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Tytuł:
The Impact of Age on Polish Households Financial Behavior – Indebtedness and Over-Indebtedness
Autorzy:
Anioła-Mikołajczak, Paulina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/429324.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:
household indebtedness
household over-indebtedness
age
life-cycle hypothesis
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to examine how age of the head of household affects the financial behavior of households in terms of indebtedness and over-indebtedness. The over-indebtedness was analyzed from two aspects – margin and debt service ratio indicators. The data from Household Budget Survey in 2011 conducted by Central Statistical Office of Poland was used in the analyses. To achieve the main objective, selected measures of descriptive statistics and contingency tables were used. The research results confirm that in Poland credits were taken mainly by households of young people, which is consistent with assumptions of the life cycle hypothesis. Although these assumptions were not confirmed in the case of a problem with over-indebtedness.
Źródło:
Optimum. Economic Studies; 2017, 1(85)
1506-7637
Pojawia się w:
Optimum. Economic Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Diversity of farm indebtedness in Latvia and Poland: a comparative study
Autorzy:
Bratka, V.
Praulins, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/573807.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
farm indebtedness
Latvia
Polska
debt
liability
farm
comparative analysis
capital
farming
field crop
dairy farm
financing
agriculture
indebtedness
Opis:
The use of borrowed capital in Latvian agricultural holdings of different economic size and type of farming is analyzed, as well as a comparative analysis with Polish agricultural holdings is performed, defining essential specificities of financing activities with equity or loan in each state. The liabilities burden in Latvian field crop and dairy farms is calculated and discussed in detail. For the assessment ratio of the statistical significance of differences between Latvian and Polish agricultural holdings the debt-to-equity and total liabilities per ESU, per 1 ha UAA and 1 LU, a statistical testing is carried out and main conclusions about an impact of the type of farming, the economic size and the chronological factor are formulated.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego; 2009, 06(21)
2081-6960
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Local indebtedness in Hungary: Experience of 20 years
Autorzy:
Kovács, Gábor
Stion, Zsuzsa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/639834.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
indebtedness, local governments, municipal bond, econometrics model, Hungary
Opis:
Hungary has a unitary government system with 19 counties, 23 “cities with county rank” and about 3200 local (municipal) governments. The financial architectureof local governments is quite complicated and budget constraints are “halfway” between soft and hard. After an early and temporary “municipal bond boom” in the middle of 1990’s, the size of indebtedness started to increase considerably, first in 2002. By the end of 2011 the size of financial obligations deriving from local borrowing amounted more than 4.7% of GDP.The paper is aimed at examining factors that might have been behind indebtedness and tries to separate the effect of internal and external variables for the period between 1990 and 2011. According to the results of the empirical analysis local authorities’ borrowing activity cannot be explained only with help of quantitative macro-economical indicators such as total sub-national revenues, expenditures, CPI and GDP.Namely, the formation of debt was mainly determined by behaviour patterns of local governments and byrandom (unforeseeable) shocks caused by changes in central regulation. The short term patterns in borrowing attitude are due to the four-year long election cycle of local representatives while adapting to random shock happens quickly within one year. Four different time-phases (periods) can be determined, which can be described by different characteristics and makes explanation for the formation of local debt: Early development of subnational debt markets (1990-1995); restriction (1996-1997); moderate growth (1998-2006); municipal bond-boom (2007-2010).
