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    Wyświetlanie 1-14 z 14
    Tytuł:
    The Autonomy of the Family as an Obstacle in Preventing and Identifying Assault of Children
    Autorzy:
    Nordlöf, Kerstin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1197813.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017-06-08
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie
    Tematy:
    domestic violence
    preventing
    identifying
    children
    Opis:
    RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to investigate whether the protection of the child has been considered sufficiently compared with the interests of the autonomy of the family within Swedish legislation. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The autonomy of the family is well protected by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in Article 8, where the right to family life is stipulated. But the article also authorises the right of a public authority to interfere in family life in accordance with the law for the prevention of crime. One reason for such interference could be the suspicion of domestic violence, which for centuries was considered to be a private concern. Article 3 of the Convention also forbids exposing a person to torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The rights of the family are also expressed in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (Article 16), but more specifically in its view of the child. In the case of domestic violence, the Convention in Article 19 clarifies the responsibility of signatory states to protect the child from all kinds of assault by measures such as prevention and identification. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Due to the fact that domestic violence exists to such an extent that it severely affects society in different ways, Swedish legislation has been modified on several occasions. RESEARCH RESULTS: Even if the aim of those changes has been to uphold the autonomy of the family while preventing and identifying assaults within the family – particularly where children are involved – the question remains whether the protection of the child has been considered sufficiently compared with the interests of the autonomy of the family. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: In order to guarantee children a childhood and adolescence consisting of care, security and a good upbringing, further improvements – particularly within the Penal Code (1962:700) – are necessary to prevent and identify domestic violence against children.
    Źródło:
    Horyzonty Wychowania; 2017, 16, 37; 45-58
    1643-9171
    2391-9485
    Pojawia się w:
    Horyzonty Wychowania
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    On Preventing and Detecting Cyber Attacks in Industrial Control System Networks
    Autorzy:
    Padée, Adam
    Wójcik, Michał
    Ćwiek, Arkadiusz
    Klimaszewski, Konrad
    Kopka, Przemysław
    Kozioł, Sylwester
    Kuźmicki, Krzysztof
    Możdżonek, Rafał
    Wiślicki, Wojciech
    Włodarski, Tomasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/307944.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Łączności - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
    Tematy:
    attack preventing
    cybersecurity
    industrial control systems
    Opis:
    This paper outlines the problem of cybersecurity in OT (operations/operational technology) networks. It provides descriptions of the most common components of these systems, summarizes the threats and compares them with those present in the IT domain. A considerable section of the paper summarizes research conducted over the past decade, focusing on how common the problem is and in which countries it prevails. The article presents techniques most commonly used in the protection of these systems, with many examples from the nuclear industry given.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology; 2019, 2; 21-28
    1509-4553
    1899-8852
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Accounting frauds – review of advanced technologies to detect and prevent frauds
    Autorzy:
    Segal, Shay. Y.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/557684.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016-12-20
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    Accounting frauds
    preventing frauds
    advanced technologies
    ERP
    XBRL
    Opis:
    In past decades, accounting fraud has adversely affected economies worldwide. Therefore, effective measures and methods ought to be employed in order to efficiently prevent and detect accounting fraud in a rapidly changing and technology-based business environment. Data mining methods can assist in prevention and detection of fraudulent transactions as it enables the use of past cases of fraud to build models that can recognize and spot the risk of fraud and can design new techniques for preventing fraudulent financial reporting. This article reviews the concept of accounting fraud, and focuses on some of the available data mining tools and methodologies , as well as other commuter-based techniques and tools that are available to order to assist in preventing accounting fraud and detecting if fraudulent acts have been committed. The article asserts the importance of using the available computer-based and data mining techniques as a prevention mechanism by detecting financial statement fraud, concluding that data mining software propose a good supporting procedure which offers an effective solution to the problem of detecting fraudulent transactions and accounting frauds.
