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    Tytuł:
    Wpływ wybranych środków ochrony roślin na wzrost grzybów owadobójczych z rzędu owadomorkowców (Entomophthorales)
    The influence of selected pesticides on the growth of entomopathogenic fungi from the entomophthoralean order (Entomophthorales)
    Autorzy:
    Tkaczuk, C.
    Majchrowska-Safaryan, A.
    Śledź, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/11236732.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie
    Tematy:
    srodki ochrony roslin
    grzyby owadobojcze
    herbicydy
    insektycydy
    fungicydy
    owadomorki
    choroby roslin
    uprawa roslin
    grzyby entomopatogenne
    Entomophthorales
    wzrost grzybow
    Źródło:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio E. Agricultura; 2016, 71, 1; 65-75
    0365-1118
    Pojawia się w:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio E. Agricultura
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Morphological and molecular characterization of entomophthorales (Entomophthoromycota: Entomophthoromycotina) from Argentina
    Autorzy:
    Manfrino, Romina G.
    Castrillo, Louela A.
    López Lastra, Claudia C.
    Toledo, Andrea V.
    Ferrari, Walter
    Jansen, Annette B.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/11543394.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Botaniczne
    Tematy:
    morphological characteristics
    molecular characteristics
    Entomophthorales
    Entomophthoromycota
    Entomophthoromycotina
    insect pest
    host range
    Argentina
    Opis:
    We characterized 17 insect-pathogenic entomophthoralean fungal isolates (Entomophthoromycotina: Entomophthorales) using morphological and molecular techniques. We identified four species from various insect hosts: (i) Entomophthora planchoniana, six specimens from aphids; (ii) Pandora neoaphidis, three specimens from aphids; (iii) Zoophthora phalloides from an aphid; and (iv) Z. radicans, seven specimens from insects in the orders Diptera, Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera. Analysis of ITS1 data from E. planchoniana showed clustering in accordance to aphid host species. Entomophthora planchoniana from Macrosiphum euphorbiae clustered together, separate from the isolate from Myzus persicae. The P. neoaphidis specimens clustered with sequences from other aphid-pathogenic Pandora species in GenBank. In this study, Z. phalloides from Brevicoryne brassicae and Z. radicans from an unidentified species of Chironomidae (Diptera) in Argentina were characterized for the first time. The present study was initiated to elucidate the taxonomy of the entomophthoralean fungi in Argentina according to their morphological and molecular characters. The presented results emphasize the significance of the combination of molecular data and information on morphology, ecology, and host range for accurate identification of entomophthoralean and allied genera.
    Źródło:
    Acta Mycologica; 2020, 55, 2; 5522
    0001-625X
    2353-074X
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Mycologica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Toksyczne metabolity wytwarzane przez pasozytniczy grzyb Conidiobolus coronatus
    Toxic metabolites produced by parasitic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus
    Autorzy:
    Wieloch, W
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/837083.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2007
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
    Tematy:
    metabolity toksyczne
    grzyby pasozytnicze
    parazytologia
    mikotoksyny
    Entomophthorales
    Conidiobolus coronatus
    toksycznosc
    Galleria mellonella
    Źródło:
    Annals of Parasitology; 2007, 53, 4; 355-357
    0043-5163
    Pojawia się w:
    Annals of Parasitology
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Toksyczne metabolity wytwarzane przez pasożytniczy grzyb Conidiobolus coronatus
    Toxic metabolites produced by parasitic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus
    Autorzy:
    Wieloch, W.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2144082.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2007
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
    Tematy:
    metabolity toksyczne
    grzyby pasozytnicze
    parazytologia
    mikotoksyny
    Entomophthorales
    Conidiobolus coronatus
    toksycznosc
    Galleria mellonella
    Opis:
