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Tytuł:
Aerodynamics of articulated multilink trucks
Autorzy:
Andreihyk, A.
Kharytonchyk, S.
Kochetov, S.
Shmelev, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247722.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
truck
aerodynamic resistance
articulated truck
trailer-trailer gap
modelling
Opis:
Development of new generations of supersize heavy-duty highway trucks for cargoes transportation on long and super long distances between Europe, Asia and Far East is actual now. New trucks shall reduce amount of transport on roads and quantity of drivers, involved in the transportation, will raise economic efficiency and safety of transportations and reduce fuel consumption, CO2, and harmful emissions. Multilink trucks (number of trailed links is three and more and the total truck length is above 40 m) are to achieve designated purposes and thus are under the scope in the article. The advantages of multilink trucks are formed mainly by reducing the cost of power to overcome the aerodynamic resistance of each co-trailer unit in comparison with the head element. However, the airflow in every trailer-trailer gap has been not studied for articulated vehicles such as multilink highway trucks. This zone of the truck is characterized by a rather large length and height, and the condition of the air mass is influenced by airflow from the roof, side panels and area under the bottom of a truck links. A study of this task will help us to analyse aerodynamic losses mechanics in the trailer-trailer gap and to come to new effective and substantiated decision allowing power loss and thus fuel consumption reduction. The study lists the general calculation method evaluating the aerodynamic characteristics of the multilink truck on the base of numerical simulation of fluid dynamics using Flow Vision software. During calculation, there were determined speed distribution and power lines along the truck, the distribution of pressure on the truck surface, power and full drag coefficient. The results obtained allowed numerically evaluate the effect of the distance between the links on fuel consumption for multilink trucks and define the desired changes in their design.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2018, 25, 3; 25-32
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
To determine the stability of the metrobus in unstable driving modes
Autorzy:
Marchuk, Roman
Marchuk, Nazar
Sakhno, Volodymyr
Poliakov, Viktor M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1838347.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz. Przemysłowy Instytut Motoryzacji
Tematy:
metrobus roll
acceleration
stability
trailer
Opis:
Recently in many cities of the world began to introduce so-called «metrobus» or BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) systems, which became a cheaper alternative to the metro and other rail transport, in particular trams. The aim of the work is to determine the stability indicators of the metrobus in the transitional traffic modes, in particular when performing such manoeuvres as «steering wheel jerk» and «shuffle». For this purpose, the equations of metrobus plane-parallel motion are supplemented by equations of the links of the road train in the vertical plane by halopilation (tangage, trim) and roll. The critical straight-line speed of the three-link metrobus has been determined, which was 32,06 m/s, and this speed is independent of the corners of the steering wheels of the bus and the trailer links. It has been shown that as the steering wheel angle of the bus increases, the difference in the folding angles of the bus increases, with the second folding angle significantly exceeding the first, especially considering the roll of the metrobus body. It has been established that the greatest rolls and loads of the metrobus axles are those of the last trailer, which is the limiting factor for the critical speed. The lateral accelerations of individual metrobus links and their yaw velocity when performing the manoeuvre «steering wheel jerk» and «shuffle, Sl = 24 m», show that both the bus and the second trailer link are a limiting factor when performing various manoeuvres, but the acceleration value does not exceed the permissible 0.4 g, so its stability under these conditions is ensured.
Źródło:
Archiwum Motoryzacji; 2021, 91, 1; 63-79
1234-754X
2084-476X
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Motoryzacji
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mobility of the metrobus. Ways of improvement
Autorzy:
Bundza, Oleh Z.
Sakhno, Volodymyr P.
Poliakov, Viktor M.
Yashchenko, Dmytro M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/263464.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz. Przemysłowy Instytut Motoryzacji
Tematy:
metrobus
mobility
trajectory
traffic lane
trailer
Opis:
In this article it is offered the ways to improve the maneuverability of three-link metrobuses by choosing a rational layout scheme and design parameters of its trailer units. Considering that the movement of the metrobus is carried out on direct routes, that is, the maneuverability of the metrobus is appropriate to determine by the overall traffic lane (OTL) size. OTL equal to the difference of the radii of rotation of the points of the train, the farthest and closest to the center, that is, the difference of the overall radii of rotation - the outer (Rz = 12.5 m) and internal (Rv = 5.3 m). The methodology for calculating OTL is based on determining the angles of assembly of the road train links and the offset of the driven links trajectories relative to the trajectory of the master. Maneuverability indicators of the three-link metrobus are defined on elastic in the lateral direction wheels. Studies were performed for one-way rotation and ISO maneuvering with the obtained trajectories of links and the overall traffic lane of a metrobus with guided and unmanaged trailer links.