    Źródło:
    Economics and Business Review; 2016, 2(16), 4; 45-64
    2392-1641
    Pojawia się w:
    Economics and Business Review
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Modifying copying with stress as a method of preventing the recurrence of mental disorder symptoms
    Autorzy:
    Rakowska, Jadwiha Małgorzata
    Dziurska, Agata
    Ziętalewicz, Urszula
    Pawłowski, Piotr
    Tworus, Radosław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2127868.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-04-05
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
    Tematy:
    coping with stress
    psychotherapy
    preventing the recurrence of mental disorder symptoms
    Opis:
    The purpose of this article is to find answers to two questions of practical nature regarding the effectiveness of psychotherapy by referring to research results. These questions are the following: (1) In the case of which mental disorders is there a need to increase the skills of coping with stress in order to prevent the recurrence of symptoms? (2) What would that increase in coping skills be based on? A review of research on the deferred effects of psychotherapy showed that, firstly, studies address only depressive disorders, and, secondly, that teaching different cognitive and behavioral skills is effective in preventing the recurrence of these disorders. A review of studies on the contribution of stress to the etiology of mental disorders showed that in case of 13 disorders the contribution of stress is confirmed by empirical evidence. The theoretical clinical literature suggests that stress contributes to the induction of symptoms in cases of a larger number of disorders. Based on a review of research on coping with stress in representative general populations of adults experiencing stressful situations or traumatic events, it was determined what the ability of effective coping with stress consists in. It consists in adapting appropriate coping strategies aimed at eliminating the stressor or at mitigating the negative emotions associated with stress. In psychotherapy, teaching this skill seems to be a promising method of preventing the recurrence of mental disorder symptoms whose formation is associated with stress.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Psychologiczne; 2015, 18, 3; 295-311
    1507-7888
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Psychologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Measures to Mitigate the Main Causes of Social Housing Delays in Algeria
    Autorzy:
    Zemra, Rachid
    Saighi, Ouafa
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27314877.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
    Tematy:
    Algeria
    social housing
    construction projects
    delays
    preventing delays
    Algieria
    budownictwo socjalne
    projekty budowlane
    opóźnienia
    Opis:
    Social housing in Algeria is carried out with state budget funds in order to eliminate social inequalities and guarantee a decent life to the citizen. However, delays have been observed in the realization. This study aims to examine the main causes and develop guidelines to effectively mitigate delays. Through an in-depth analysis of the literature and formal interviews on the topic of potential risks with construction experts, a list of 67 delay factors was identified. Data was collected through an online questionnaire via Google Forms and semi-structured interviews of a sample professionals established in Algeria. A total of 59 valid responses were analyzed and classified by SPSS software. The results indicate that the 5 most critical causes are: "Delay in payment", "Slow change orders in extra works", "Ineffective planning and scheduling", "Slow change orders in extra quantities", and "Difficulties in financing the project by contractor". Though, the correct implementation of the measures suggested by this study allows government authorities and professionals to deal with the 10 most critical causes that have favored the occurrence of delays in order to successfully implement similar construction projects.
    Źródło:
    Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports; 2023, 33, 2; 13--33
    2080-5187
    2450-8594
    Pojawia się w:
    Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Extremism in a classroom: topics discussed and Estonian teachers experiences and self-reflective choices
    Autorzy:
    Maiberg, Heidi
    Kilp, Alar
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2028147.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-03-08
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    extremism
    teaching
    teachers’ beliefs
    sensitive issues
    self-censorship
    radicalisation
    preventing radicalisation
    countering radicalisation
    Estonia
    Opis:
    Violent acts motivated by extreme interpretations of ideologies (right-wing, left-wing, religions, etc.) catch a lot of attention and cause serious deep emotions such as fear, hate, uncertainty, support polarization of society, and stigmatization of certain people, things, and societal groups. However, little attention has been given to how educators have addressed issues of violent radicalisation, extremism and terrorism with their students. According to Vallinkoski et al., 2021 as schools are one of the primary settings where most children spend their time, educators are needed to help children foster these (critical media reading and interpreting skills) skills to support students in understanding the reasons behind and aftermath of extremist events. This article gives overview of the results of a pilot study focusing on Estonian educators' experiences with discussing and tackling extremism in a classroom. The study examines educators' experiences in discussing topics related to extremism with students and colleagues and an overview of topics that students have raised. It also answers whether educators self-censorship themselves in discussing topics related to extremism and if so, what are the reasons for doing that. The study's questionnaire is created based on a similar study conducted in Finland by Vallinkoski, Koirikivi and Malkki (2021) with the permission of the authors and with adaptions for the Estonian context. The study results show that Estonian teachers discuss the extremism-related context in classroom by their and students' initiative. While doing it, they face difficulties in defining 'extremism', understanding how to interpret the students reactions and ideas, and when to contact further counterparts.