    Naturally occurring entomopathogens are important regulatory factors of insect populations. Among them are entomopathogenic fungi. The invasion of insects by parasitic fungi occurs through penetration of the host integument. Death of the host is a result of tissue destruction, exhaustion of nutrients or the production of toxins. Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomophthorales) is a saprophytic soil fungus that kills insects by releasing toxins inside insect body, before the invasion of host's organs and tissues by fungal hyphae. It is pathogenic to a number of insects and could be relatively easily propagated in laboratory conditions. The fungus is an interesting object to study and might be the source of new insecticidal substances as well. The main aim of the study was isolation and characterisation of active compounds produced by C. coronatus. In experimental surveys of interactions between insects and entomopathogenic fungi it is important to establish simple and reliable method of quantification of fungal pathogenicity towards insects, and to chose right insect target as well. Four methods were tested on two species — Galleria mellonella and Dendrolimus pini: (1) immersing larvae in conidial suspension; (2) deposition the conidia on the cuticle; (3) injection into hemocoel, and (4) exposure to fungal colony. Exposition of G. mellonella larvae to fungal colony was chosen, as the best method to quantify C. coronatus pathogenicity, reflecting possible contact of insects with fungal spores in nature. D. pini larvae were not chosen to further experiments. Dark colour of their body disables the estimation of fungal infection progress. The fungus produces an array of enzymes regarded as necessary in efficient penetration of insect cuticle: proteases, chitinases and lipases, which degrade the components of the integument. The activity of those enzymes was measured in mycelial homogenates and in post incubation media. In homogenates the activity of elastase, N−acetylglucosaminidase (NAGase) and lipase was denoted. The homogenate had no chymotripsin and chitinase activity. In the incubation media the activity of five examined enzymes was present. Elastase and NAGase activities were much higher than those of three other enzymes. The long term observation of four colonies in laboratory conditions from one transfer to another revealed differences in the ability to kill G. mellonella larvae. The colonies reduced pathogenicity during several transfers and then relapsed into higher level of pathogenicity again. The fluctuations were more or less regular and appeared through two−year duration of the experiment. The nature of this fluctuation is unknown and no similar phenomenon was observed elsewhere. To elicit the possible background of instability of fungal cultures towards G. mellonella, a genetic analysis was performed on colonies derived from primary conidia, containing several dozen of nuclei, and microconidia, which are formed on the surface of primary conidia and containing a maximum several nuclei. Both analyses: DNA Fingerprinting and Amplified Fragments Length Polymorphism (AFLP) revealed that colonies isolated from primary conidia or microconidia differ in the genetic profile. The genetic differences reflect the differences in the pathogenicity trait. Genetic analysis of colonies derived from microconidia proved that nuclei differ genetically, which means that C. coronatus mycelium is heterokaryotic. A chromatographic separation of fungal homogenate proteins did not succeed. Better possibility gave the separation of proteins released by fungus to minimal medium. By two step high pressure liquid chromatography: size exclusion and ion exchange four proteins were separated to homogeneity, according to SDS−PAGE. Two of them in the size 14.5 kDa and 36 kDa were moderately pathogenic to G. mellonella larvae in the dose of 1µg per larva (20% and 10% of pathogenicity, respectively), and exhibited no enzymatic activity. Third protein was a 33−34 kDa elastase with no pathogenic effect. The last protein in the size 36−37 kDa was pathogenic to the larvae (20%) and exhibited elastolytic and chitinolytic activities. Further experiments will elicit the mode of actions on cell cultures of those four isolated proteins.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Parazytologiczne; 2007, 53, 4; 355-357
    0043-5163
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Parazytologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Extended studies on the diversity of arthropod-pathogenic fungi in Austria and Poland
    Poszerzone badania nad różnorodnością grzybów-patogenów stawonogów w Austrii i w Polsce
    Autorzy:
    Tkaczuk, C.
    Balazy, S.
    Krzyczkowski, T.
