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    Tytuł:
    Funkcje stroju w japońskim społeczeństwie dworskim epoki Heian (794–1185)
    Functions of Dress in the Japanese Court Society of the Heian Era (794–1185)
    Autorzy:
    Kordzińska-Nawrocka, Iwona
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/37230335.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie
    Tematy:
    epoka Heian
    Murasaki Shikibu nikki
    Genji monogatari
    stroje dworskie
    sokutai
    jūnihitoe
    Heian period
    Murasaki Shikibu Nikki
    Genji Monogatari
    court costumes
    Opis:
    Tematem tekstu jest strój dworski, jego wyszukana symbolika i funkcje, jakie pełnił w japońskim społeczeństwie arystokratycznym epoki Heian (794– 1185). Ówczesne stroje dworskie w dużej mierze ukształtowały japońskie podejście do odzieży i mody w ogóle, wpływając na późniejsze style i formy ubioru, w szczególności kimona. Arystokratyczne społeczeństwo przywiązywało dużą wagę do tworzenia własnego wizerunku poprzez ubiór, który pełnił szeroką funkcję komunikacyjną, ujawniając status społeczny danej osoby, jej indywidualny gust, a nawet piękno. Dwa dzieła literackie Murasaki Shikibu, jej dziennik dworski Murasaki Shikibu nikki (Dziennik Murasaki Shikibu, 1010), w którym opisuje formalny i ceremonialny strój, oraz jej fikcyjne dzieło Genji monogatari (Opowieść o księciu Genjim, 1008), w którym opisuje codzienny strój arystokratów, dostarczyły materiału ilustracyjnego do odtworzenia strojów dworskich.
    The subject of this text is the court costume, its elaborate symbolism, and the functions it served in the Japanese aristocratic society during the Heian period (794–1185). The court costumes of this era largely shaped the Japanese approach to clothing and fashion in general, influencing later styles and forms of dress, most notably the kimono. Aristocratic society attached great importance to the creation of one’s own image through one’s clothing, which served a broad communicative function, revealing a person’s social status, individual taste, and even beauty. Two of Murasaki Shikibu’s literary works, her court diary Murasaki Shikibu Nikki (Diary of Murasaki Shikibu, 1010), in which she describes formal and ceremonial attire, and her fictional work Genji Monogatari (The Tale of Genji, 1008), in which she describes the everyday attire of aristocrats, provided illustrative material for the creation of court costumes.
    Źródło:
    Perspektywy Kultury; 2023, 43, 4/2; 391-406
    2081-1446
    2719-8014
    Pojawia się w:
    Perspektywy Kultury
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The disappearance of the verbal noun in -((u)r)aku in the history of Japanese (from "Manyōshū" to "Genji monogatari")
    Autorzy:
    Majtczak, Tomasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/634485.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2009
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
    Opis:
    The Old (eighth cent.) and Classical (ninth–twelfth cent.) Japanese verbal noun, in contemporary Japan called ku gohō ク語法, was formed by means of a word-final suffix which can be presented in the general shape of -((u)r)aku / -ke1ku. Having a nominalising function, the morpheme transformed verbs and adjectives into action or state nouns of a wide spectrum of meanings: ‘doing something / being something', ‘the fact that (he) does / is', ‘what (he) does', which – if accompanied by a suitable postposition – could also serve as predicates in subordinate clauses.The nouns under consideration fell into disuse before the mid Classical period, only a dozen or so having survived up to the present day as petrified derivatives. The present article aims to examine the productivity of the suffix in some of the oldest extant texts, as well as the details of its disappearance.In the "Man'yōshū" (after 771) the verbal noun is very frequent, combining both with verbs (of virtually all conjugations) and with adjectives, and showing no sign of restriction by any word-non-final suffix. In the fifth book alone, which comprises 114 poems, it appears as many as fifteen times – this amounts to an average of one form per 7.6 poems, and confirms the full vitality of the noun in the eighth century.The "Taketori monogatari" (ninth/tenth cent.) also attests the morpheme in question rather abundantly, but added to three verbs only and without any word-non-final suffix interposed. All thirty-three occurrences are used to introduce quotations, often coupled with another form of the same verb which closes the direct speech – a pattern common in later texts too.In the "Ise monogatari" (early tenth cent.) the verbal noun appears fifteen times, almost exclusively in the verse portions, and is invariably, with the exception of two fossils, represented by either of the following constructions: -(a)n-aku ni ‘since / when / although (he) does not' – ten times, or -(a)m-aku fosi- ‘(he) wishes to' – three times.The first imperial anthology of poetry, "Kokin (waka) shū" (905–914), despite its relative variegation of the noun under discussion, is but a shadow of the "Man'yōshū"'s splendour, and most of these forms should rather be regarded as linguistic relics. In the beginning, five books, constituting one fourth of the whole and comprising 313 poems, one finds the suffix sixteen times, but the forms' absolute homogeneity is more than striking.Ki no Tsurayuki in his "Tosa nikki" (around 935) used the said morpheme with economy, adhering to the established derivatives. One combination, however, namely if-ik\-er\-aku ‘here is what she said', stands out as long unseen and was perhaps taken over from some older text. The diary contains eight examples of the suffix altogether.Murasaki Shikibu's "Genji monogatari" (around 1004–1011) seems an excellent touchstone of the productivity of the verbal noun at that time, due to both its considerable size and the profusion of dialogues. Unfortunately, in the novel's fifty-four lengthy chapters the suffix can be located merely three times, always being a part of some petrified form. Thus, any further quest becomes futile – the verbal noun must be pronounced dead.On the basis of the above material, the frequency of the suffix's occurrence in the selected Old and Classical Japanese texts (or their parts) can be summarised in the table presented in paragraph 5, where the number of pages (A) and the number of attested forms (B) are brought together to show the average number of forms per one hundred pages ((A / B) × 100). The process of the disappearance clearly divides into three phases:until the end of the eighth century: virtually unlimited productivity and common use (at least in poetry; for prose appropriate texts are missing),ninth and tenth centuries: usage mainly restricted to the verbs of speech (in prose) and to the negative construction -(a)n-aku ni (in poetry); the frequency decreases slowly but steadily,since the early eleventh century: only lexicalised derivatives persist.From the eleventh century on, it is solely the form if-aku (vel sim.) ‘here is what (he) says / said', introducing a quotation, that still appears quite often in texts, although some other form of a verb of speech is used to close the sentence too. This is probably to be explained in part by the relative attractiveness of such a pleonastic construction, which can be observed in languages of different types: Classical Mongolian, Old Turkic, as well as Old Polish. With time, however, even this one lost its popularity.Nevertheless, despite the thousand years that have elapsed since the extinction of the verbal noun, over a dozen of its relics are still encountered in Modern Japanese – amazingly strong resistance indeed.
    Źródło:
    Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis; 2009, 126
    2083-4624
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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