    Źródło:
    Society Register; 2022, 6, 1; 107-128
    2544-5502
    Pojawia się w:
    Society Register
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Problems of towing of damaged tankers
    Problemy holowania uszkodzonych zbiornikowców
    Autorzy:
    Kobyliński, L.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/359535.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
    Tematy:
    katastrofy zbiornikowców
    system zapobiegania zanieczyszczeniom morza
    tanker casualties
    system of preventing marine environment pollution
    Opis:
    Tanker casualties that happen from time to time in the world cause serious damage to environment with disastrous effects. In particular, casualties of tankers “Prestige”, “Erika” and “Nakhodka” where ships were seriously damaged, broken in the middle or separated into two parts showed that salvage operations in many cases were not effective. Such casualty in the Baltic Sea, that is closed area, may lead to the total destruction of the environment. The paper describes a proposed system of preventing marine environment pollution from damaged tankers. Problems related to towing of damaged tankers to the safe harbour or area, that consist an important element of the system, are discussed in more detail with reference to model tests of towing of damaged tanker performed at Iława Training and Research Centre for Ship Manoeuvrability.
    Katastrofy zbiornikowców, które zdarzają się co jakiś czas, powodują poważne szkody w środowisku morskim. W szczególności katastrofy zbiornikowców „Prestige”, „Erika” czy „Nakhodka”, gdy statki zostały poważnie uszkodzone, przełamane w połowie lub rozbite na dwie części, wykazały, że akcja ratownicza w wielu przypadkach nie była efektywna. Gdyby taka katastrofa zdarzyła się na Bałtyku, które jest morzem zamkniętym, mogłoby to spowodować całkowite zniszczenie życia w morzu. W artykule zaproponowano system zapobiegania zanieczyszczaniu morza przez uszkodzone statki. Problemy odholowania takich statków do bezpiecznego portu czy akwenu, stanowiące ważny element systemu, omówiono szczegółowo w powiązaniu z badaniami holowania uszkodzonego zbiornikowca przeprowadzonymi w Badawczo-Szkoleniowym Ośrodku Manewrowania Statkami w Iławie.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2012, 29 (101); 69-75
    1733-8670
    2392-0378
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    VIOLENCE AGAINST OTHER PERSONS (RESEARCH IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC AND POLAND)
    Autorzy:
    ANNA, ŽILOVÁ
    ALENA, NOVOTNÁ
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/460580.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Chełmie
    Tematy:
    violence
    elderly person
    family
    social care facility
    legal norms in Slovakia
    preventing and limiting violence
    Opis:
    This article is devoted to the research findings of the occurrence and nature of violence and neglect within the family in social care facilities. It also reflects the results of research looking at violence against the elderly, through the eyes of younger people. This article is devoted to the research findings of the violence against children by their own parents and legal norms by preventing and limiting violence towards other person which are in force in the Slovak Republic.
    Źródło:
    Scientific Bulletin of Chełm - Section of Pedagogy; 2019, 1; 145-166
    2084-6770
    Pojawia się w:
    Scientific Bulletin of Chełm - Section of Pedagogy
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Crime in the United State: Cause and Consequences
    Autorzy:
    Struglińska, Magdalena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193990.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
    Tematy:
    Crime in the United State
    United States
    crime and violent acts
    effective ways of preventing crime
    Opis:
    The aim of this paper is to show consequences and reasons of crime and violent acts in the United States, which have risen rapidly in the twentieth century. Not only has the crime rate increased sharply, but the character of criminal acts committed has also changed. Therefore, crimes have transformed into more vicious, hurtful and purposeless. The main questions that are to be asked in this paper are about the stimulus of violent acts and the most effective ways of preventing crime.