Źródło:
Zarządzanie Publiczne; 2013, 4(24)
2084-3968
Pojawia się w:
Zarządzanie Publiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES IN THE INDEBTEDNESS OF EU MEMBER STATES AFTER LAST FINANCIAL CRISIS
Autorzy:
Lajtkepová, Eva
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/488984.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
EU
euro area
indebtedness
unemployment rate
Opis:
Indebtedness is undoubtedly one of the most significant economic problems in the countries of the EU. Despite the fact that the EU-28 have adopted criteria and measures that should regulate indebtedness, the majority of member states are not keeping up to these previously agreed rules. For many countries indebtedness has become a barrier to further development. The article’s aim is to provide an overview of the indebtedness of EU member states and to explore whether this indebtedness is linked to or even dependent on selected economic characteristics (GDP, unemployment rate and social benefits paid as a share of GDP). Data from the EU-28 countries, the Eurozone and the countries outside the Eurozone will be studied separately on the assumption that there will be differences between the countries in the Eurozone and those outside it. In the investigation of the issue only secondary data from the official statistics can be used. All the data are taken from Eurostat and then processed using the standard methods of descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The analysis carried out showed that the average indebtedness of the EU-28 countries is higher than set by the EU criteria, and at the same time confirmed that there is a difference in debt levels between countries within and outside the Eurozone. The Eurozone countries show indebtedness that is overall higher than in countries outside the Eurozone, while at the same time they show a moderately strong linear dependence both between indebtedness and unemployment rates and between indebtedness and payments of social benefits. In the countries outside the Eurozone it was shown that while the relationship between indebtedness and the unemployment rate was weak that between indebtedness and the payment of social benefits was relatively strong.
Źródło:
Oeconomia Copernicana; 2016, 7, 4; 551-563
2083-1277
Pojawia się w:
Oeconomia Copernicana
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Distinctive determinants of financial indebtedness: evidence from Slovak and Czech enterprises
Autorzy:
Valaskova, Katarina
Kliestik, Tomas
Gajdosikova, Dominika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22444317.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
indebtedness
financial performance
determinants
construction sector
Opis:
Research background: Indebtedness indicators are used to monitor the structure of corporate financial resources. The company's share of its own and foreign resources affects the financial stability of the company. A high share of own re-sources makes the company stable, and independent. With a low share, on the contrary, the company is unstable, market fluctuations and credit uncertainty can have serious consequences. However, foreign capital is cheaper, and too high indebtedness ratios can jeopardize the existence of enterprises. Purpose of the article: In general, the economic recession worsens the capital structure of enterprises, especially their debt management. Thus, the paper aims to apply the set of 13 indebtedness ratios to a sample of 779 Slovak and Czech enterprises from the construction sector to determine key microeconomic determinants that may influence the level of indebtedness. Methods: A non-parametric one-way analysis of variance ? the Kruskal-Wallis test ? was used to determine whether the set of indebtedness ratios is the same across countries, districts, and sizes. For analyzing the specific sample pair of stochastic dominance, the pairwise comparison was realized using the Dunn'stest with Bonferonni correction. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the differences in the set of indebtedness ratios between two independent groups of enterprises, based on their legal form and country. Findings & value added: The level of total indebtedness ratio and the self-financing ratio depends on the region as well as on the size of the enterprise and the legal form. In the case of credit indebtedness and debt-to-cash-flow indebted-ness, their dependence on the size of the enterprise and the legal form is obvious. The importance of the region and the legal form of enterprises, vice versa, affect the level of the financial independence ratio. These outputs are relevant for au-thorities, policy makers, or financial institutions to identify financial constraints that construction enterprises face and, as a result, make a long-term contribution to theory in this field.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2021, 16, 3; 639-659
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Households Indebtedness Repayment Difficulties as One of the Problems of the Contemporary Financial Market
Autorzy:
Świecka, Beata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/522419.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Zadłużenie
Portfel kredytowy
Dług
Zadłużenie gospodarstw domowych
Indebtedness
Credit portfolio
Debt
Household debt
Opis:
This article aims at conducting an analysis of the quality of the credit portfolio and the assessment of household indebtedness in Poland against a background of selected European countries in the context of difficulties with the repayment of indebtedness. The difficulties in repaying the indebtedness have been presented in the light of foreign experience and an analysis of the relationships between variables that affect the repayment of household indebtedness has been conducted based on the results of primary research. (original abstract)
