality
causes
consequences
economic and social business conditions
Źródło:
Społeczeństwo i Edukacja. Międzynarodowe Studia Humanistyczne; 2013, 2(12); 417-429
1898-0171
Pojawia się w:
Społeczeństwo i Edukacja. Międzynarodowe Studia Humanistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A generalized Kahane-Khinchin inequality
Autorzy:
Favorov, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1218255.pdf
Data publikacji:
1998
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Opis:
The inequality $\int log |\sum a_n e^{2πiφ_n}|dφ_1…dφ_n ≥ C log(\sum|a_n|^2)^{1//2}$ with an absolute constant C, and similar ones, are extended to the case of $a_n$ belonging to an arbitrary normed space X and an arbitrary compact group of unitary operators on X instead of the operators of multiplication by $e^{2πiφ}$.
Źródło:
Studia Mathematica; 1998, 130, 2; 101-107
0039-3223
Pojawia się w:
Studia Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An extension of Chebyshevs inequality
Autorzy:
Sarkadi, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/742729.pdf
Data publikacji:
1969
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Źródło:
Applicationes Mathematicae; 1969, 10, 1; 143-153
1233-7234
Pojawia się w:
Applicationes Mathematicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Economic Growth and Tax Inequality in Japan: Evidence from World War I
Autorzy:
Revelant, Andrea
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/599769.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
Tematy:
modern Japan
tax burden
inequality
rural/urban gap
Opis:
Tax systems are useful indicators of the economic and political conditions which concur to shape them. With respect to developing countries, an analysis of the tax burden can help to understand how the process of modernization is sustained through fiscal extraction from different social classes and productive sectors. This paper presents statistical evidence on the distribution of taxes in Japan around the time of World War I, which was a pivotal moment for both economic growth and political change. Sources indicate that government officials had a clear perception of inequality and its structural causes; the surveys examined here can therefore be considered a starting point for reform of the tax system, as discussed in the next twenty years.
Źródło:
Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia; 2014, 27; 131-149
0860-6102
Pojawia się w:
Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Variance upper bounds and a probability inequality for discrete α-unimodality
Autorzy:
Ageel, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1208132.pdf
Data publikacji:
2000
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
probability inequality
variance
upper and lower bounds
discrete unimodality
Opis:
Variance upper bounds for discrete α-unimodal distributions defined on a finite support are established. These bounds depend on the support and the unimodality index α. They increase as the unimodality index α increases. More information about the underlying distributions yields tighter upper bounds for the variance. A parameter-free Bernstein-type upper bound is derived for the probability that the sum S of n independent and identically distributed discrete α-unimodal random variables exceeds its mean E(S) by a positive value nt. The bound for P{S-nμ ≥ nt} depends on the range of the summands, the sample size n, the unimodality index α and the positive number t.
Źródło:
Applicationes Mathematicae; 2000, 27, 4; 403-410
1233-7234
Pojawia się w:
Applicationes Mathematicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Note on Weyls inequality
Autorzy:
Birch, B.
Davenport, H
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1394475.pdf
Data publikacji:
1962
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Źródło:
Acta Arithmetica; 1961-1962, 7, 3; 273-277
0065-1036
Pojawia się w:
Acta Arithmetica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Monopol a nierówności
Monopoly and Inequality
Autorzy:
Raczyński, Mirosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/574770.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003-01-25
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. Kolegium Analiz Ekonomicznych
Opis:
The article is devoted to an analysis of two aspects addressed in the title: monopoly control in the economy, being source of losses due to non-optimal allocation of resources and social costs on account of growing inequality of income distribution, as well as monopoly control in politics, resulting in control over state institutions exercised by narrow pressure groups, at the expense of interests of the rest of the society. The author proves that unfavourable socio-economic developments in Poland are not the consequence of marketisation of the Polish economy but they result from underdevelopment of the market taken as free competition in all areas of social life. This underdevelopment is caused by excessive and improper state intervention hampering the expansion of institutions indispensable for effective functioning of the market, in order to redistribute incomes to the benefit of narrow interest groups at the expense of the rest of the society. Monopolies in the economic sphere in Poland are a function of monopoly in the political sphere, representing interests of groups holding control over state authority institutions. That system generates huge social losses reflected in a slowdown of economic growth and in mounting social inequalities which may endanger the State’s stability.