    Źródło:
    World Scientific News; 2015, 7; 1-19
    2392-2192
    Pojawia się w:
    World Scientific News
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    FOR THE SAKE OF FAMILY AND RELIGION. NATIONALIST-RELIGIOUS DISCOURSE ON THE CONVENTION ON PREVENTING AND COMBATING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
    Autorzy:
    Warat, Marta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/647151.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie
    Tematy:
    gender wars, Convention on preventing and combating violence against women, nationalist-religious discourse, gender equality policies
    Opis:
    This article focuses on the current wave of the cultural war in Poland which was triggered after the government’s decision to ratify the European Council Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence. It examines the conservative, nationalist-religious discourse present in two daily mainstream Polish newspapers, Gazeta Wyborcza and Rzeczpospolita. This article begins with a description of the position of the Catholic Church in Poland, its role and main discursive strategies used in the debate on the Convention. Then it underlines the significance of the nationalist-religious discourse for developing gender equality policies, focusing on an essentialist vision of feminity and masculinity, importance of the family as a private matter and an influential force and diversion from cultural and structural factors that foster violence. 
    Źródło:
    Studia Humanistyczne AGH; 2016, 15, 3
    2084-3364
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Humanistyczne AGH
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Identification of the Key Causes and Measures to Prevent Building Collapses in Nigeria
    Autorzy:
    Nwosu, Chiemezie Chisom
    Zima, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2051575.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
    Tematy:
    building collapse
    construction project management
    project strategy
    Nigeria
    preventing building collapses
    katastrofa budowlana
    projekty budowlane
    infrastruktura budowlana
    zapobieganie zawaleniom budynków
    Opis:
    Buildings collapse in the Nigerian major urban cities continues to engender an excessive number of fatalities, injuries and property damage. The collapse of building infrastructure, though prominent in developing economies, is a worldwide issue. Building developments collapse at the construction stages and in some cases after commissioning. Examples abound in recent times in Abuja and Lagos. The major problem is the unquantifiable resources wasted when building construction development collapses. If the answer to this endemic problem is proper project management, it becomes imperative to institutionalize its activities in Nigeria. Building Collapse is an occurrence that has been notorious over the decades. It is caused by many factors which have their great impact on the lives and properties of man. This study reviews current causes in the building industry. In view of this development, this study is aimed at demonstrating how real estate project management strategy helps in building collapse. Data from the primary source were basically from the designed instrument, which were distributed to the population of 100 professionals in the building industries. In this paper, it was concluded that the key causes of building collapse are weak/faulty foundations, inefficient stringent quality control in material utilization, and management, boycotting the professionals, absence of proper site investigation, the absence of proper site investigation and the engagement of inexperienced personnel. The aim of the study was to identify the factors influencing the occurrence of construction disasters in Nigeria in order to prevent them in the future. However, the analysis of the results gathered, reveal that, there was variance in opinions, as to the causes of building collapse among professionals in an attempt to exonerate themselves from the blame for building collapse. These were classified as the areas in the building sector that were prone to building collapse. Therefore, this study claims that the above-listed causes of building collapse are predominant in the Nigerian construction industry.
    Źródło:
    Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports; 2021, 31, 4; 55-75
    2080-5187
    2450-8594
    Pojawia się w:
    Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Profilaktyka agresji w pracy nauczyciela w perspektywie edukacyjnej analizy transakcyjnej
    Autorzy:
    Pankowska, Dorota
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/606595.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
    Tematy:
    preventing aggression at school, Educational Transactional Analysis, teachers’ knowledge and self-awareness.
    profilaktyka agresji w szkole, edukacyjna analiza transakcyjna, wiedza i samoświadomość nauczycieli.
