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Tytuł:
First Report on Fusarium brachygibbosum Isolate FIR 16_ITS Isolated from Iraqi Wheat Plant
Autorzy:
Ali, Hamdia Z.
Hameed, Mahdi S.
Abdulrahman, Abdulrahman A.
Saood, Hutham M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/123408.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:
phylogenetic analysis
rDNA
Iraq
Opis:
In this study, the Fusarium Brachygibbosum fungus isolate FIR 16_ITS was isolated for the first time from the infected wheat plants in Iraq, during the winter of 2018, in the AL-Tewatha region – 20 km south east of Baghdad. In order to verify the identity of the species of the F. brachygibbosum isolate FIR 16_ITS with the growth symptoms on the wheat plants, the wheat seeds and tissue plants were obtained and used as a source for the re-isolation of the infection agent. F. brachygibbosum isolate FIR 16_ITS was hardly identified using visual approach. However, a molecular technique is important in verifying the species of F. brachygibbosum isolate FIR 16_ITS. The isolate obtained was used for the extraction of DNA and later used for the molecular identification and phylogenetic analyses based on rDNA-internal transcribed region (ITS) primer sets. The authors successfully obtained the amplified products of the ITS-rDNA region, and a sequence analysis indicated that the Fusarium sp. isolate FIR 16_ITS species screened in this study belonged to the F. brachygibbosum species. It was recorded in the NCBI under the following information NCBI; BioSample; Accession no.; SAMN11408139; ID: 11408139 and NCBI; BioProject; Accession no.; PRJNA532637; ID: 679434 (Locus Tag Prefix; E7750).
Źródło:
Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2020, 21, 3; 81-86
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On Personal Security Issues of Soldiers from Polish Military Contingent in Iraq
Autorzy:
Żukowska, Irena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1861594.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego Apeiron w Krakowie
Tematy:
military family
mission
separation
Iraq
Opis:
Going on a mission undoubtedly constitutes a real threat to the stability of a military family. The fact of being temporarily separated, together with all the related emotional problems, seem to cause a number of dysfunctions in the partners’ relations. The departure of the spouse for a mission is an important social phenomenon which creates a new situation in which the widely acknowledged patterns of family behavior do not guarantee the fulfillment of the family’s needs. Hence, there is a necessity to renegotiate family roles and their scope. In the families of soldiers who go on a mission it is the wife who takes over all the duties and the responsibility for the family’s general wellbeing. They have to face the dull reality: paying the bills, making renovations and bringing up children. When back home, the soldiers take over the man’s responsibilities. From one moment to the next, they have to became fathers, husbands and the heads of their families again. Unfortunately, it is difficult for both spouses to cope with such a situation.
Źródło:
Security Dimensions; 2016, 17(17); 42-54
2353-7000
Pojawia się w:
Security Dimensions
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
First molecular identification and phylogenetic tree of Petasiger exaeretus Dietz, 1909 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) from an intermediate host Radix auricularia (L., 1758) in Greater Zab river, Iraq
Autorzy:
Bashe, S.K.
Ali, L.A.-Q.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2085017.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
Petasiger
Cercariae
Radix
Snail
Iraq
Opis:
Introduction. Radix auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758) is a freshwater gastropod belongs to the Lymnaeidae (pond snails) family which act as intermediate hosts or vectors of various parasitic flukes. No study has yet been undertaken on the prevalence of Petasiger spp. infection in R. auricularia. Species of Petasiger (Dietz, 1909) are a cosmopolitan parasite that utilize snails as the first intermediate host, with vertebrates like amphibians larvae and fish as the second intermediate host, followed by fish-eating birds. The current paper is considered to be the first report of Petasiger exaeretus parasitized R. auricularia in Iraq, which is supported with molecular and phylogenetic analysis. Materials and method. Freshwater snails R. auricularia were collected during October 2016 – September 2017 from different locations of Sufaia village on the Greater Zab river, Erbil province, Iraq. Results. A total of 307 freshwater snails R. auricularia were collected, only five of them were infected with a prevalence of Petasiger exaeretus (1.62%). Conclusions. The current study agrees with the opinion of Selbach, Soldánová (26), which suggested the possibility of a much higher morphological diversity within Petasiger species, based on the number of described cercariae, compared with adult forms.It is clear that P. phalacrocoracis specimens have often been erroneously designated as P. exaeretus by many authors (Našincová et al., 1994). Certain morphological similarities and dissimilarities between P. exaeretus and P. phalacrocoracis can be detected: the pear-shaped body resembles P. exaeretus, whereas, P. phalacrocoracis have an elongated body.