Źródło:
Journal of Economics and Management; 2014, 16; 135-146
1732-1948
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Economics and Management
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Determinanty nadmiernego zadłużenia - perspektywa pośrednika mikrofinansowego
Over-Indebtedness Determinants - the Perspective of Microfinance Intermediary
Autorzy:
Adamek, Jacek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/589303.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Mikrofinanse
Pośrednictwo kredytowe
Rynek kredytów
Zadłużenie przedsiębiorstwa
Company indebtedness
Credit intermediation
Credit market
Microfinance
Opis:
The phenomenon of over-indebtedness presents one of the aspects featuring contemporary microfinance. The objective of the paper is to define and classify factors influencing the environment responsible for the emergence of over-indebtedness phenomenon and illustrating practices underlying microfinance entities functioning, with particular emphasis on these attributable to a microfinance intermediary. The realization of such a designated task is based on: characterizing the essence of over-indebtedness phenomenon, classifying and describing its selected determinants and presenting final conclusions referring to problems discussed in the hereby study.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2014, 198 cz 2; 173-182
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zmiany w polityce kredytowej banków a zadłużenie polskich gospodarstw domowych
Changes in the Banks’ Credit Policy and Polish Households’ Indebtedness
Autorzy:
Wałęga, Grzegorz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/445271.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polski Instytut Ekonomiczny
Tematy:
zadłużenie gospodarstw domowych
polityka kredytowa banków
households’ indebtedness
banks credit policy
Opis:
W ostatniej dekadzie zauważalny jest wzrost wielkości rynku kredytów detalicznych w Polsce. Gospodarstwa domowe zwiększają zadłużenie z tytułu kredytów i pożyczek zarówno konsumpcyjnych, jak i tych związanych z nieruchomościami. Proces ten stymulowany jest różnymi okolicznościami. Oprócz czynników rynkowych i popytowych korzystanie z kredytów przez konsumentów zależy od dostępności i atrakcyjności oferty kredytodawców. W artykule przeprowadzono analizę wpływu warunków i kryteriów udzielania kredytów przez banki na wielkość zadłużenia gospodarstw domowych w Polsce. Do realizacji badania wykorzystano miary współzależności cech ilościowych na podstawie danych pochodzących z NBP. Okres analizy obejmuje lata 2004-2013. Wyniki badań wskazują na częściową tylko korelację pomiędzy tempem przyrostu kredytów dla ludności a zmianami w polityce kredytodawców. Pozwala to stwierdzić, że pomimo pogorszenia – z punktu widzenia konsumentów – oferty kredytowej, ma ona ograniczony wpływ na zmiany popytu na kredyty zgłaszane przez gospodarstwa domowe w Polsce.
In the recent decade, there has been noticeable the growth of the volume of market for retail credits in Poland. Households increase their indebtedness on account of credits and loans both consumption and those related to real estate. This process is stimulated by various circumstances. Besides the market and demand factors, the use of credits by consumers depends on availability and attractiveness of the offer provided by creditors. In his article, the author carried out an analysis of the impact of terms and criteria for credit provision by banks on the volume of households’ indebtedness in Poland. To implement the research the author used the measures of correlation of quantitative features based on the data from the NBP. The time-period of analysis covers the years 2004-2013. The research findings indicate only a partial correlation between the rate of growth of credits for people and the changes in the creditors’ policy. This allows stating that despite the aggravation – from the consumers’ point of view – of the credit offer, it has a limited impact on the changes in demand for credits reported by households in Poland.
Źródło:
Konsumpcja i Rozwój; 2015, 1(10); 44-55
2083-6929
Pojawia się w:
Konsumpcja i Rozwój
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Poziom świadomości konsumenckiej Polaków a poziom zadłużenia polskich gospodarstw domowych
Effects of Excessive Indebtedness of Poles in Relation to Consumer Awareness Levels
Autorzy:
Dąbrowska, Anna
Szymańska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/468906.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Filozofii i Socjologii PAN
Tematy:
consumer
consumer bankruptcy
indebtedness
income
savings
consumer awareness
Opis:
The article discusses the level of consumer awareness in the context of growing indebtedness of Polish households. Some claim that low consumer awareness of Poles is one of the reasons for excessive indebtedness. The first part focuses on the definition of consumer awareness, its, importance for consumer choice, and – based on authors’ own research – its level in Polish society. The second part describes the incomes of Polish households from 2008 to 2010. It also shows consumers’ subjective assessment of their financial position and characterises consumer durables used in their households. The third part presents the tendency of Poles to incur debt and their punctuality of repayment. The sources of financing of consumption needs are described along with a scale of excessive indebtedness of Poles. The fourth part of the article focuses on consumer bankruptcy as a solution for the over-indebted consumers and describes current regulations on consumer bankruptcy in Polish law. The scale of their practical application is discussed in reference to Poles’ opinion on consumer bankruptcy, again based on authors’ own research. This part indicates consumer education as an effective instrument against excessive indebtedness.
