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Tytuł:
Formal Theory and Value Judgments
Autorzy:
Kamiński, Marek
Lissowski, Grzegorz
Świstak, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1930068.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-01-07
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne
Tematy:
formal theory
experiments
value judgments
rationality
Opis:
When we assume that a survey reveals respondents’ true attitudes we tacitly assume that the subjects understood what we are asking them about and that they had no incentive to be untruthful. In typical studies none of the two assumptions holds. Subjects are asked questions that use undefined terms and they are asked about issues they have no incentive to answer truthfully. Here we argue that a way to solve the two problems lies in constructing a formal theory of an attitude in such a way that an attitude can be derived from the answers yet when answering the questions subjects cannot possibly know that their responses reveal anything about their attitude and, hence, they have no incentive to answer insincerely.We briefly discuss a study that has the desirable properties necessary for the proper design.
Źródło:
Polish Sociological Review; 2014, 184, 4; 409-430
1231-1413
2657-4276
Pojawia się w:
Polish Sociological Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modelling a subregular bias in phonological learning with Recurrent Neural Networks
Autorzy:
Prickett, Brandon
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2061408.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Podstaw Informatyki PAN
Tematy:
neural networks
learning bias
formal language theory
phonology
Opis:
A number of experiments have demonstrated what seems to be a bias in human phonological learning for patterns that are simpler according to Formal Language Theory (Finley and Badecker 2008; Lai 2015; Avcu 2018). This paper demonstrates that a sequence-to-sequence neural network (Sutskever et al. 2014), which has no such restriction explicitly built into its architecture, can successfully capture this bias. These results suggest that a bias for patterns that are simpler according to Formal Language Theory may not need to be explicitly incorporated into models of phonological learning.
Źródło:
Journal of Language Modelling; 2021, 9, 1; 67--96
2299-856X
2299-8470
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Language Modelling
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Typology emerges from simplicity in representations and learning
Autorzy:
Lambert, Dakotah
Rawski, Jonathan
Heinz, Jeffrey
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2061410.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Podstaw Informatyki PAN
Tematy:
model theory
subregularity
grammatical inference
formal language theory
phonology
learning
complexity
Opis:
We derive well-understood and well-studied subregular classes of formal languages purely from the computational perspective of algorithmic learning problems. We parameterise the learning problem along dimensions of representation and inference strategy. Of special interest are those classes of languages whose learning algorithms are necessarily not prohibitively expensive in space and time, since learners are often exposed to adverse conditions and sparse data. Learned natural language patterns are expected to be most like the patterns in these classes, an expectation supported by previous typological and linguistic research in phonology. A second result is that the learning algorithms presented here are completely agnostic to choice of linguistic representation. In the case of the subregular classes, the results fall out from traditional model-theoretic treatments of words and strings. The same learning algorithms, however, can be applied to model-theoretic treatments of other linguistic representations such as syntactic trees or autosegmental graphs, which opens a useful direction for future research.
Źródło:
Journal of Language Modelling; 2021, 9, 1; 151--194
2299-856X
2299-8470
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Language Modelling
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Med medkulturnostjo v prevodni praksi in »medkulturnostjo« v prevodoslovju
Międzykulturowość w praktyce przekładowej a „międzykulturowość” w translatologii
Between interculturality in translation practice and “interculturality” in translatology
Autorzy:
Vevar, Štefan
Muszyńska-Vizintin, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1373677.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
formalna teorija vs. substančna teorija
medkulturnost
koncept trihotomije
normativna paradigma
prevodna ekvivalenca
formal theory vs. substantial theory
interculturality
concept of trichotomy
complex normative paradigm
translation equivalence
Opis:
V prispevku sem skušal pokazati, da je upoštevanje fenomena medkulturnosti v prevajanju eden od temeljev solidnega prevoda. Če medkulturnost izostane, ciljna kultura prevaja iz izho‑ diščne na potujitveni način, to pa onemogoča ali slabi razumevanje besedila pri ciljnem bralstvu. A ne le to: besedilu tudi jemlje avtentično literarno dikcijo in ga depoetizira. Primeri kažejo, da bi morala formalna teorija dokončno opraviti z zgolj semantičnim pojmovanjem prevodne ekvivalence. S kompleksnim ovrednotenjem problema prevodne enakovrednosti bi se tudi rešila shizofrenega razmerja do medkulturnosti, ko jo načeloma in v abstraktnem pogledu tematizira kot relevanten fenomen, pri svoji praktični evalvaciji pa jo ima zgolj za upoštevanja vreden korektiv.