Źródło:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics; 2003, 181, 1-2; 1-11
2300-5238
Pojawia się w:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sharing the Growth Dividend: Analysis of Inequality in Asia
Autorzy:
Jain-Chandra, Sonali
Kinda, Tidiane
Kochhar, Kalpana
Piao, Shi
Schauer, Johanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2042921.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-09-04
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
Inequality
Gini coefficient
Asia
Opis:
This paper focusses on income inequality in Asia, its drivers and policies to combat it. It finds that income inequality has risen in most of Asia, in contrast to many other regions. While in the past, rapid growth in Asia has come with equitable distribution of the gains, more recently fastgrowing Asian economies have been unable to replicate the “growth with equity” miracle. There is a growing consensus that high levels of inequality can hamper the pace and sustainability of growth. The paper argues that policies could have a substantial effect on reversing the trend of rising inequality. It is imperative to address inequality of opportunities, in particular to broaden access to education, health, and financial services. Also, fiscal policy could combat rising inequality, including by expanding and broadening the coverage of social spending, improving tax progressivity, and boosting compliance. Further efforts to promote financial inclusion, while maintaining financial stability, can help.
Źródło:
Journal of Banking and Financial Economics; 2019, 2(12); 5-28
2353-6845
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Banking and Financial Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nierówności społeczne a konkurencyjność gospodarki
Social Inequality and Competitiveness of Economy
Autorzy:
Tusińska, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/586061.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Gospodarka
Konkurencyjność gospodarki
Nierówności społeczne
Economy
Economy competitiveness
Social inequality
Opis:
The hypothesis of this paper is that there is a link between the degree of income inequality and the competitiveness of the economy. Results highlight that various causal mechanisms may operate in both directions. It means that sometimes equality is positively correlated with the competitiveness (i.e. with trust and development of with social capital) and in some cases inequality may be positively correlated with productivity or innovativeness. It depends (among many things) on the scale of inequality and the mentality of the given society.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2014, 176; 65-75
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Robust neural networks control of omni-mecanum wheeled robot with Hamilton-Jacobi inequality
Autorzy:
Hendzel, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/280641.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Mechaniki Teoretycznej i Stosowanej
Tematy:
mechatronics
mobile robot
mecanum wheels
Hamilton-Jacobi inequality
Opis:
This paper presents a novel approach to the problem of controlling mechanical objects of unspecified description, considering variable operating conditions. The controlled object is a mobile robot with mecanum wheels (MRK M). To solve the control task, taking into account compensation for nonlinearity and the object variable operating conditions, the Lyapunov stability theory is applied, including the Hamilton-Jacobi (HJ) inequality. A neural network with basic sigmoid functions is used to compensate for the nonlinearity and variable operating conditions of the robot. A simulation example is provided in order to evaluate the analytical considerations. The simulation results obtained confirmed high accuracy of the predicted robot motion in variable operating conditions.
Źródło:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics; 2018, 56, 4; 1193-1204
1429-2955
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Generalized perturbed Ostrowski-type inequalities
Autorzy:
Bohner, Martin
Khan, Asif
Khan, Maria
Mehmood, Faraz
Shaikh, Muhammad Awais
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2078949.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
Ostrowski’s inequality
perturbed inequality
twice differentiable
Opis:
In this paper, we present new perturbed inequalities of Ostrowski-type, for twice differentiable functions with absolutely continuous first derivative and second-order derivative in some \(L^p\)-space for \(1\leq p\leq \infty\).
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio A – Mathematica; 2021, 75, 2; 13-29
0365-1029
2083-7402
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio A – Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Convex-like inequality, homogeneity, subadditivity, and a characterization of $L^p$-norm
Autorzy:
Matkowski, Janusz
Pycia, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1311612.pdf
Data publikacji:
1995
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
functional inequality
subadditive functions
homogeneous functions
Banach functionals
convex functions
linear space
cones
measure space
integrable step functions
$L^p$-norm
Minkowski's inequality
Opis:
Let a and b be fixed real numbers such that 0 < min{a,b} < 1 < a + b. We prove that every function f:(0,∞) → ℝ satisfying f(as + bt) ≤ af(s) + bf(t), s,t > 0, and such that $limsup_{t → 0+} f(t) ≤ 0$ must be of the form f(t) = f(1)t, t > 0. This improves an earlier result in [5] where, in particular, f is assumed to be nonnegative. Some generalizations for functions defined on cones in linear spaces are given. We apply these results to give a new characterization of the $L^p$-norm.
Źródło:
Annales Polonici Mathematici; 1994-1995, 60, 3; 221-230
0066-2216
Pojawia się w:
Annales Polonici Mathematici
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Markov inequality on the graph of holomorphic function
Autorzy:
Beberok, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/93130.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Tarnowie
Tematy:
Markov inequality
graph of holomorphic function
pluripolar set
Nierówność Markowa
wykres funkcji holomorficznej
zestaw pluripolarny
Opis:
The purpose of this paper is to show that the Markov inequality does not hold on the graph of holomorphic function.