Źródło:
Archiwum Motoryzacji; 2020, 89, 3; 61-73
1234-754X
2084-476X
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Motoryzacji
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of Aerodynamic Trailer Devices on Drag Reduction Measured in a Wind Tunnel
Wpływ wyposażenia aerodynamicznego naczep na zmniejszenie oporu powietrza mierzonego w tunelu aerodynamicznym
Autorzy:
Skrucany, T.
Sarkan, B.
Gnap, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/301244.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Naukowo-Techniczne Towarzystwo Eksploatacyjne PAN
Tematy:
aerodynamic trailer device
drag counts
truck trailer
wind tunnel
wyposażenie aerodynamiczne naczep
pomiar oporu
naczepa
tunel aerodynamiczny
Opis:
The value of aerodynamic drag is the largest, when a vehicle is moving with higher velocity. It seems that drag reduction is the most important step for reducing the fuel consumption of haulage trailer sets. Using aerodynamic trailer devices is one of many ways for reduction of fuel consumption. This paper deals with experimental measuring of the truck set model in a wind tunnel. The scale of the model was 1/24. Resultant values of the drag reduction for chosen aerodynamic devices are discussed at the end of the paper.
Wartość oporu aerodynamicznego jest największa gdy pojazd porusza się z większą prędkością. Wydaje się, że redukcja oporu jest najważniejszym krokiem do zmniejszenia zużycia paliwa zestawów transportowych zawierających naczepy. Zastosowanie wyposażenia aerodynamicznego naczep jest jednym z wielu sposobów na zmniejszenie zużycia paliwa. Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest eksperymentalnym pomiarom modelu zestawu ciągnika z naczepą w tunelu aerodynamicznym. Skala modelu wynosiła 1:24. Uzyskane wartości zmniejszenia oporu powietrza dla wybranych elementów wyposażenia aerodynamicznego omówiono w końcowej części pracy.
Źródło:
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność; 2016, 18, 1; 151-154
1507-2711
Pojawia się w:
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modeling of kinematics of movement on turn of a wheeled tractor with a hinge-operated drawbar on semitrailer
Modelowanie kinematyki ruchu ciagnika kolowego z naczepa ze sterowaniem zaczepem zawiasowym podczas skrecania
Autorzy:
Tajanowskij, G.
Tanas, W.
Szymanek, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/793417.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Komisja Motoryzacji i Energetyki Rolnictwa
Tematy:
tractor
semi-trailer
hinge-operated drawbar
mathematical modelling
kinematics
wheel tractor
shunting property
tractor manoeuvrability
trailer design
Źródło:
Teka Komisji Motoryzacji i Energetyki Rolnictwa; 2012, 12, 1
1641-7739
Pojawia się w:
Teka Komisji Motoryzacji i Energetyki Rolnictwa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigation of driving stability of a vehicle–trailer combination depending on the load’s position within the trailer
Autorzy:
Dižo, Ján
Blatnický, Miroslav
Droździel, Paweł
Melnik, Rafał
Caban, Jacek
Kafrik, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2204650.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Politechnika Białostocka. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Białostockiej
Tematy:
driving stability
vehicle–trailer combination
multibody simulation
Opis:
Passenger cars are a means of transportation used widely for various purposes. The category that a vehicle belongs to is largely responsible for determining its size and storage capacity. There are situations when the capacity of a passenger vehicle is not sufficient. On the one hand, this insufficient capacity is related to a paucity in the space needed for stowing luggage. It is possible to mount a rooftop cargo carrier or a roof basket on the roof of a vehicle. If a vehicle is equipped with a towbar, a towbar cargo carrier can be used for improving its space capacity. These accessories, however, offer limited additional space, and the maximal load is determined by the maximal payload of the concerned vehicle. If, on the other hand, there is a requirement for transporting a load with a mass or dimensions that are greater than what could be supported using these accessories, then, provided the vehicle is equipped with a towbar, a trailer represents an elegant solution for such demanding requirements. A standard flat trailer allows the transportation of goods of various characters, such as goods on pallets, bulk material, etc. However, the towing of a trailer changes the distribution of the loads, together with changes of loads of individual axes of the vehicle–trailer axles. The distribution of the loads is one of the key factors affecting the driving properties of a vehicle–trailer combination in terms of driving stability, which is mainly a function of the distribution of the load on the trailer. This research introduces a study into how the distribution of the load on a trailer influences the driving stability of a vehicle–trailer combination. The research activities are based on simulation computations performed in a commercial multibody software. While the results presented in the article are reached for a particular vehicle–trailer combination as well as for a particular set of driving conditions, the applicability of the findings can also be extended more generally to the impact that the load distributions corresponding to various vehicle–trailer combinations have on the related parameters and other driving properties.