The article has tried to demonstrate that the implementation of the interculturality phenom‑ enon in the translation process should be considered as one of the conditions of a distinguished translation. If the translator does not integrate the so ‑called ‘cultural equivalents’ in his/her trans‑ lation, it occurs on the text level only, undermining and weakening its understanding with the target readership. Such a translation moreover lacks the authentic diction and turns to be prosaic and non ‑poetic. The formal theory of translation should therefore finally give up its mere semantic comprehension of translation equivalence. Having evaluated this problem in a complex way, one would find the way out of its schizoid position between widely shedding light on the phenomenon of interculturality in theory, yet facing it with embarrassment and discomfort when evaluating translation practice.
Źródło:
Przekłady Literatur Słowiańskich; 2016, 7, 1; 34-48
1899-9417
2353-9763
Pojawia się w:
Przekłady Literatur Słowiańskich
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Automated Science
Nauka Zautomatyzowana
Autorzy:
Kawalec, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/577447.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
automated science
reliability
formal learning theory
Bayesianism
nauka zautomatyzowana
niezawodność
formalna teoria uczenia się
bayesianizm
Opis:
Any serious attempt to give an account of the cognitive aspect of science – as contrasted with e.g. its economic, social or cultural aspects – cannot ignore the automation revolution. In the conception presented in this paper the results of computer science are taken seriously and integrated with earlier ideas concerning what constitutes scientific inquiry. The central idea is that of reliable inquiry. On the reliabilist criteria presented here, if a method is logically warranted to get to the right answer – given data and background knowledge available – and to stick to it afterwards, then it is reliable. This is a normative theory, but the standard of reliability is adjusted to the domain of the inquiry at hand. This paper presents the central tenets of the reliabilist conception of science and briefly outlines the main results underlying it. The philosophical task to deliver an adequate understanding of science is taken to be continuous with scientific research itself (naturalism), a major part of which is concerned with delivering causal explanations (causality) and can only be carried out with limited resources (computability). An outline of open problems and directions for future research concludes the paper.
Współczesne wyjaśnienie poznawczego aspektu nauki – w odróżnieniu np. od ekonomicznego, społecznego czy kulturowego – nie może pominąć rewolucji, jaka dokonała się w automatyzowaniu procedur naukowych. Teoretyczne zaplecze tych nowych idei jest prezentowane na tle dokonań historycznych. Kluczowym pojęciem w prezentowanym artykule jest niezawodność metody rozumiana jako przysługująca metodzie naukowej, która gwarantuje uzyskanie poprawnej odpowiedzi – przy dostępności danych i wiedzy założonej – oraz trwanie przy niej, mimo dopływających nowych danych. Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje główne własności niezawodnościowej (reliabilistycznej) koncepcji nauki i krótko omawia najważniejsze, leżące u jej podstaw wyniki. Filozoficzne zadanie zaproponowania właściwego rozumienia nauki jest tutaj traktowane jako ciągłe z badaniem naukowym (naturalizm), wymagające przede wszystkim określania zależności przyczynowych (kauzalizm) i możliwe przy ograniczonych zasobach (obliczalność). W końcowej części artykułu zaprezentowano otwarte problemy i kierunki badań.
Źródło:
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa; 2012, 48, 2 (192); 111-139
0044-1619
Pojawia się w:
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Vygotsky’s Meta-theory of Development: Formal Description
Autorzy:
Karandashev, Yuri N.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/29520330.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Vygotsky
development
meta-theory
meta-theory of development
formal description of development
Opis:
Vygotsky’s text “The Structure and Dynamics of Age” contains a description of his meta-theory of development. However, psychologists have not understood this text because of its traditional philosophical character. The author of the article proposes a constructive reading of Vygotsky’s original text supplemented by his own formal description. This perusal of Vygotsky is based on the formula \(S_{i + 1} = (S_i + I) * f_{i + 1}\), where \(i\) is the serial number of current age period, \(S_i\) is the structure of the \(i-th\) age period, \(S_{i + 1}\) is the structure of the \((i + 1)-th\) age period and \(f_{i + 1}\) is the social situation of development for the \((i + 1)-th\) age period.