Źródło:
Science, Technology and Innovation; 2017, 1, 1; 58-64
2544-9125
Pojawia się w:
Science, Technology and Innovation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A sharp companion of Ostrowski’s inequality for the Riemann–Stieltjes integral and applications
Autorzy:
Alomari, Mohammad W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/744691.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-12-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
Tematy:
Ostrowski’s inequality
Quadrature formula
Riemann-Stieltjes integral
Opis:
A sharp companion of Ostrowski’s inequality for the Riemann-Stieltjes integral [...] ∫abf(t) du(t) $\int_a^b {f(t)\;du(t)} $ , where f is assumed to be of r-H-Hölder type on [a, b] and u is of bounded variation on [a, b], is proved. Applications to the approximation problem of the Riemann-Stieltjes integral in terms of Riemann-Stieltjes sums are also pointed out.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Mathematica; 2016, 15
2300-133X
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A note on the Ehrhard inequality
Autorzy:
Latała, Rafał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1287704.pdf
Data publikacji:
1996
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Opis:
We prove that for λ ∈ [0,1] and A, B two Borel sets in $ℝ^n$ with A convex, $Φ^{-1}(γ_n(λA + (1-λ)B)) ≥ λΦ^{-1}(γ_n(A)) + (1-λ)Φ^{-1}(γ_n(B))$, where $γ_n$ is the canonical gaussian measure in $ℝ^n$ and $Φ^{-1}$ is the inverse of the gaussian distribution function.
Źródło:
Studia Mathematica; 1996, 118, 2; 169-174
0039-3223
Pojawia się w:
Studia Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Additive inequalities for weighted harmonic and arithmetic operator means
Autorzy:
Dragomir, Sever
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1395937.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
Young’s inequality
convex functions
arithmetic meanharmonic mean inequality
operator means
operator inequalities
Opis:
In this paper we establish some new upper and lower bounds for the difference between the weighted arithmetic and harmonic operator means under various assumptions for the positive invertible operators A, B. Some applications when A, B are bounded above and below by positive constants are given as well.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio A – Mathematica; 2019, 73, 1
0365-1029
2083-7402
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio A – Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Inequality measures
Mierniki nierówności
Autorzy:
Jabłoński, Ł.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/98520.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna im. Jarosława Dąbrowskiego
Tematy:
inequality measures
Lorenz curve
generalized entropy measures
welfare function
mierniki nierówności
krzywa Lorenza
ogólne mierniki entropii
funkcja dobrobytu
Opis:
The purpose of the article is to present ways to measure inequality. The article describes the last three ways to measure inequality, i.e. based on the Lorenz curve, generalized entropy and the social welfare function. It omits, however, the share and division measures, i.e. the absolute and relative differences, variance, quartile and standard deviations, or positional inequality measures based on percentiles, deciles, quartiles, quantiles, the coefficient of variation and the McLoone index, which results from the fact that although they are often used in empirical research, they illustrate division rather than inequality sensu stricto (i.a. Park 1984, pp. 42-44; Heshmati 2004; Jóźwiak, Podgórski 2012; Jabkowski 2009, pp. 32-35). Thus, the article does not include a wider presentation of these measures.
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie sposobów pomiaru nierówności. W artykule opisano trzy ostatnie sposoby pomiaru nierówności, tj. w oparciu o krzywą Lorenza, uogólnioną entropię i funkcję dobrobytu. Pomija jednak miary akcji i podziału, tj. różnice bezwzględne i względne, wariancje, odchylenia kwartylowe i standardowe czy też mierniki nierówności pozycji oparte na percentylach, decylach, kwartylach, kwartylach, kwantylach, współczynniku zmienności i indeksie McLoone, co wynika z faktu, że choć są one często wykorzystywane w badaniach empirycznych, to jednak ilustrują raczej podział, a nie zmysłową nierówność sensu stricto (i.a. Park 1984, s. 42-44; Heshmati 2004; Jóźwiak, Podgórski 2012; Jabkowski 2009, s. 32-35). W związku z tym artykuł nie zawiera szerszej prezentacji tych środków.