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2019, 26, 3; 504-507
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ethnography of Iraq and American war
Autorzy:
Qasim, Sawsan Abdul-Munem
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1833754.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Wiedzy Obronnej
Tematy:
Iraq
war
America
ethnography
oil
Opis:
This study shows the ethnography of the American-Iraqi conflict, and the tragedy events Iraq witnessed at that time. The study also explains the increasing interest of the United States in Iraq that has started for many years , extended ,and never seems to end. The political, economic ,and geographical reasons proved to be the major factors behind that hostility . The crises between US and Iraq escalated, especially after –9/11, when the American hostility has increased towards Arab in general, and Iraq in particular. The study is a qualitative review depending on American president s' observations authentic news ,media, books, and different articles to provide facts, definitions, basic concepts, terminology, and facts to the reader.
Źródło:
Wiedza Obronna; 2021, 1; 75--91
0209-0031
2658-0829
Pojawia się w:
Wiedza Obronna
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
THE MASS MEDIA IN MODERN ARMED CONFLICT THE CASE OF IRAQ IN 2003-2010
Autorzy:
Stankiewicz, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594897.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
conflict
media
conflict in Iraq
Opis:
The Article reflects on the influence and distortion of mass media in modern days. Its original role of a bearer of truth, accurate information and its role, nowadays, used mainly to manipulate the audience to achieve a specific reaction. The overwhelming forces of media are illustrated on the examples of the American conflict with Iraq from 003 to 2010 starting with the World Trade Centre Attack and ending with the opinion of the polish audience concerning the American-Iraqi conflict. The article is divided in two parts, analyzing mass media and the foreign policy of George W. Bush over Iraq after September 11, 2001 and the role of US and Polish media in the process of citizens’ preparation for the conflict in Iraq. The first part approaches the importance of mass media for U.S. foreign policy against Iraq, created by President George W. Bush, especially after the September 11, 2001. It shows also how far society is involved in the maintaining of this policy. The article focuses on the influence of media during conflicts and how the public opinion and military actions influence one another. The second part focused on the supposed role of media to inform and prepare the people for conflicts. Instead, the society is overwhelmed with information so the risk shows, that the necessary news get partially lost. To prove this distortion a survey was made showing an accordance to the given information with different newspapers, radio and TV stations. Regarding the increasing of fear and misleading public opinion the Polish media did not react differently than the American. This process resulted in the opinion of polish society that their military forces should join the conflict in order to protect their freedom and safety.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2014, 43; 191-208
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Węzeł kurdyjski. Sytuacja i perspektywy Kurdów w Turcji, Iraku i Syrii
The Kurdish Knot: Situation and perspectives the Kurds in Turkey, Iraq and Syria
Autorzy:
Czapnik, Sławomir
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/521459.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Wrocławski. Wydział Nauk Społecznych. Instytut Studiów Międzynarodowych
Tematy:
Kurdish minority
Arabization
Iraq
Syria
Opis:
The aim of this article is to analyze so-called Kurdish problem in three countries with important Kurdish minority – Turkey, Iraq and Syria. Roots of the Kurdish issue are very old, we could found them in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire. Now between 25 and 35 millions Kurds lives in the Middle East. Article starts with description of the Kurdish population’s (around 15 millions) fate in Turkey – they faced violent opression, but especially under rule of AKP party, also got some degree of recognition. Kurds in Iraq were subjugate to the Arabization process under Baath Party Rule, but then established autonomy in the northern part of country. Situation of Syrian Kurds was partly o shot of the Turkish and Iraqis politics. Last chapter is devoted to the new phenomenom of Sallafist jihadism (Jabhat al-Nusra, Islamic State in Iraq and Syria), which gives Kurds in Iraq and Syria new.
Źródło:
Wschodnioznawstwo; 2016, 10; 329-347
2082-7695
Pojawia się w:
Wschodnioznawstwo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Persecution of Christians
Autorzy:
Cisło, Waldemar
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1199255.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawła II w Krakowie
Tematy:
Syria
Iraq
aid
Christians
refugee camps
Opis:
The situation of Christians in Iraq and Syria has been problematic for many years. The article first deals with the issues of social tensions caused by religious diversity. The repercussions of these conflicts are presented, with an emphasis on the problems of immigration from regions affected by the war. The article then describes the forms of aid provided in Iraq and Syria, with an emphasis on medical and humanitarian aid. The work also includes reports from these places and outlines the problems of Christian clergy in persecuted communities.