Źródło:
Prakseologia; 2012, 152; 145-168
0079-4872
Pojawia się w:
Prakseologia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fast loans – method of raising liqyudity
Autorzy:
Jakubczyk, Beata
Lewandowska, Justyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/653484.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
instant loan, loan, indebtedness
Opis:
This article describes the essence of fast, instant cash loans which can raise liquidity or be the cause of growing indebtedness. The purpose of this article is to show the advantages and disadvantages of fast loans and attempt to compare different loan options available to the client on the Polish market. In this paper an analysis of the costs, repayment terms and specificities loan offers, which showed that fast loans perfect solution for those conscious consequences borrowings.
Źródło:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe; 2014, 1, 4
2391-6478
2353-5601
Pojawia się w:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Farmers perception of causes and consequences of their indebtedness in Haryana, India
Postrzeganie przyczyn i konsekwencji zadłużenia przez rolników w stanie Hariana w Indiach
Autorzy:
Jakhar, B.
Kait, R.
Kumar, V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048756.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-03-31
Wydawca:
Akademia Bialska Nauk Stosowanych im. Jana Pawła II w Białej Podlaskiej
Tematy:
indebtedness
Haryana State agriculture
debt types
consequences
Opis:
Subject and purpose of work: The study aims to highlight the perception of farmers regarding the causes and consequences of their indebtedness. Materials and methods: The study was based on primary data collected (by field survey) from a sample of 600 farmers. With regards to the selection of farmers or respondents,the proportionate sampling technique was employed. Percentage technique was used for data analysis. The data were collected in the first quarter of 2021. Results: It was found that 95.67% of the farmers (out of 600) reported low prices for agricultural output as being the main cause of their indebtedness, followed by crop failure (89.00%), the high cost of inputs (85.00%), high interest rates (61.17%) and small landholdings (58.83%). In addition, consequences reported by loanee farmers were deterioration in their social status (67.83%) and psychological stress (57.67%). However, positive changes experienced by farmers after repaying a loan were less than the negative experiences. Conclusions: The main causes of farmers’ indebtedness were crop failure and the high cost of inputs compared to the price of their produce. Due to their indebtedness, their economic and social status deteriorated and they experienced the feeling of insecurity.
Źródło:
Economic and Regional Studies; 2022, 15, 1; 56-73
2083-3725
2451-182X
Pojawia się w:
Economic and Regional Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dług publiczny w poglądach Jamesa Buchanana a kryzys zadłużenia na świecie
James Buchanans View on Public Debt and Indebtedness Crisis in the World
Autorzy:
Ptak, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/589109.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Dług publiczny
Ekonomiści
Kryzys zadłużeniowy
Teoria ekonomii
Economic theory
Economists
Indebtedness crisis
Public debt
Opis:
The global financial and economic crisis revealed threats connected with excessive indebtedness of countries, whose cause came from maintaining of structural deficits. As a consequence, there was a sudden deepening of deficits and jumping growth of indebtedness in the world. Sufficiently deep reforms may, however, restore the confidence of markets. Effectiveness and permanence of those reforms will depend in a large scale on fiscal constraints imposed on governments. One of the advocates of permanent constraints imposed on governments is James Buchanan - one of the most outstanding representative of public choice theory, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1986. The aim of this article it to present the views of James Buchanan along with its evolution on public debt issues and the reasons for generating indebtedness as well as a presentation of his proposals of normative nature towards this phenomena.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2013, 129; 19-27
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zarządzanie finansami lokalnymi – jak JST radzą sobie z redukcją zadłużenia?