Źródło:
Przegląd Nauk o Obronności; 2018, 3, 5; 231-243
2450-6869
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Nauk o Obronności
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Is redistributive policy of EU welfare state effective in tackling income inequality? A panel data analysis
Autorzy:
Wildowicz-Szumarska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22444279.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
inequality
redistribution
taxes
social transfers
Opis:
Research background: Income inequality has risen sharply since the 1990s, despite the increase in the average size of redistribution in countries representing different welfare state models. The problem of increasing income inequality is currently a challenge for the EU economies, not only with well-established liberal traditions, but also with conservative and social-democratic ones. Therefore, it is worth conducting research on the redistributive effects of fiscal policy. Purpose of the article: The article aims to show the redistributive effects of fiscal policy, paying particular attention to the most characteristic trends in redistribution, which are responsible for the growing income inequality. An overview of the fiscal instruments ? mainly personal income tax and benefit systems ? along with an empirical research on their potential impact on income inequality, allows for conclusions to be drawn about the effectiveness of redistributive policy in the EU countries. Methods: Both descriptive analysis and panel data analysis is implemented to examine the effectiveness of redistributive policy in tackling income inequality in the EU?28 countries in years 2005?2017. Findings & value added: Based on the panel analysis, it has been found that social transfers were much more effective than direct taxes in combating income inequality. In addition, the largest increase in income inequality ? as previously assumed ? was observed in the liberal welfare states, while the smallest in the social democratic welfare states. The empirical analysis extends the existing knowledge on main weaknesses of fiscal welfare state, indicating the required changes that may improve both its equity and efficiency.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2022, 17, 1; 81-101
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of social inequality on social cohesion in Ukraine
Влияние социального неравенства на социальную сплоченость общества
Autorzy:
Hrynenko, Anatolii
Kirilyuk, Volodimir
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/509689.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne
Tematy:
social inequality
social cohesion
social stratification
income inequality
social policy
социальное неравенство
социальная сплоченность
социальная
стратификация
неравенство доходов
социальная политика
Opis:
The article deals with social inequality and its impact on social cohesion. It highlights the major approaches to understanding social inequality. Analyzed main indicators of the inequality in Ukraine: the Gini index, the ratio of income between rich and poor, the percentage of poverty. A comparison of these indicators with those of the European countries and the main reasons for a considerable inequality in Ukrainian society.
В статье рассмотрено социальное неравенство и его влияние на социальную сплоченность общества. Освещены основные подходы к пониманию социального неравенства. Проанализированы основные показатели такого неравенства в Украине: индекс Джини, соотношение доходов богатых и бедных, процент бедности. Проведено сравнение данных показателей с аналогичными показателями европейских стран и определены основные причины значительного неравенства в украинском обществе.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Ekonomicznego w Zielonej Górze; 2016, 3, 4; 105-116
2391-7830
2545-3661
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Ekonomicznego w Zielonej Górze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nierówność a stosunki społeczne: gradacyjne wymiary społecznego zróżnicowania
Inequality and Association: Graduated Dimensions of Social Differentiation
Autorzy:
Karpiński, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2137695.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
the theory of inter−group relations
the inequality theorem
social inequality
relational inequality
Gini coefficient
associational homogamy
regression through the origin
teoria relacji międzygrupowych
twierdzenie o nierówności
nierówność społeczna
nierówność relacyjna
współczynnik Giniego
homogamia
regresja przez początek układu
Opis:
The article is an attempt to test empirically the inequality theorem, a major theorem in Peter M. Blau's theory of intergroup relations. The theorem states that social inequality is conducive to social integration in the sense that an increase in inequality creates associations between members of different strata, even fairly distant ones, more probable. Social integration is understood broadly here in terms of rates of intergroup relations. A specific definition of the concept was proposed in the framework of the models of relational inequality which are discussed in detail in the article. These models allow for precise definition of the level of social inequality and the extent to which a society is integrated. In the empirical test of the inequality theorem, data from 7 editions of the Polish General Social Survey were used. To assess fit of the model tested, linear regression through the origin was employed. High values of the coefficient of determination obtained by the model indicate its good fit which, in turn, suggests that the inequality theorem is an appropriate description of the relationship between inequality and integration, even though it is highly counterintuitive.
Artykuł podejmuje próbę empirycznej weryfikacji twierdzenia o nierówności, stanowiącego jedno z najważniejszych twierdzeń teorii relacji międzygrupowych Petera M. Blaua. Twierdzenie to orzeka, że nierówności społeczne sprzyjają integracji społecznej w tym znaczeniu, że wzrost nierówności ułatwia formowanie się relacji społecznych między osobami należącymi do różnych warstw, niekiedy znacznie oddalonych od siebie w systemie uwarstwienia. Integracja społeczna jest mierzona częstością występowania takich relacji międzygrupowych, jej szczegółowa definicja została sformułowana w ramach modeli nierówności relacyjnej, omawianych obszernie w artykule. Modele te pozwalają na dokładne określenie poziomu nierówności oraz stopnia integracji społecznej. W teście empirycznym twierdzenia o nierówności posłużyłem się danymi Polskiego Generalnego Sondażu Społecznego. Do oszacowania zgodności przewidywań teoretycznych z obserwacjami empirycznymi wykorzystałem analizę regresji. Wysokie wartości współczynnika determinacji wskazują na dobre dopasowanie modelu do danych, co oznacza, iż twierdzenie o nierówności, mimo iż jest sprzeczne z potoczną intuicją, poprawnie opisuje zależność pomiędzy nierównością a integracją.