Źródło:
Acta Mechanica et Automatica; 2023, 17, 1; 60--67
1898-4088
2300-5319
Pojawia się w:
Acta Mechanica et Automatica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The influence of tongue weight of a trailer-mounted recreational vehicle on steering stability
Autorzy:
Li, Mengdi
Li, Di
Fu, Qiutao
Yang, Zhichen
Wang, Weiyuan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1839713.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Mechaniki Teoretycznej i Stosowanej
Tematy:
tongue weight
trailer-mounted recreational vehicle
lateral stability
Opis:
The influence of tongue weight on a Trailer-Mounted Recreational Vehicle (TMRV) is studied. A multi-body dynamic model of the TMRV was established, three typical vehicle stability tests were carried out. Tongue weight had different effects on the tractor and Recreational Vehicle (RV). According to different loads, the critical tongue weight range was given. In addition, the tongue weight of the existing models was optimized and suggestions for improvement were put forward. The analysis results show that the tongue weight should be within a reasonable range which can ensure the tractor understeer and keep the lateral stability of the RV.
Źródło:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics; 2021, 59, 2; 203-213
1429-2955
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analytical evaluation of technical and operational indicators impact on the transportation technology by automobile trailers
Autorzy:
Tson, O.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2140670.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Fundacja Centrum Badań Socjologicznych
Tematy:
transportation technology
automobile trailer
technical indicators
operational indicators
Opis:
The impact of technological and operational indicators on the efficiency of using operational time during goods transportation by automobile trailers is analytically studied. The failure cause of automobile trailers undercarriages is analysed. The analytical dependences for the preliminary assessment of metal undercarriages performance in the design phases are developed. The proposed mathematical standard vehicle-performance test is compared with the obtained experimental data.
Źródło:
Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics; 2016, 1, 1; 23-26
2520-2979
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The environmental and social costs of the intermodal transport of semi-trailers by rail
Autorzy:
Merkisz-Guranowska, A.
Czerwinski, J.
Andrzejewski, M.
Daszkiewicz, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245971.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
railway
intermodal transport
semi-trailer
environmental costs
social costs
Opis:
The dynamic development of transport recorded in recent decades is an important factor in the economic development of the world on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is a significant source of nuisance and environmental problems. The adverse impact of transport can be felt both in the natural environment and in society, where the dynamic development of this sector has enabled significant civilization development, with the effects varying depending on the level of economic development, the degree of advancement and use of the various transport sectors, geographical location (including climate), and also the sensitivity of the elements of the environment. Considering contemporary transport hazards, it is important to prevent them from occurring, and when that is not possible – limiting their impact on the environment and reducing the scale and extent of negative impacts. In the article, the environmental and social nuisance of transport of goods loaded in semitrailers was analysed. The transport of semitrailers using intermodal wagons pulled by the diesel locomotive in accordance with the assumptions adopted in the railway with the maximum length of train composition was taken into account.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2017, 24, 3; 199-201
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Strength testing of a modular trailer with a sandwich platform
Autorzy:
Mysior, Marek
Pietrucha, Grzegorz
Koziołek, Sebastian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2087017.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Naukowo-Techniczne Towarzystwo Eksploatacyjne PAN
Tematy:
fatigue life
light trailer
road testing
sandwich panel
honeycomb
Opis:
The article presents the experimental strength evaluation of modular car trailers with a maximum permissible total mass of up to 3500 kg and its application to assess the mechanical strength of box-type car trailers. Tests were carried out using an original test bench dedicated to fatigue testing. They aimed to compare a trailer made in traditional technology with a trailer equipped with a load-carrying structure containing a sandwich panel. As a result of the conducted work, the displacement values of the measurement points were measured. The deformation form of the trailer made in the traditional technology was compared with the trailer containing the sandwich panel. The proposed method of experimental strength evaluation of modular car trailers enables a quantitative assessment of the mechanical strength of the load-carrying structures of trailers. This results in improved safety of trailer operation in road traffic by identifying the critical elements of the load-carrying structure at the early design phase before the trailer is allowed to run on the road.