Management of Local Finances – How Local Self-Government Units Deal with Indebtedness Reduction
Autorzy:
Dobrowolski, Zbysław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/416675.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-10
Wydawca:
Najwyższa Izba Kontroli
Tematy:
public debt
deficit of public finances
financial management of local overnment
indebtedness reduction
budget year
budget incomes
Opis:
The objective of the audit was to assess the activities undertaken by local self-government units (JSTs) related to observing the set indebtedness limits and to execution of selected budget incomes. The following audit areas have been set: whether JSTs properly financed the budget deficit and met their liabilities, whether they observed the indebtedness limits set by the law and fairly presented information of the level of debt, whether incomes from taxes and charges were obtained properly. It was decided that the audit would cover 11 out of 83 municipalities of the Lubuskie region, taking into account the level of their debt. NIK’s own studies have been supplemented with the analysis of the data obtained from the Regional Accounting Chamber in Zielona Góra, related to the financial situation of all JSTs in the region.
Źródło:
Kontrola Państwowa; 2016, 61, 5 (370); 90-101
0452-5027
Pojawia się w:
Kontrola Państwowa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ światowego kryzysu gospodarczego na zadłużenie krajów najuboższych
The Global Economic Crisis and its Impact on the Indebtedness of the World’s Poorest Countries
Autorzy:
Ćwikliński, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/574519.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010-04-30
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. Kolegium Analiz Ekonomicznych
Tematy:
indebtedness
debt
development aid
poor nations
crisis
World Bank
International Monetary Fund
Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
Opis:
In the 19th and 20th centuries, economic crises drove many developing countries into debt. The paper discusses the impact of the latest global economic crisis on the indebtedness of the world’s poorest nations. The author analyzes changes in the inflow of funds to these countries and the efforts of international financial institutions, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), to mitigate the problem of indebtedness. Due to the latest crisis, less foreign investment has reached the world’s poorest nations over the past year or so, Ćwikliński says, and their export revenues have also decreased. Revenues from tourism and cash transfers from people working and living abroad have remained stable, after a previous period of consistent growth. The decreased inflow of private capital explains why these countries are struggling with widening budget deficits. To facilitate the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), international financial institutions are providing support to the poorest countries in the form of new loans. To reconcile these efforts with the World Bank and IMF’s Debt Sustainability Framework for Low-Income Countries (DSF), work is under way to change the way in which international financial institutions calculate the level of debt that they consider to be serviceable by these countries. Although preferential loans enable the world’s poorest nations to finance some of their development priorities, these countries will have to return these funds sooner or later. Considering that these countries are already heavily indebted, this may compound their financial problems. Further measures to reduce their financial obligations may prove to be unavoidable over the next decade or so. Moreover, the need to repay new loans may make it difficult for low-income countries to carry out those MDGs that are not attained by the expected deadline.
Źródło:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics; 2010, 239, 4; 1-20
2300-5238
Pojawia się w:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of indebtedness on the profitability and the financial safety of chosen milk co-operatives in Poland
Autorzy:
Zuba, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/866996.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists
Opis:
Celem pracy było zbadanie wpływu wartości kapitału obcego na poziom bezpieczeństwa finansowego i rentowności 41 spółdzielni mleczarskich w okresie czterech kolejnych lat z 14 województw Polski. Badane spółdzielnie pogrupowano w 4 grupy ze względu na wartości trzech kolejnych kwartyli kapitału obcego tych mleczarni. Spółdzielnie o wyższym poziomie kapitału obcego osiągnęły wyższy poziom rentowności, natomiast w przypadku bezpieczeństwa finansowego nie można wyciągnąć jednoznacznych wniosków
The aim of the work was examined of the influence of the indebtedness on the security level of financial and profitabilities of 41 milk cooperatives within a period of four following years from 14 provinces in Poland. The examined cooperatives were grouped into 4 groups. A base of their grouping were values of three following quartiles of indebtedness of these dairies. Cooperatives about the higher level of the indebtedness had the higher profitability, however in case of the financial safety it cannot draw unambiguous conclusions
Źródło:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu; 2014, 16, 3
1508-3535
2450-7296
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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