Źródło:
Studia Socjologiczne; 2006, 3(182); 67-97
0039-3371
Pojawia się w:
Studia Socjologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Gender inequality in livestock asset ownership
Autorzy:
Nadi, Fuseini
Nimoh, Fred
Antoh, Ernestina Fredua
Anaman, Richmond
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2033361.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-28
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Tematy:
Food security
Food insecurity
Asset
Gender inequality
Livestock ownership
Gini index
Opis:
Food security is a complex phenomenon involving sociocultural and economic factors. This study examines gender inequality in livestock assets ownership on household food security in the Wa West District of Ghana. Data were collected from 400 households based on a cross-sectional survey and a multistage sampling of the respondents. Gender disparity in livestock assets distribution among men and women within the household was ascertained using the Gini index, while the household food consumption score technique was employed to determine household food security status. A binary logit regression model was used to assess the effect of gender inequality in livestock assets on household food security. The results indicated that, on average men owned 1.72 TLU compared to an average of 0.22 TLU owned by women. Livestock contribution to household food security was estimated at 16% of annual household food expenditure, with a composition of 0.90%, 6.04%, and 9.14% jointly owned, women owned, and men owned. Also, 33% of households were food insecure, while 67% of households were food secure at the time of the survey. The empirical results showed that a unit increase in the Gini index of livestock assets distribution in favour of men has a negative effect on household food security. The results further showed that household ownership of livestock, farm size, and education negatively influence household food insecurity, whereas household size, female-headed households, and dependency ratio positively affect household food insecurity in the study area. The study recommends that development programmes should target women’s economic empowerment and education to bridge the gender livestock assets gap to improve food security.
Źródło:
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development; 2021, 62, 4; 447-455
1899-5241
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
How to get rid of one of the weights in a two-weight Poincaré inequality?
Autorzy:
Franchi, Bruno
Hajłasz, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1207966.pdf
Data publikacji:
2000
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
weights
doubling measures
metric spaces
Poincaré inequality
Opis:
We prove that if a Poincaré inequality with two different weights holds on every ball, then a Poincaré inequality with the same weight on both sides holds as well.
Źródło:
Annales Polonici Mathematici; 2000, 74, 1; 97-103
0066-2216
Pojawia się w:
Annales Polonici Mathematici
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Some Hermite–Hadamard type inequalities for the square norm in Hilbert spaces
Autorzy:
Dragomir, Silvestru Sever
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2078951.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
Convex functions
Hermite–Hadamard inequality
midpoint inequality
power and exponential functions
Opis:
Let \(\left( H;\left\langle \cdot ,\cdot \right\rangle \right)\) be a complex Hilbert space and \(f:[0,\infty )\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) be convex (concave) on \([0,\infty )\). If \(x, y\in H\) with \(Re \left\langle x,y\right\rangle \geq 0\), then\begin{align*}f\left( \frac{\left\Vert x\right\Vert ^{2}+Re \left\langle x,y\right\rangle +\left\Vert y\right\Vert ^{2}}{3}\right) & \leq \left( \geq\right) \int_{0}^{1}f\left( \left\Vert \left( 1-t\right) x+ty\right\Vert^{2}\right) dt \\& \leq \left( \geq \right) \frac{1}{3}\left[ f\left( \left\Vert x\right\Vert^{2}\right) +f\left[ Re \left\langle x,y\right\rangle \right] +f\left(\left\Vert y\right\Vert ^{2}\right) \right] .\end{align*}Some examples for power functions and exponential are also provided.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio A – Mathematica; 2021, 75, 2; 31-44
0365-1029
2083-7402
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio A – Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Carlson type inequality with blocks and interpolation
Autorzy:
Ya Kruglyak, Natan
Maligranda, Lech
Persson, Lars
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1292922.pdf
Data publikacji:
1993
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
concavity
Carlson's inequality
blocks
interpolation
Peetre's interpolation functor
Calderón-Lozanovskiǐ construction
Opis:
An inequality, which generalizes and unifies some recently proved Carlson type inequalities, is proved. The inequality contains a certain number of "blocks" and it is shown that these blocks are, in a sense, optimal and cannot be removed or essentially changed. The proof is based on a special equivalent representation of a concave function (see [6, pp. 320-325]). Our Carlson type inequality is used to characterize Peetre's interpolation functor $⟨⟩_{φ}$ (see [26]) and its Gagliardo closure on couples of functional Banach lattices in terms of the Calderón-Lozanovskiǐ construction. Our interest in this functor is inspired by the fact that if $φ = t^{θ}(0 < θ < 1)$, then, on couples of Banach lattices and their retracts, it coincides with the complex method (see [20], [27]) and, thus, it may be regarded as a "real version" of the complex method.