Źródło:
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność; 2022, 24, 2; 163--169
1507-2711
Pojawia się w:
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An assessment of trailer suspension dynamic behavior via vibration measurements
Autorzy:
Hunicz, J.
Koszałka, G.
Golec, M.
Taratuta, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/241829.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
road transport
exceptional transport
semi-trailer
vibration measurements
suspension dynamics
Opis:
A dynamic response of a semi-trailer suspension to a real road profile under two different loads was investigated in this study. The trailer was a low loader for transporting heavy and large loads which configuration could be adjusted to the current needs. During the described investigation the vehicle was composed of: detachable gooseneck, maximally extended low bed and 5 hydraulically steered axles comprised 2-axle and 3-axle assemblies. The experiments were performed for unloaded and loaded with 60 tons trailer, that was equal to maximum trailer pay load. Acceleration measurements at unsprung and sprung parts of the vehicle were applied. As a test surface a railway track crossing was chosen. Acceleration time series were analysed by the means of power spectral density. The isolation of free vibration and forced vibration frequencies and effectiveness of suspension damping over wide frequency range was done. Two characteristic signal bands were identified. In the frequency range up to 10 Hz vehicle vibration energy decreased for the load increase for both, sprung and unsprung parts. In contrast, in the range between 10 and 25 Hz at higher load increase of vibration energy was noticed, however only at unsprung mass. Data analysis revealed complexity of vehicle vertical acceleration as a response to the road profile. Nevertheless, it allowed for estimation of the trailer dynamic loads under real road conditions.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2012, 19, 4; 333-338
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Design of a frame to a semi low-loader
Autorzy:
Koszałka, G.
Dębski, H.
Dziurka, M.
Kaczor, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242123.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
FEM
central beam
supporting structure
extendable semi-trailer
heavy transport
Opis:
The paper presents the process of design of a frame for a semi low loader for the transportation of oversize loads, especially wheeled and tracked machines. After considering different solutions of a frame, a central beam was chosen and an initial design was developed. The initial model of the frame was analyzed with the use of FEM and was then modified. Two final versions of the frame were prepared. One of them was used in a 4 axle trailer with a load deck that can be extended in length and width to carry oversize and heavy loads. An important advantage of the trailer is its versatility and the fact that in a non-extended state it meets the regulations for standard trailers and can carry loads without a special permission. The paper focuses on the application of FEM analysis in the design of the part of the beam where highest stresses were located. A design solution for a ladder frame, a schematic image of a box-type central beam, a design solution for rear ramps, geometrical models of semitrailer frame with boundary conditions, stress distributions in a non-extended and extended frame model, a section of the rear part of the frame with sliding plates visible and a pin guide bar for blocking frame extension, stress distribution in the front part of the frame, single and double supporting rib, side wall supporting plate and stress distribution after the use of plates and one supporting rib, stress distribution after the employment of plates and two supporting ribs, stress distribution in the alternative gooseneck design, main dimensions of the semitrailer, extended semitrailer are presented in the paper.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 2; 215-223
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The dynamics the assembly including light trailer : vehicle with combustion engine or hybrid driving
Autorzy:
Siczek, K.