    Opis:
    The author, pointing to research results on the phenomenon of aggression among children and adolescents, postulates the need for schools to take more effective means to prevent aggression. She proposes using transactional analysis as a psychological theory and its application in education as a pedagogical practice. She discusses selected concepts connected with transactional analysis (Ego states, transactions, life positions, strokes, discounting, and passivity) and their links with the problem of aggression. She also shows how knowing these concepts may help teachers understand the roots of students’ aggressive behaviour, respond adequately, and take preventive actions. This article is only an outline of the issue presenting the potential of educational transactional analysis as the basis of educators’ and class teachers’ pedagogical work, with particular emphasis on preventing aggression
    Autorka, wskazując na wyniki badań dotyczące zjawiska agresji dzieci i młodzieży, przedstawia konieczność podejmowania przez szkoły bardziej skutecznych działań w zakresie profilaktyki agresji. W tym celu proponuje wykorzystanie analizy transakcyjnej jako teorii psychologicznej i jej zastosowań w edukacji jako praktyki pedagogicznej. Omawia wybrane koncepcje z zakresu edukacyjnej analizy transakcyjnej (stany Ja, transakcje, pozycje życiowe, znaki rozpoznania, dyskontowanie i pasywność) i ich powiązania z problemem agresywności. Ukazuje, w jaki sposób wiedza na temat tych koncepcji może pomoc nauczycielom w rozumieniu źródeł agresywnych zachowań uczniów, wyborze reakcji adekwatnych do sytuacji oraz kierunków działań profilaktycznych. W artykule został przedstawiony jedynie zarys problematyki, aby przedstawić potencjał edukacyjnej analizy transakcyjnej jako podstawy pracy pedagogicznej nauczycieli i wychowawców, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem profilaktyki agresji.
    Źródło:
    Lubelski Rocznik Pedagogiczny; 2019, 38, 3
    0137-6136
    Pojawia się w:
    Lubelski Rocznik Pedagogiczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Difficulties in understanding the COLREGs among the students from different systems of education for seafarers
    Autorzy:
    Ivanišević, D.
    Gundić, A.
    Mohović, D.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116360.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    Maritime Education and Training (MET)
    colregs
    understanding the colregs
    International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
    STCW Convention
    System of Education for Seafarers
    IMO Model Course
    MET System in Croatia
    Opis:
    The paper shows the results of the research conducted in order to analyse the differences in understanding the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea among the students in countries practising two different systems of education for seafarers: the so-called “sandwich system” and the continuing system. Methods of learning as well as their effect on understanding the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea and students’ opinions on efficient methods of learning have also been analysed. Furthermore, the problems the teachers are facing have been identified. Measures for the improvement of the system have been proposed as well.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2019, 13, 4; 869-873
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The European Council in view of external security and international threats to the European Union. Between idealism and realism
    Rada Europejska a bezpieczeństwo zewnętrzne i zagrożenia międzynarodowe dla Unii Europejskiej. Pomiędzy idealizmem a realizmem
    Autorzy:
    CZACHÓR, ZBIGNIEW
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/625753.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    external operations of the EU and the European Council
    instruments and resources in the EU’s external operations
    preventing conflicts
    responding to crises
    a comprehensive approach to politics and external relations
    security as a prerequisite for stab
    działania zewnętrzne UE i Rady Europejskiej
    instrumenty i zasoby w zakresie działań zewnętrznych UE
    zapobieganie konfliktom
    reagowanie w sytuacjach kryzysowych
    kompleksowe podejścia w polityce i działaniach z zakresu stosunków zewnętrznych
    bezpieczeństwo jako warunek stabilności
    współzależność między bezpieczeństwem i pokojem międzynarodowym
    zwiększanie skuteczności działań zewnętrznych UE (Rady Europejskiej)
    nabywanie zdolności w obszarze bezpieczeństwa i obrony
    Opis:
    W dążeniu do realizacji celów Rady Europejskiej w zakresie działań zewnętrznych traktat lizboński stworzył nowy kontekst instytucjonalny. Opiera się on na wzroście zarówno potencjału jak i ambicji RE, które może realizować ona przez wykorzystanie pełnej gamy instrumentów i zasobów – w dążeniu do działań bardziej skutecznych i o większym znaczeniu strategicznym. Uznano zatem, że koncepcje i zasady regulujące kompleksowe podejście Rady Europejskiej zyskać muszą rangę zasad przewodnich działań zewnętrznych UE we wszystkich dziedzinach, w szczególności w odniesieniu do bezpieczeństwa, zapobiegania konfliktom i reagowania w sytuacjach kryzysowych. Z tego względu Rada Europejska określiła szereg konkretnych działań, które podejmuje, dążąc do osiągnięcia coraz bardziej kompleksowego podejścia w polityce i działaniach z zakresu stosunków zewnętrznych. Dla realizacji tego zadania (co precyzyjnie analizuje powyższy tekst) zajęto się wszystkimi aspektami zagrożeń dla bezpieczeństwa płynących z konfliktów i kryzysów zewnętrznych – od wczesnego ostrzegania i gotowości, poprzez zapobieganie konfliktom oraz reagowanie i zarządzanie kryzysowe, aż po wczesny etap wychodzenia z kryzysu oraz budowania stabilizacji i pokoju. Zdaniem Rady Europejskiej – co wykazuje niniejszy tekst – konieczność wzajemnie uzupełniających się interwencji w obszarach bezpieczeństwa zewnętrznego i zagrożeń dla Unii Europejskiej jest efektem nowych problemów międzynarodowych w skali globalnej. Rada Europejska konsekwentnie podkreśla, że bezpieczeństwo jest niezbędnym warunkiem stabilności UE i że trwały pokój nie jest możliwy bez rozwoju i eliminacji zagrożeń i ryzyk. Dla Rady Europejskiej tworzenie i wzmacnianie warunków politycznych, społecznych i gospodarczych dla stabilności ma zasadnicze znaczenie dla bezpieczeństwa i jest warunkiem wstępnym zmian w unijnej polityce zewnętrznej. Ta współzależność między bezpieczeństwem i stabilnością odgrywa kluczową rolę w zwiększaniu skuteczności działań zewnętrznych UE. Każde państwo, które dąży do zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa i pokoju, musi posiadać lub nabyć odpowiednie zdolności we wszystkich istotnych obszarach, w tym w obszarz  bezpieczeństwa i obrony. Umożliwi to nie tylko ustabilizowanie sytuacji na świecie, ale również przyczyni się w sposób konstruktywny do zaprowadzenia pokoju, uzyskania stabilizacji i zapobiegania kryzysom. Na przestrzeni ostatnich lat UE w coraz większym zakresie wspierała tę współzależność między bezpieczeństwem i antykryzysową stabilnością, prowadząc interwencje w różnych obszarach polityki unijnej i korzystając z różnych instrumentów. Działania te obejmują m.in. dostęp do instrumentów międzynarodowych, dialog polityczny, współpracę techniczną (w tym wspólne badania naukowe i innowacje) oraz szkolenia (transfer wiedzy oraz rozwój umiejętności).
    In order to accomplish the goals of the European Council with respect to external activities, the Treaty of Lisbon has provided a new institutional context. It is based on boosting the European Council’s potential and ambitions. These may be realized by making use of the vast array of instruments and resources for the operations to be more effective and of a bigger strategic importance. It has been assumed that the concepts and principles underpinning the European Council’s comprehensive approach need to become the rules underlying the EU’s external activities in all areas, in particular with respect to security, preventing conflicts and responding to crises. To this end, the European Council has identified a number of specific activities to pursue in its quest to adopt an even more comprehensive approach to politics and external relations. In order to complete the task (as precisely analyzed in the article), efforts have been made to take care of all the aspects of the threats to security stemming from conflicts and external crises, from early warning and readiness through preventing conflicts, responding to them and crisis management to the early stage of getting over a crisis and reaching stability and peace. According to the European Council – as the article proves – the requirement of complementary interventions in the area of external security and threats to the European Union results from new international problems on a global scale. The European Council consistently emphasizes that security is a prerequisite for the EU’s stability and that lasting peace is not possible without eliminating threats and risks. To the European Council, creating and reinforcing the political, social and economic conditions for stability is of key importance to security and is a prerequisite for changes to the EU’s external policy. This interdependence between security and stability plays a vital role in enhancing the effectiveness of the EU’s external activities. Any country striving to ensure security and peace needs to have or acquire the necessary skills in all the important areas including security and protection. These efforts will both contribute to increased global stability and to bringing peace in a constructive way, to achieve stability and to prevent crises. In the past few years, the EU increasingly supported the correlation between security and anti-crisis stability, initiating interventions in various areas of the EU policy and resorting to different instruments. These activities include access to international instruments, a political dialogue, technical cooperation (like common scientific research and innovations) and training (knowledge transfer and development of skills).
    Źródło:
    Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej; 2017, 11; 39-56
    1899-6256
    Pojawia się w:
    Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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