Źródło:
Studia Mathematica; 1993, 104, 2; 161-180
0039-3223
Pojawia się w:
Studia Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Gender differences in income distributions in Poland
Różnice w rozkładach dochodów kobiet i mężczyzn w Polsce
Autorzy:
Włodarczyk, Julia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1913224.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-11-13
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
nierówności dochodowe
nierówność płci
income inequality
gender inequality
Opis:
The paper presents results of a descriptive analysis of income distributions as well as top income inequality among women and men in Poland. The analysis is based on the dataset provided by the Council for Social Monitoring (2019). Throughout 2003–2015 their panel survey included, for example, a question on individual net monthly income in the past three months. In order to reduce differences associated with the age of entering and exiting the labour market on declared income levels (especially pensions), the calculations include only women and men aged 25–60 years. The analysis of income distributions of women and men in Poland is based on standard measures such as mean income, median income and related measures, as well as the Gini coefficient, Theil index and entropy index. It is supplemented by kernel density estimates and results of simultaneous quantile regressions that demonstrate differences between women and men across income groups. The analysis of top income inequality includes comparisons of subsamples consisting of top 3% earners in each group. The share of women in the top percentiles is then calculated and discussed. The analysis shows different dynamics related to the incomes of women and men, which provides support for including business cycle considerations in the analysis of income inequalities and their gender aspects.
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy opisowej rozkładów dochodów kobiet i mężczyzn w Polsce ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem nierówności w grupie osób o najwyższych dochodach. Analizę oparto o bazę danych opracowaną przez Radę Monitoringu Społecznego (w ramach projektu Diagnoza Społeczna). W latach 2003–2015 jedno z pytań zadawanych respondentom dotyczyło indywidualnego miesięcznego dochodu netto z ostatnich trzech miesięcy. W celu zmniejszenia wpływu różnic związanych z momentem wchodzenia na rynek pracy i przechodzenia na emeryturę analizę ograniczono do osób w wieku 25–60 lat. W analizie rozkładów dochodów kobiet i mężczyzn w Polsce wykorzystano m.in. standardowe miary, takie jak średni dochód lub mediana dochodu oraz wskaźniki oparte na tych miarach, jak również współczynniki Giniego, Theila oraz entropii. Poza tym wykorzystano jądrowe estymatory gęstości i przedstawiono wyniki estymacji regresji kwantylowej pokazującej różnice dochodowe między kobietami i mężczyznami w różnych grupach dochodowych. Następnie dokonano porównania między podpróbami kobiet i mężczyzn uzyskujących najwyższe dochody (przyjęto próg 3% dla każdej płci). Przedstawiono również udział kobiet w grupie osób o najwyższych dochodach. Przeprowadzona analiza ujawniła m.in. zróżnicowanie dynamiki dochodów kobiet i mężczyzn, co stanowi argument za uwzględnieniem w analizie nierówności dochodowych także czynników cyklicznych, które mogą odmiennie oddziaływać na obie płci.
Źródło:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy; 2020, 63; 210-232
1898-5084
2658-0780
Pojawia się w:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nierówności a rozwój społeczny świata
Inequality and Social Development of the World
Autorzy:
Krzyminiewska, Grażyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/592537.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Nierówności społeczne
Poziom życia
Rozwój społeczny
Living standard
Social development
Social inequality
Opis:
The article addresses selected issues of inequality that take place in the modern world. The author points out that the widening of inequalities could adversely affect the chances of social development at a global, regional, and national extent. It focuses on inequalities arising from the measurement obtained by using the new indicators such as the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) and Gender Inequality Index - GII, as well as inequalities in income, derived based on the ratio Gini. Author indicates the various, possible consequences of growing inequalities.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2013, 139; 50-59
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Turán-Kubilius inequality for integers free of large prime factors (II)
Autorzy:
Xuan, Ti
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1391667.pdf
Data publikacji:
1993
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Tematy:
additive function
Turán-Kubilius inequality
integers free of large prime factors
Źródło:
Acta Arithmetica; 1993, 65, 4; 329-352
0065-1036
Pojawia się w:
Acta Arithmetica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Contribution of various income sources to interregional inequality of the per capita income in the Russian Federation
Autorzy:
Malkina, Marina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1833821.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-09-30
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
personal income
sources
interregional inequality
decomposition
Opis:
Research background: The reduction lately observed in interregional differences in the per capita income in Russia requires some clarification of the reasons. One possible way to do this could be decomposition of interregional inequality in personal incomes by income sources, i.e.: wages and salaries, property incomes, social transfers, entrepreneurship incomes and revenues from informal activities. Purpose of the article: The objective of this research is identification of the character, direction and degree of influence of various income sources on interregional inequality and convergence of Russian regions by their per capita income in 2001?2014.  Methods: We brought personal incomes in the regions to a comparable level using the relative cost of fixed consumer basket. Then we applied the population-weighted Gini coefficient, coefficient of variation, and the Theil index to measure the interregional inequality in personal incomes in dynamics. Further usage of various techniques of inequality decomposition allowed us to evaluate contribution of different types of income to the Russian regions? convergence across time. Findings & value added: Various types of income demonstrated different paths of interregional inequality, changes in interaction and in the shares of total income, which altogether influenced spatial inequality. Wages and salaries showed the largest and growing impact on inequality. The contribution of informal incomes to the overall inequality was the second largest, but diminishing and negatively interacting with other unevenly distributed types of income; thereby they provided more than half of the total interregional convergence. Entrepreneurship incomes revealed slightly decreasing influence on inequality, which was mainly neutralized by their reduction in the share of total income. Social transfers demonstrated the largest smoothing effect, however, their contribution to convergence was exhausted. Property incomes evidenced the greatest enhancing impact on inequality especially in the period of recovery. Additionally, informal incomes played the role of substitutes for formal incomes providing self-replicating mechanisms for reducing inequality in Russia.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2017, 12, 3
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Inequality and Students’ PISA 2018 Performance: a Cross-Country Study
Nierówności a wyniki badania umiejętności uczniów PISA 2018: porównanie międzykrajowe
Autorzy:
Mazurek, Jiri
Fernández García, Carlos
Pérez Rico, Cristina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1812109.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-09-21
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
edukacja
wskaźnik nierówności płci
indeks Giniego
nierówności
PISA
education
gender inequality index
Gini index
inequality
PISA 2018
Opis:
The aim of this paper was to investigate the relationship between countries’ PISA study results from 2018 and a set of indices related to socio-economic inequality, such as the Gini index, human development index, or gender inequality index, along with purely economic variables, such as GDP per capita and government expenditure on education. The study covered 70 countries, consisting of 37 OECD countries and 33 non-OECD countries. Research methods included multivariate linear regression models, k-means clustering, and hierarchical clustering. Our findings revealed that the Gini index was statistically insignificant, indicating income inequality had little effect on students’ PISA performance. On the other hand, the gender inequality index was the single most statistically significant explanatory variable for both OECD and non-OECD countries. Therefore, our recommendation for policymakers is simple: increase students’ PISA performance, thus enhancing countries’ human capital and competitiveness, and focus on decreasing gender disparity and the associated loss of achievement due to gender inequality.
Celem tego artykułu było zbadanie związku między wynikami badania PISA przeprowadzonego w poszczególnych krajach w 2018 r. a zestawem wskaźników związanych z nierównościami społeczno-ekonomicznymi, takimi jak indeks Giniego, wskaźnik rozwoju społecznego czy wskaźnik nierówności płci, oraz ze zmiennymi czysto ekonomicznymi, takimi jak PKB per capita i wydatki rządowe na edukację. Badaniem objęto 70 krajów, w tym 37 krajów OECD i 33 kraje spoza OECD. Metody badawcze obejmowały wielowymiarowe modele regresji liniowej, grupowanie k‑średnich i grupowanie hierarchiczne. Wyniki przeprowadzonej analizy wykazały, że wskaźnik Giniego był statystycznie nieistotny, co wskazuje, że nierówności dochodowe miały niewielki wpływ na wyniki uczniów w badaniu PISA. Z drugiej strony, wskaźnik nierówności płci był jedyną najbardziej istotną statystycznie zmienną objaśniającą zarówno dla krajów OECD, jak i spoza OECD. Dlatego nasza rekomendacja dla decydentów jest prosta: należy zwiększyć wyniki uczniów w badaniu PISA, a tym samym osiągnąć poprawę w obszarze kapitału ludzkiego i konkurencyjności krajów, oraz skupić się na zmniejszaniu nierówności płci i związanej z tym utraty osiągnięć edukacyjnych wynikających z nierówności płci.
Źródło:
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe; 2021, 24, 3; 163-183
1508-2008
2082-6737
Pojawia się w:
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wysokość redystrybucji dochodu krajowego a skala nierówności dochodowej. Przykład Szwecji i USA
Scale of Domestic Income Redistribution and Scale of Inequality in Sweden and US
Autorzy:
Głuch, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/548931.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
redystrybucja PKB
stopa redystrybucji PKB
nierówności
miary nierówności
redistribution GDP
GDP redistribution rate
inequality
measures of inequality
Opis:
Skala redystrybucji dochodów w Szwecji jest większa niż w USA od początku lat 70. XX wieku. Jest to, w badanym okresie, przewaga znacząca (w okresie 1971–2013, w Stanach Zjednoczonych stopa redystrybucji waha się w przedziale 30–40% PKB, natomiast w Szwecji 40–70% PKB). Zdecydowana większość wydatków rządowych w Szwecji jest przeznaczana na wydatki na ochronę socjalną, w ramach której ponoszone są wydatki na transfery i zasiłki wyrównujące poziom dochodów. Porównanie stopnia nierówności dochodowej w badanych krajach wskazuje na to, że zróżnicowanie poziomu dochodów w Szwecji jest mniejsze niż w USA. Można więc postawić tezę, że wyższa stopa redystrybucji jest związana z mniejszym zróżnicowaniem poziomu dochodów. Jednak dla badanych krajów odmienne są cele polityki gospodarczej. Jest to przyczyna, dla której porównywanie stopnia nierówności dochodowej jako wyznacznika skuteczności prowadzonej polityki gospodarczej i oceny funkcjonowania gospodarki jest nieuzasadnione. Jako jeden z podstawowych postulatów polityki gospodarczej w Szwecji jest stawiany postulat wyrównywania dochodów. W Stanach Zjednoczonych takiego postulatu nie ma. Dla polityki gospodarczej Stanów Zjednoczonych ważniejsze niż wyrównywanie dochodów jest zmniejszanie zakresu ubóstwa. Pomiar stopy ubóstwa jest związany z medianą dochodu w badanym kraju. Aby porównać zakres ubóstwa w Szwecji i USA konieczna jest bardziej szczegółowa analiza.