    Wegensteiner, R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/952624.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Botaniczne
    Tematy:
    arthropod
    pathogenic fungi
    fungi
    Austria
    Polska
    Entomophthorales
    Hypocreales
    anamorph
    insect
    spider
    entomopathogenic fungi
    Opis:
    Results of studies on diversity of arthropod-pathogenic fungi in selected habitats in Austria and Poland carried out in the years 2006-2007 and 2009-2010 are discussed. In total 47 species of entomopathogenic fungi were found as pathogens of different arthropods in Austria. Twenty six entomophthoralean species from different insects and one species from mites were identified and 16 of them are recorded as new to Austria. From among 21 species of anamorphic Hypocreales (Ascomycota) affecting arthropods in Austria, 13 species so far have not been known from this country. In total 51 species of fungi affecting different arthropods in Poland were recorded, among them 28 species of Entomophthorales and 23 anamorphic Hypocreales were separated. The most frequent species of the entomopathogenic fungi both in agricultural and afforested areas in Austria were the common and usually worldwide distributed cordycipitaceous anamorphs Beauveria bassiana, Isaria fumosorosea and in areas of this study less numerous I. farinosa. The most frequent pathogens occurring in mite communities on plants and in wood infested by insects were Hirsutella species. Several entomophthoralean species developed epizootics that caused high reduction in host populations of different arthropods in both countries. Especially interesting is the first record of mycoses (up to 60% mortality), caused by Zoophthora spp. on Phyllobius beetles in a mixed forest near Białowieża. During our joint research, we found the first time in Poland and Europe, the presence of the fungus Furia cf. shandongensis on earwigs and Hirsutella entomophila on Ips typographus adults in forest habitats. From the feeding sites of the latter bark beetle and other subcortical species in oak bark (mostly Dryocoetes villosus) and D. alni in black alder over a dozen of various Lecanicillium strains - including few of the features not allowing to classify them to any of so far known species – were isolated both from the scolytids and from accompanying them mites, but these materials have now been successively elaborated. From the commonly occurring in these materials acaropathogenic species Hirsutella cf. brownorum, H. minnesotensis, H. nodulosa and H. rostrata, the two latter infected also adult bark beetles, whereas from the larvae and pupae some supposed nematophagous anamorphs were isolated, among them Harposporium janus and Haptocillium sp.
    W latach 2006-2007 oraz 2009-2010 w ramach dwustronnej współpracy (Scientific and Technological Cooperation Project: Austria - Poland 12/2006 i 09/2009), w wybranych siedliskach w Austrii i w Polsce prowadzono badania nad grzybowymi patogenami stawonogów, głównie owadów i roztoczy. W sumie w Austrii stwierdzono występowanie czterdziestu siedmiu gatunków grzybów patogenicznych w stosunku do stawonogów. Wśród nich odnotowano 26 gatunków owadomorków (Entomophthorales), z czego 16 to gatunki niewykazywane wcześniej z tego kraju oraz 21 gatunków grzybów reprezentowanych przez anamorficzne formy Hypocreales (Ascomycota), w tym 13 gatunków nowych dla Austrii. Spośród 51 gatunków grzybów patogenicznych dla stawonogów, które rozpoznano w ramach badań prowadzonych w Polsce, 28 należało do owadomorków, a 23 to anamorfy workowców (Ascomycota), z których 13 gatunków wykazuje właściwości patogeniczne w stosunku do roztoczy. Do gatunków grzybów najczęściej spotykanych na roztoczach fitofagicznych oraz występujących w zbiorowiskach owadów zasiedlających drewno, należały gatunki z rodzaju Hirsutella, z których żaden nie był dotąd notowany w Austrii. Spośród nich tylko H. kirchnerii i H. thompsonii wydają się w istotny sposób redukować populację szpecieli w obu krajach. Dwa nowe gatunki Hirsutella danubiensis i H. vandergeesti, opisane w 2008 roku, są efektywnymi patogenami szkodliwych roztoczy z rodziny przędziorkowatych (Tetranychidae), chociaż ostatni z wymienionych gatunków pasożytuje również na roztoczach drapieżnych (Phytoseidae). Kilka gatunków owadomorków powodowało epizoocje, które wpłynęły na znaczne ograniczenie populacji różnych taksonów stawonogów w obu krajach. Szczególnie godny uwagi jest przypadek wysokiej śmiertelności (do 60% osobników w populacji) chrząszczy z rodzaju Phyllobius zaobserwowany w Puszczy Białowieskiej, a spowodowany przez nieopisany dotychczas gatunek grzyba z rodzaju Zoophthora. Efektem wspólnych badań jest także odnotowanie po raz pierwszy w Polsce i w Europie, występowania Furia cf. shandongensis na skorkach (Dermaptera) oraz Hirsutella entomophila na imagines Ips typographus w siedliskach leśnych.