Źródło:
The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II; 2020, 11, 2; 145-153
2391-6559
2083-8018
Pojawia się w:
The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Conflicts and Religions: The Case of Syria and Iraq
Autorzy:
Luizard, Pierre-Jean
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/781422.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
religion
Shiites
Sunnis
Iraq
Syria
conflict
Opis:
Religion is at the heart of the lacerating conflicts in Iraq and Syria today. In both countries the matter at hand is the fracture between the two main branches of Islam. This fracture escalated into a religious war after the Arab Springs in 2011, even though the violent conflict between Shia and Sunni started in Iraq in 2003, after the American invasion of the ancient Mesopotamia. The reason for both the foreign occupation and the insurrection of the civil society leading to the same chaos is that, in both countries, the State does not raise enough legitimacy to open a public space able to welcome a unitary citizenship. Such a phenomenon calls back to the history of the two states and at the British (Iraq) and French (Syria) establishing mandates of the two institutions, which never succeeded in imposing their legitimacy for most people (Shia in Iraq and Sunni in Syria), left out of the ruling bodies for a long time. The Shia-Kurdish combination, which is the leading force in Iraq since 2003, conducted to the refusal of the Arab Sunni minority to live marginalized and powerless.
Źródło:
Ethics in Progress; 2019, 10, 1; 94-111
2084-9257
Pojawia się w:
Ethics in Progress
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Groundwater quality assessment for drinking purposes using water quality index in Ali Al-Gharbi District, Iraq
Autorzy:
Al-Shammary, Sarteel Hamid Enad
Al-Mayyahi, Sattar Obaid Maiws
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1841940.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Instytut Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy
Tematy:
drinking water
groundwater
Iraq
water quality index
Opis:
The present study aimed to assess groundwater quality according to the water quality index (WQI) in Ali Al- Gharbi district of the Maysan Governorate in eastern Iraq. For this purpose, 10 physical parameters such as pH, total hardness (TH), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), sulphate (SO42–), chloride (Cl–), nitrate (NO3–), and total dissolved solids (TDSs) were examined since 2019 from 16 different locations (viz. wells). The analysis results indicated that 18.75% of the water samples were of good quality, 56.25% of them had low quality, and 25% of such samples were very poor. The WQI also varied from 69.67 and 297.6. Therefore, prior to water use, there is a dire need for some treatments, as protecting this district from pollution is significant.
Źródło:
Journal of Water and Land Development; 2021, 50; 274-280
1429-7426
2083-4535
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Water and Land Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Observed vertical distribution of tropospheric carbon monoxide during 2012 over Iraq
Autorzy:
Abdulfattah, Ibtihaj S.
Rajab, Jasim M.
Al-Salihi, Ali M.
Suliman, Aha
Lim, Hwee S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/118644.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
AIRS
remote sensing
pollution
carbone monoxide
Iraq
Opis:
The atmospheric parameters observations enable to made continental and global scales by remote sensing devices existent in space. One of these instruments is the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) onboard Aqua satellite. We characterize the vertical distribution of troposphere carbon monoxide (CO) measured by AIRS over IRAQ. This study presents one year data. Results shown standard deviation of monthly troposphere CO for five locations: Baghdad, Basrah, Maysan, Al Fakka, and Mosul, from January to December 2012, was 107.15 ±18.75 ppbv for entire period depend on whether circumstance and topography. The seasonal differences undulate between winter and summer seasons, with higher values CO in the winter than in the summer and autumn seasons. In addition, the rising in troposphere CO values can be measured during year over the manufacturing and crowded urbanized zones. AIRS observations reveal enhanced abundances of CO, with values that can exceed 120 ppbv at approximately 4 km altitude over Baghdad and Mosul. The lower CO amounts observed of approximately 88–90 ppbv at 253 mb (altitude 11 km) during October. Comparisons over Baghdad station in 2012 showed close agreement between the ground CO data and the observed CO from AIRS, and regression result showed high correlation coefficient (R = 0.962). The vertical CO observation by AIRS is providing meaningful information for different altitude layers closer to the troposphere, and the satellite measurements are able to measure the increase of the atmosphere CO concentrations over varied regions.