Scale of income redistribution in Sweden is higher than in the USA from the beginning of 1970‘s. In the analysed period (in years between 1970–2013, in the USA redistribution rate oscillated in range of 30%–40% GDP). Most of government’s expenditures in Sweden is allocated to welfare, that is used to spend money on transfers and benefits that are equalising income level. The comparison of income differences in the analysed countries shows that income level diversity is greater in USA than in Sweden. Due to that we can propose thesis that higher redistribution rate is a result of lover income diversity of income. But for the countries analysed we must remember that aims of economic objectives are significantly different. That is the explanation why we should not consider the income diversity as the indicator of economic effectiveness. The main objective of Swedish economic policy is income equality. In the USA there is not such significant target. For this country policy more important purpose is diminishing the poverty area. We can measure the poverty level using the median of income. But for complete comparison we need more detailed studies.
Źródło:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy; 2015, 42; 197-210
1898-5084
2658-0780
Pojawia się w:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The distribution of wage inequality across municipalities in Mexico: a spatial quantile regres-sion approach
Autorzy:
Valdez, Rolando I.
García-Fernández, Francisco
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22443155.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
wage inequality
spatial quantile regression
municipalities
Opis:
Research background: According to classical labor economics, wage differences among regions of a country that has free-factor mobility should eventually vanish. However, the level of wage inequality among Mexican territories is increasing. The nature and causes of this discrepancy are worth identifying. Purpose of the article: To identify the spatial relationship of wage inequality that existed in the Mexican metropolitan system during the years 2010 and 2015. Methods: We develop a model of wages that considers the interaction between spatial units within a region. Then, we specify a spatial autoregressive model with the average wage per municipality as a dependent variable. This variable is spatially lagged along with other controls such as productivity, schooling, and migration. We combine data from population and economic censuses. Then, we perform a quantile regression to estimate the spatial effect of wage in a region upon quartiles of the wage distribution. Findings & value added: Wage inequality increases within a given region when the average wage increases in one of said region?s municipalities. This phenomenon occurs because in municipalities that are neighbors of the one that enjoys a wage increase, the average wage tends to decrease. The impact is larger in those municipalities whose average wage is in the lower range of the regional wage distribution. Wage inequality is also increased by internal migration and increased productivity. These latter findings are some of the first for Mexico at this aggregation level. A novel aspect of our study is its use of territory as an observation unit for which statistics from population and economic censuses are combined to draw inferences about spatial inequality.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2022, 17, 3; 669-697
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Estimation of Income Inequality and the Poverty Rate in Poland, by Region and Family Type
Autorzy:
Jędrzejczak, Alina
Kubacki, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/466014.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Tematy:
income inequality
poverty
variance estimation
small area statistics
Opis:
High income inequality can be a source of serious socio-economic problems, such as increasing poverty, social stratification and polarization. Periods of pronounced economic growth or recession may impact different groups of earners differently. Growth may not be shared equally and economic crises may further widen gaps between the wealthiest and poorest sectors. Poverty affects all ages but children are disproportionately affected by it. The reliable inequality and poverty analysis of both total population of households and subpopulations by various family types can be a helpful piece of information for economists and social policy makers. The main objective of the paper was to present some income inequality and poverty estimates with the application to the Polish data coming from the Household Budget Survey. Besides direct estimation methods, the model based approach was taken into regard. Standard errors of estimates were also considered in the paper.
Źródło:
Statistics in Transition new series; 2014, 15, 3; 359-378
1234-7655
Pojawia się w:
Statistics in Transition new series
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
$L_∞$-Khintchine-Bonami inequality in free probability
Autorzy:
Buchholz, Artur
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1341973.pdf
Data publikacji:
1998
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny PAN
Opis:
We prove the norm estimates for operator-valued functions on free groups supported on the words with fixed length ($f = ∑_{|w| = l} a_{w} ⊗ λ(w)$). Next, we replace the translations by the free generators with a free family of operators and prove inequalities of the same type.
Źródło:
Banach Center Publications; 1998, 43, 1; 105-109
0137-6934
Pojawia się w:
Banach Center Publications
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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