    Źródło:
    Acta Mycologica; 2011, 46, 2
    0001-625X
    2353-074X
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Mycologica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Charakterystyka enzymów proteo-, chityno- i lipolitycznych pasożytniczego grzyba Conidiobolus coronatus
    Characterization of proteo-, chitino- and lipolytic enzymes of parasitic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus
    Autorzy:
    Włóka, E
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2143413.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
    Tematy:
    grzyby pasozytnicze
    grzyby entomopatogenne
    Conidiobolus coronatus
    Entomophthorales
    enzymy proteolityczne
    elastaza
    N-acetyloglukozaminidaza
    enzymy chitynolityczne
    enzymy lipolityczne
    lipaza
    aktywnosc enzymatyczna
    owady
    barciak wiekszy
    Galleria mellonella
    zwalczanie szkodnikow
    metody biologiczne
    grzyby owadobojcze
    Opis:
    The largest problem in limitation of insect pest population is increasing resistance of them to chemical pesticides. Alternative are entomopathogens, which regulate frequency of insect pests. Among them decisive role play entomopathogenic fungi, which possess the ability to active penetration through cuticle by mechanical pressure of invasive hypha and production of proteo-, chitino- (egzo- and endochitinases) as well as lipolytic enzymes, which provide nutrients for subsequent development of fungus. Entomopathogenic soil fungus Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomophtorales) is saprophyte fungus, which demonstrates a high efficiency in the paralysis of varied insects. Although leading investigations over mechanism of insect paralysis, we still do not know, what role fungal enzymes play in insect cuticle penetration. The main aim of research was establishment of optimal conditions for elastase, N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGase), chitobiosidase as well as lipase. Optimal reaction parameters were determined: volume of reaction mixture, volume of homogenate, working pH and the substrate concentration. Having on aim a possible use of C. coronatus in pest control, two ranges of temperatures were chosen: 20°C – optimal temperature for the fungus growing and 30°C – optimal temperature for the cultivation of the great wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella, on which examinations were performed. Also kinetic constants Km and Vmax were determined. Activity of elastase and N-acetylglucosaminidase of C. coronatus was measured spectrophotometrically at 410 nm (towards N-Succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Leu-p-Nitroanilide) and 405 nm (towards 4-Nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminide), respectively. The following optimal conditions of elastase activity were established: the volume of reaction mixture 0.5 ml, volume of homogenate 1 ml, temperature 30°C, pH 8, substrate concentration 40 mM. Optimal conditions of NAGase assay: the volume of reaction mixture 0.5 ml, dose of homogenate 12.5 ml, temperature 30°C, pH neutral and 6 mM substrate concentration. The activities of chitobiosidase and lipase were measured spectrofluorometrically (Ex=360 nm, Em=450 nm) towards 4-Methylumbelliferyl b-D-N-N’-diacetylchitobioside and 4-Methylumbelliferyl oleate, respectively. Chitobiosidase showed the highest activity in dose of 30 ml in 1 ml volume of reaction mixture, at the temperature of 30°C, pH 7 and substrate concentration equal to 2 mM. Lipase showed the highest catalytic activity in 1 ml volume of reaction mixture, in 30°C but 50 ml of homogenate, pH 10 and 10 mM substrate concentration were needed. Higher activity investigated enzymes in 30°C than 20°C indicated that they can take part in pathogenesis. It was suggested that as first in perforation of coats of insects body elastase and lipase take part. Indicated of it, large thermoresistance