Źródło:
The New Educational Review; 2006, 10; 145-164
1732-6729
Pojawia się w:
The New Educational Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An attempt to characterize the availability of the elements of a chain of action
Próba opisu zdatności ogniw łańcucha działania
Autorzy:
Smolnik, Maksymilian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38953771.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
action
reliability theory
formal praxiology
działanie
teoria niezawodności
prakseologia formalna
Opis:
The paper presents a survey and analysis of the selected basic theses of some operational sciences and praxiology. This project is related to the ongoing research and development works on the description of the reliability of action. These works refer to the concept of such a description presented by Józef Konieczny within the framework of systems of action engineering (and formal praxiology). The original concept is universal and can be useful in reliability engineering, but its analysis, development and application require prior research on its foundations. For this reason, the aim of this work is to formulate observations and conclusions regarding the description of the state of availability of the individual elements of a chain of action – which is one of the many stages of the mentioned research and development works.
W artykule dokonano przeglądu i analizy wybranych, podstawowych tez niektórych nauk eksploatacyjnych oraz prakseologii. Przedsięwzięcie to związane jest z prowadzonymi pracami badawczo-rozwojowymi dotyczącymi opisu niezawodności działania. Prace te odnoszą się do koncepcji takiego opisu zaprezentowanej przez Józefa Koniecznego w ramach inżynierii systemów działania (i prakseologii formalnej). Oryginalna koncepcja ma charakter uniwersalny i może być użyteczna w inżynierii niezawodności, jednak jej analiza, rozwinięcie i stosowanie wymagają wcześniejszych badań dotyczących jej podstaw. Z tego względu celem niniejszej pracy jest sformułowanie obserwacji oraz wniosków w zakresie opisu występowania stanu zdatności poszczególnych elementów łańcucha działania – co stanowi jeden z wielu etapów wspomnianych prac badawczo-rozwojowych.
Źródło:
Journal of KONBiN; 2023, 53, 4; 101-128
1895-8281
2083-4608
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONBiN
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sculpture as a Code – Rhetorical Devices Used by the Sculptor
Autorzy:
Władyka-Łuczak, Zofia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/649621.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
visual communication
composition
formal image structure
formal narration
theory of vision and rhetoric
verbal communication
visual
Opis:
The aim of the paper is to compare the formal organization of a visual message with the rhetorical devices used in a verbal message. This analysis is carried out based on the example of the sculpture Dual by Zbigniew Władyka. The creativity found in the rhetorical devices used in the sculpture Dual to trigger and amplify feelings proves that they can be employed even in this form of artistic expression. Creativity in the analysed sculpture is represented by German reunification, reflected in the form of the transformation of two characters into one. The sculpture is meant to inspire, to be an object (res) directing the viewer toward personal reflection, and invoking projections of fear and doubt, but also of confidence and courage. Confidence and courage are represented by a strong figure with a head, firmly standing on its feet. Fear and doubt are represented by a weak figure, carried by the first one. The centripetal composition used in the sculpture suggests merger rather than destruction. The sensory perception of the viewer is controlled by directional tensions, which lead the viewer’s sight along designated linear directions. As described earlier by Witkiewicz, directional tensions and motionless substance correspond to a rhetorical enlarging and diminishing. By interacting with the sculpture, you can experience these devices. Not only visualization is at work here, as in verbal communication, but also physical experience. The presented analysis shows that a sculptural work of art can be analysed in a similar way to verbal communication. Of course, not all verbal devices have their counterparts in visual communication, but the basic content and emotions can be expressed regardless of the code.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica; 2016, 35, 5
1505-9057
2353-1908
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rzeźba jako kod – chwyty retoryczne stosowane przez rzeźbiarza
Sculpture as a Code – Rhetorical Devices Used by the Sculptor
Autorzy:
Władyka-Łuczak, Zofia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/967729.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
visual communication
composition
formal image structure
formal narration
theory of vision and rhetoric
verbal communication
visual message
Opis:
The aim of the paper is to compare the formal organization of a visual message with the rhetorical devices used in verbal expression. This analysis is carried out based on the example of the sculpture Dual by Zbigniew Władyka. Creativity found in the rhetorical devices used in the sculpture Dual to trigger and amplify feelings proves that they can be used even in this form of artistic expression. Creativity in the analysed sculpture is represented by the unification of Germany, reflected in the form of the transformation of two characters into one. The sculpture is meant to inspire, to be an object (res) directing the viewer toward personal reflection, and invoking projections of fear and doubt, but also of confidence and courage. Confidence and courage are represented by a strong figure with a head, firmly standing on her feet. Fear and doubt are represented by a weak figure, carried by the first one. The centripetal composition used in the sculpture suggests merger rather than destruction. The sensory perception of the viewer is controlled by directional tensions, which lead the viewer’s sight along designated linear directions. As described earlier by S. Witkiewicz, directional tensions and motionless substance correspond to a rhetorical enlarging and diminishing. By interacting with the sculpture, you can experience these devices. Not only visualization is at work here, as in verbal communication, but also physical experience. The presented analysis shows that a sculptural work of art can be analysed in a similar way to verbal communication. Of course, not all verbal devices have their counterparts in visual communication, but the basic content and emotions can be expressed regardless of the code.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica; 2015, 28, 2
1505-9057
2353-1908
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Type Theories and Lexical Networks : using Serious Games as the basis for Multi-Sorted Typed Systems
Autorzy:
Chatzikyriakidis, S.
Lafourcade, M.
Ramadier, L.
Zarrouk, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/103833.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Podstaw Informatyki PAN
Tematy:
lexical networks
JeuxDeMots
type theory
type ontologies
formal semantics
natural language inference
Opis:
In this paper, we show how a rich lexico-semantic network which Has been built using serious games, JeuxDeMots, can help us in grounding our semantic ontologies in doing formal semantics using rich or modern type theories (type theories within the tradition of Martin Löf). We discuss the issue of base types, adjectival and verbal types, hyperonymy/hyponymy relations as well as more advanced issues like homophony and polysemy. We show how one can take advantage of this wealth of lexical semantics in a formal compositional semantics framework. We argue that this is a way to sidestep the problem of deciding what the type ontology should look like once a move to a many sorted type system has been made. Furthermore, we show how this kind of information can be extracted from a lexico-semantic Network like JeuxDeMots and inserted into a proof-assistant like Coq in order to perform reasoning tasks.
Źródło:
Journal of Language Modelling; 2017, 5, 2; 229-272
2299-856X
2299-8470
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Language Modelling
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Towards a Formal Ontology of Information. Selected Ideas of K. Turek
Autorzy:
Krzanowski, Roman
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/690802.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Copernicus Center Press
Tematy:
information
formal ontology of information
set theory
form-matter complex
substance
structures
relations
Opis:
There are many ontologies of the world or of specific phenomena such as time, matter, space, and quantum mechanics1. However, ontologies of information are rather rare. One of the reasons behind this is that information is most frequently associated with communication and computing, and not with ‘the furniture of the world’. But what would be the nature of an ontology of information? For it to be of significant import it should be amenable to formalization in a logico-grammatical formalism. A candidate ontology satisfying such a requirement can be found in some of the ideas of K. Turek, presented in this paper. Turek outlines the ontology of information conceived of as a part of nature, and provides the ‘missing link’ to the Z axiomatic set theory, offering a proposal for developing a formal ontology of information both in its philosophical and logicogrammatical representations.
Źródło:
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce; 2016, 61; 23-52
0867-8286
2451-0602
Pojawia się w:
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Binary and ternary structures of the evolutions in the universe (2 × 3 × 2 × · · · -world) III. The Galois theory of language and the anthropic problem in physics
Struktury binarne i ternarne w ewolucji wszechświata (świat 2 × 3 × 2 × · · · wymiarowy) III. Teoria Galois języków i problem antropiczny w fizyce
Autorzy:
Ławrynowicz, Julian
Nowak-Kępczyk, Małgorzata
Suzuki, Osamu
Othman, Mohd Fauzi
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1837652.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-08-12
Wydawca:
Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
Tematy:
the universal language
formal language theory
Turing machine
the evolution of the universe
non-commutative Galois theory
Fibonacci sequence
Tribonacci sequence
binarna struktura fizyczna
ternarna struktura fizyczna
kwaternarna struktura fizyczna
kwinarna struktura fizyczna
sennarna struktura fizyczna
stop
pentacen
polimer
białko
paptyd
aminokwas
rozszerzenie Galois
powierzchnia Riemanna.