Wituszyński, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243025.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
combustion engine
plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
light trailer
dynamics
Opis:
The rising greenhouse gas emissions at a global level have caused the increasing interest in cleaner and less oildependent transportation sources. It has been carried out a lot of researches on the alternative energy sources, like biofuels, fuel cells, wind farms, etc. and on the clean vehicles (hybrids). Most major manufacturers have successfully introduced hybrid automobiles utilizing electric motors and an internal combustion engine to improve their gas mileage. To decrease the use of gasoline even further, some hybrids are being retrofitted to allow them to be pluggedinto a standard i.e. 120-volt socket to charge the batteries and potentially to provide power back to the electric grid when needed. Plug-in Hybrid Cars offer the fuel-efficiency benefits of hybrid cars with the added feature of being able to plug-in to household electricity during rest. This allows the increased mileage and fuel savings. Plug-ins requires larger batteries than normal hybrids, which drives up their cost. Lithium-ion batteries are smaller, have a higher output of energy but are more expensive than rechargeable nickel metal hydride (NiMh), still used in hybrid vehicles. Improvement in battery storage capacity is of the most importance for the plug-ins. Plug-in technology is developed by the major auto manufacturers, with working prototypes of both plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and plug-in electric vehicles possessing small backup gas generators. The aim of the paper has been to assess the dynamic performance characteristics of the assembly light trailer - car with classic combustion engine (in the first case) or PHEV (in the second case), using mathematical models and numerical simulations of standard driving cycles and to investigate algorithms for charging the stock battery pack.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2014, 21, 1; 249-257
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Calculation of the optimal braking force distribution in three-axle trailers with tandem suspension
Autorzy:
Kamiński, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2105986.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Politechnika Białostocka. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Białostockiej
Tematy:
agriculture trailer
tandem axles
air braking system
braking force distribution
optimization
Opis:
Heavy agricultural trailers can be equipped with a three-axle chassis with a tandem axle set at the rear and one mounted on a turntable at the front. In such trailers, selection of the distribution of braking forces that meet the requirements of the EU Directive 2015/68, with regard to braking, largely depends on the type of tandem suspension used. The requirements for brake force distribution in agricultural trailers of categories R3 and R4 are described. On this basis, a methodology for calculating the optimal linear distribution of braking forces, characteristic of agricultural trailers with air braking systems, was developed. An analysis of the forces acting on a 24-tonne three-axle trailer during braking was performed for five different suspensions of the rear tandem axle. An optimization algo-rithm using the quasi Monte Carlo method was described, on the basis of which a computer program for selection of the linear distribution of braking forces was developed. The calculations were made for an empty and loaded trailer with and without the weight of the tandem suspension. The most uniform distribution of braking forces was obtained for two leaf spring with dynamic equalization and air suspension, in which the ratio of the braking force of the tandem axle and the total braking force varied between 22.9% and 25.5% for the different calculation variants. A large variation in the braking force distribution was achieved for the two leaf spring suspension, in which the ratio of tandem axle braking force and the total braking force ranged from 2.7% to 6.4% for the leading axle and from 27.8% to 36.2% for the trailing axle. The presented calculation methodology can be used in the initial phase of the design of air braking systems for three-axle agricultural trailers.
Źródło:
Acta Mechanica et Automatica; 2022, 16, 3; 189--199
1898-4088
2300-5319
Pojawia się w:
Acta Mechanica et Automatica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Methods for improving the dynamic properties of the air braking systems of low-speed agricultural trailers
Autorzy:
Kulikowski, Krzysztof
Kamiński, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/263407.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz. Przemysłowy Instytut Motoryzacji
Tematy:
air braking systems dynamic
agricultural trailer
braking system optimization
air brake valve
Opis:
Too low an operating speed of trailer air braking systems may lead to an inhibition of the braking asynchrony of agricultural tractor trailer units. Improved braking dynamics advanced braking systems with an electronic control unit (e.g. Trailer EBS) provide a more rational solution for high speed agricultural vehicles. In this paper, an overview of other methods for developing the dynamic properties of air braking systems for agricultural trailers is described. This paper provides an examples of braking system design parameters optimization, using a variety of accelerating valves and dynamic properties correcting devises, also as well, by using simple systems with an electronic controllers. The described methods of dynamic properties improvements can be used to improve the speed and operation synchrony of the air braking systems of low-speed agricultural trailers. The paper presents the influence of some of the described methods, with different levels of complexity, on the properties of typical air braking systems.
Źródło:
Archiwum Motoryzacji; 2019, 84, 2; 5-22
1234-754X
2084-476X
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Motoryzacji
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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