Źródło:
Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences; 2020, 29, 2; 184-195
1732-9353
Pojawia się w:
Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Desertification detected in the Udhaim River Basin, Iraq. Based on Spectral Indices Derived from Remote Sensing Images
Autorzy:
Mail, Abd Al Salam Mohammed
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2108226.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-10-04
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
Tematy:
Desertification
GIS
remote sensing
spectral indices
Iraq
Opis:
In this study, changes in Land Use Land Cover (LULC) have been investigated over the Udhaim River Basin in Iraq by using spectral indices. NDVI, NDBI, NDWI, NDBaI, and CI represent respectively the vegetation, built-up, water bodies, bare-land, and soil crust of LULC. Two different images were acquired for the analysis, namely a Landsat 5 TM image from 1 July 2007 and a Landsat 8 OLI from 5 June 2015, both representing summer conditions. Results show that the percentages of vegetated land and water body areas have decreased. On the contrary, the percentages of built-up, bare land and soil crust areas have increased. The loss of vegetated areas and water body areas is a signal of land degradation leading to desertification, due to the combined effects of climate conditions, water deficit and human activities. Field observation shows that human activities have a significant impact on land degradation.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development; 2017, 21, 3; 124-131
0867-6046
2084-6118
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rekonstrukcja Iraku i Syrii jako obszarów pokonfliktowych (2003–2018)
Post-conflict reconstruction of Iraq and Syria (2003–2018)
Autorzy:
Zdanowski, Jerzy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/557250.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
conflicts
Iraq
Syria
reconstruction
konflikty
Irak
rekonstrukcja
Opis:
Post-conflict reconstruction means strengthening state structures in cooperation with the legitimate authorities of that state or building these structures anew in the case of the so-called failed state. The reconstruction of Iraq after 2003 can be seen in both of the above situations and the desired scenario is quite clear and „straight” – stabilization is connected with the need to guarantee equal rights for Sunni and Shia and satisfy the national aspirations of the Kurds. Syria, on the other hand, remains a serious challenge to the theoretical considerations of the reconstruction because it is not a failed state, but its authorities are not treated as unambiguously legitimate by the international community. The reconstruction of Syria means, above all, the necessity of providing the population with basic needs. The change of the political regime from authoritarian to democratic is very desirable, but the example of violent de-baathification in Iraq demonstrates that such a step may result in the marginalization of the Alawits and thus, another conflict. The future of Iraq and Syria depends to a large extent on the will of the external factor, that is, the political will of the great powers conditioned by their interests.
Pokonfliktowa rekonstrukcja to umacnianie struktur państwa we współpracy z jego prawomocnymi władzami lub też budowanie tych struktur od nowa w przypadku tzw. państwa upadłego. Rekonstrukcję Iraku po 2003 r. można rozpatrywać w ramach obydwu przedstawionych powyżej sytuacji i pożądany scenariusz kreśli dość klarowną i „prostą” drogę – stabilizacja wiąże się z koniecznością zagwarantowania równych praw sunnitom i szyitom oraz zaspokojenia aspiracji narodowych Kurdów. Syria pozostaje natomiast poważnym wyzwaniem dla teoretycznych rozważań o rekonstrukcji z racji tego, że nie jest państwem upadłym, ale jej władze nie są traktowane jako jednoznacznie prawowite przez społeczność międzynarodową. Rekonstrukcja Syrii oznacza przede wszystkim konieczność zaspokojenia przez państwo podstawowych potrzeb ludności. Zmiana reżimu politycznego z autorytarnego na demokratyczny jest bardzo pożądana, ale przykład gwałtownej debaasyfikacji Iraku pokazuje, że krok taki może spowodować marginalizację części społeczeństwa skupionego wokół Baszara al-Asada, jej poczucie zagrożenia i chęć obrony swoich pozycji, a więc kolejny konflikt. Przyszłość Iraku i Syrii zależy w dużej mierze od woli czynnika zewnętrznego, czyli woli politycznej wielkich mocarstw – uwarunkowanej ich interesami.