Opis:
(1) The non-commutative Galois theory of languages is presented and the universal language of natural languages is constructed. (2) The Galois theory for natural languages is given. (3) The Galois theory for the formal language theory is given. (4) Finally, we find intimate connections between language and physics and discuss the anthropological problem in physics from the point of view of our language theory. (5) In Appendix we give a virtual language defined by Fibonacci and Tribonacci sequences
(1) Przedstawiamy nieprzemienną teorię języków Galois i skonstruowano uniwersalny język języków naturalnych. (2) Przedstawiamy teorię Galois dotyczącą języków naturalnych. (3) Przedstawiamy teorię Galois dla formalnej teorii języka. (4) Wreszcie znajdujemy bliskie powiązania między językiem a fizyką i omawiamy problem antropologiczny w fizyce z punktu widzenia naszej teorii języka. (5) W Dodatku podajemy wirtualny język zdefiniowany przez sekwencje Fibonacciego i Tribonacciego
Źródło:
Bulletin de la Société des Sciences et des Lettres de Łódź, Série: Recherches sur les déformations; 2020, 70, 1; 11-41
1895-7838
2450-9329
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin de la Société des Sciences et des Lettres de Łódź, Série: Recherches sur les déformations
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ChR: Dynamic Functional Constraints Checking in R
Autorzy:
Grzanek, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/108643.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Społeczna Akademia Nauk w Łodzi
Tematy:
formal software verification
software quality
dynamic type-checking
functional programming
category theory
R
Opis:
Dynamic typing of R programming language may issue some quality problems in large scale data-science and machine-learning projects for which the language is used. Following our efforts on providing gradual typing library for Clojure we come with a package chR - a library that offers functionality of run-time type-related checks in R. The solution is not only a dynamic type checker, it also helps to systematize thinking about types in the language, at the same time offering high expressivenes and full adherence to functional programming style.
Źródło:
Journal of Applied Computer Science Methods; 2017, 9 No. 1; 65-78
1689-9636
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Applied Computer Science Methods
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Low-Cost Dynamic Constraint Checking for the JVM
Autorzy:
Grzanek, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/108744.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Społeczna Akademia Nauk w Łodzi
Tematy:
formal software verification
software quality
dynamic type-checking
functional programming
category theory
Clojure
Opis:
Using formal methods for software verification slowly becomes a standard in the industry. Overall it is a good idea to integrate as many checks as possible with the programming language. This is a major cause of the apparent success of strong typing in software, either performed on the compile time or dynamically, on runtime. Unfortunately, only some of the properties of software may be expressed in the type system of event the most sophisticated programming languages. Many of them must be performed dynamically. This paper presents a flexible library for the dynamically typed, functional programming language running in the JVM environment. This library offers its users a close to zero run-time overhead and strong mathematical background in category theory.
Źródło:
Journal of Applied Computer Science Methods; 2016, 8 No. 2; 115-136
1689-9636
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Applied Computer Science Methods
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Hopeless Cases or Just Hard Nuts to Crack? Stories of “Difficult” Foreign Language Learners
Autorzy:
Nosidlak, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22446728.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
difficult/problematic student
foreign language learner
formal labelling
informal labelling
labelling theory
teacher training
Opis:
In accordance with the assumptions of the sociologically grounded labelling theory, an individual’s self-perception and, consequently, their actions, might be influenced by words used to describe them. Also, in the context of education, including the field of foreign language learning, such a process of defining learners in a simplified way, has been proven to have profound consequences of psychological nature. The main purpose of the article is to outline the results of a study in which 37 teachers of English shared the stories of their most “difficult” students. The qualitative analysis of the gathered descriptions allowed the identification of some common features characteristic of, so-called, hopeless cases, among which motivation-related problems are the most often enumerated ones. Additionally, many teachers wrote about their struggles while teaching students with special educational needs. The views expressed by the participants of the study might help understand the way in which opinions about students are formulated as well as point to the need for significant changes to be made in the area of foreign language teacher education and training.
Źródło:
Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition; 2023, 9, 2; 1-24
2450-5455
2451-2125
Pojawia się w:
Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 25

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