of both enzymes (only 10.5% decrease of elastase activity at 20°C and 9.4% decrease of lipase activity in comparison with maximal activity at 30°C), alkalophilicity of both proteins (elastase shows the alkaline optimal pH equal to 8 at pH 9 preserves 97% activity, and at pH 10 94% activity, respectively while lipase prefers the pH 10 and at pH 8 and pH 9 enzyme keeps 57 and 60% activity, respectively) as well as lack of repression by suitable substrates. Sigmoid character of curve concerning pH influence on the activity of both enzymes, also indicates similarity between elastase and lipase. On minor part of NAGase and chitobiosidase of fungus C. coronatus in perforation of coats of host body showed high sensibility of both enzymes on hydrogen ions concentration: both enzymes prefer neutral pH, in pH 6 and 8 lose over 35% activity but subjection to substrate repression and 3–4-fold growth of activity followed only in 30°C. In the course of work it was found, that rich medium (LB) stimulates growth of mycelium and production of fungal lipases. So far nobody managed to isolate chitinolytic or lipolytic enzymes from C. coronatus homogenate. The majority of fungal enzymes were isolated from post incubation filtrates. In the literature of the subject lack of data about C. coronatus NAGase, therefore in examinations also the trial of isolation NAGase from C. coronatus homogenate was undertaken. Activity of NAGase showed only first fraction, which did not separate with none of used columns. Disappointing results of purification on cation exchanger CM, weak anion exchanger DEAE, and strong anion exchanger Q were obtained as well as after fractionation tests with the use of Microcon microcolumns. In aim of NAGase molecular mass estimation, two zymograms were made with Triton X-100 and casein and with the use of fluorescent substrate 4-Methylumbelliferyl N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminide. Molecular mass of NAGase from C. coronatus was established on ca. 60 kDa. This is the first report describing molecular weight of NAGase from C. coronatus. Examined NAGase has different properties than known NAGases from other entomopathogenic fungi. Although its molecular weight is equal to the Metarhizium anisopliae NAGase, optimal pH for both NAGases are different: neutral in the case of C. coronatus NAGase versus acidic in the case of M. anisopliae NAGase. Knowledge of molecular mass of the C. coronatus NAGase should allow to find a new method of this enzyme isolation from C. coronatus homogenate. Thanks to developed methods of assaying activities of elastase, NAGase, chitobiosidase and lipase, real becomes the understanding of mechanism of insects paralysis through C. coronatus fungus.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Parazytologiczne; 2010, 56, 1; 83-85
    0043-5163
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Parazytologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Charakterystyka enzymow proteo-, chityno- i lipolitycznych pasozytniczego grzyba Conidiobolus coronatus
    Characterization of proteo-, chitino- and lipolytic enzymes of parasitic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus
    Autorzy:
    Wloka, E
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/836974.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
    Tematy:
    grzyby pasozytnicze
    grzyby entomopatogenne
    Conidiobolus coronatus
    Entomophthorales
    enzymy proteolityczne
    elastaza
    N-acetyloglukozaminidaza
    enzymy chitynolityczne
    enzymy lipolityczne
    lipaza
    aktywnosc enzymatyczna
    owady
    barciak wiekszy
    Galleria mellonella
    zwalczanie szkodnikow
    metody biologiczne
    grzyby owadobojcze
    Źródło:
    Annals of Parasitology; 2010, 56, 1; 83-85
    0043-5163
    Pojawia się w:
    Annals of Parasitology
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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