Źródło:
Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka; 2018, 3; 25-45
1899-6264
2451-0718
Pojawia się w:
Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Translating News Texts During Wars and Conflicts: Challenges and Strategies
Autorzy:
Mhamdi, Chaker
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/973912.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
news,
translation,
conflict,
framing,
representation,
Iraq War
Opis:
This paper examines the characteristics of news translation during wars and conflicts. There is limited research available concerning the issues of English-Arabic news translation, especially during conflicts. Based on an analysis of 11 CNN news headlines and Al-Jazeera parallel translations during the 2003 Iraq War, this study discusses the mechanics of news translation and interpretation and the strategies and challenges involved. Particularly, the paper explores news translation in the context of global information flows across the boundaries of space, language and culture. Building on existing research on news translation, and employing critical discourse and framing analyses, the study shows how news coverage of the Iraq War was framed to serve the competing narratives of war chroniclers as active participants in the conflict.
Źródło:
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies; 2019, 28/2; 141-151
0860-5734
Pojawia się w:
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
System ekonomiczny "Państwa Isalmskiego"
Economic system of the „islamic state”
Autorzy:
Wasiuta, Olga
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/540361.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geopolityczne
Tematy:
ISIS
Syria
Irak
finansowanie terroryzmu
Iraq
terrorism financing
Opis:
„Państwo islamskie” to organizacja terrorystyczna, która przez kilka lat okupowała i administrowała rozległym terytorium, zamieszkanym przez kilka milionów ludzi. Było tak, chociaż wolę jej zwalczania wyrażały wszystkie znaczące siły polityczne świata. Przetrwanie w tak niekorzystnych okolicznościach zapewnił „Państwu islamskiemu” bardzo wydajny system ekonomiczny, oparty w największej mierze na rabunku dokonywanym na firmach, instytucjach i ludności podbitych terytoriów, dochodach uzyskiwanych ze sprzedaży surowców (głównie ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego), handlu ludźmi, a także obiektami zabytkowymi pozyskiwanymi z muzeów i stanowisk archeologicznych. Niewielki udział w budżecie ISIS mają wpłaty od bogatych sponsorów z Kataru i Arabii Saudyjskiej
The "Islamic state" is a terrorist organization that has occupied and administered a vast territory, inhabited by several million people for several years. This was so, though all the major political forces of the world declared the necessity of eliminating it from the international scene. Survival of the “Islamic state” in such unfavorable conditions was possible thanks to the creation of a very efficient economic system, based largely on the robbery of corporations, institutions and populations of conquered territories, income from the sale of raw materials (mainly crude oil and natural gas), human trafficking, as well as the historical objects from museums and archeological sites. A small share of the ISIS budget is donated by wealthy sponsors from Qatar and Saudi Arabia.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geopolityczny; 2017, 22; 33-49
2080-8836
2392-067X
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geopolityczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Spatiotemporal analysis of some extreme rainfall indices over Iraq (1981–2017)
Autorzy:
Al-Lami, Alaa M.
Al-Timimi, Yaseen K.
Al-Shamarti, Hasanain K. A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/35533142.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
extreme precipitation
RClimDex
ETCCDI
climate change
OLS
Iraq
Opis:
Extreme rainfall is one of the environmental hazards with disastrous effects on the human environment. Water resources management is very vulnerable to any changes in rainfall intensities. A spatiotemporal analysis is essential for study the impact of climate change and variability on extreme rainfall. In this study, daily rainfall data for 36 meteorological stations in Iraq during 1981–2017 were used to investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of 10 extreme rainfall indices using RClimDex package. These indices were classified into two categories: rainfall total (PRCPTOT, SDII, R95p, R99p, RX1day, and RX5day) and rainfall days (CDD, CWD, R10, and R20). Depending on the mean annual precipitation data, the study area was divided into three climatic zones to examine the time series features of those 10 indices. Results showed a tendency to increase in precipitation toward the northwestern part of Iraq, and more than 70% of stations achieved a positive trend for most indices. The most frequent negative trend appeared in eight stations distributed in the western and southern parts of Iraq, namely (Heet, Haditha, Anah, Rutba, Qaim, Nukheb, Najaf, and Fao). A significant positive trend appeared obviously in PRCPTOT and R95p with a rate of 0.1–4.6 and 0.5–2.7 mm per year, respectively. Additionally, the least trend increasing appeared in all precipitation days indices specifically in R10 and R20. Time series analyses revealed a positive trend in all regions under study, except SDII in the southern region. The most significant rate of change was noticed in regions one and two (northern and middle parts of Iraq), particularly for PRCPTOT and R95p 3.26 and 2.45 mm per day, respectively. Only the northern and eastern regions of Iraq experienced a high probability of significant extreme rainfall.
Źródło:
Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences; 2021, 30, 2; 221-235
1732-9353
Pojawia się w:
Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 102

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