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Wyszukujesz frazę "injection control" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
A new fuel-injection mechatronic control method for direct-injection internal combustion engines
Autorzy:
Tutaj, J.
Fijałkowski, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/387356.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Politechnika Białostocka. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Białostockiej
Tematy:
direct injection
internal combustion engine
fuel injection
injection control system
Opis:
In this paper, a novel fuel-injection mechatronic control method and system for direct injection (DI) internal combustion engines (ICE) is proposed. This method and system is based on the energy saving in a capacitance using DC-DC converter, giving a very fast ON state of the fuel injectors’ electro-magnetic fluidical valves without an application of the initial load current. A fuel-injection controller for the DI ICEs that provides a very short rising time of an electromagnet-winding current in an initial ON state of the fuel-injector’s electromagnetic fluidical valves, which improves a fuel-injection controller reliability and simplify its construction, is presented. Due to a number of advantages of afore -mentioned fuel-injection mechatronic control method and system, it may be utilised for the DI ICEs with fuel injectors dedicated to all types of liquid and/or gas fuels, for example, gasoline, diesel-oil, alkohol, LPG and NPG.
Źródło:
Acta Mechanica et Automatica; 2018, 12, 4; 276-280
1898-4088
2300-5319
Pojawia się w:
Acta Mechanica et Automatica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The effect of length of high pressure pipes on injection process in common rail system of diesel engine
Autorzy:
Ustrzycki, A.
Kuszewski, H.
Woś, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247609.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
common rail
fuel injection
injection control
high-pressure pipe
Opis:
The storage supply systems of Common Rail type are characterized by high possibilities in shaping the rate of injection. The possibility to implement multi-injection at high pressure, easiness of adapting the system to the engine, relatively easiness of compensation the arrangement of injector parameters resulting from work tolerance, as well as easiness of making changes in the electronic engine controller enabling the production of engines with various performances, cause that type of these solutions currently are widely used injection systems in diesel engines. Injection system should be characterized above all by high precision fuel dosing into engine cylinders, the accuracy in starts controlling of individual phase of injection, repeatability and reliability and durability, as well as the up keep of these parameters for long time during operating duration. Fuel injection system works in difficult conditions resulting from high pressure, vibrations, electromagnetic interference affecting electronic executive systems and high temperatures. Especially the injector and injection pipes are open to high temperatures. The dimensions of used elements are also important. The article presents selected results concerning the effect of the length of high-pressure pipes on injection process parameters such as fuel amount, overflow in injector, and the fuel pressure course in injection pipe in front of electromagnetic injector socket. The study was conducted with test stand with electronic measurement system of fuel amount. The tests were made at different pressures in the rail and for different durations of the injector opening.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 3; 477-482
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The effect of some parameters ofinjector control signal on fuel injection process in the common rail system
Wpływ wybranych parametrów sygnału sterującego wtryskiwaczem na proces wtrysku paliwa w układzie zasilania typu common rail
Autorzy:
Balawender, K.
Kuszewski, H.
Ustrzycki, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242149.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
common rail
wtrysk paliwa
sterowanie wtryskiem
fuel injection
injection control
Opis:
In recent years the compression ignition engines with direct injection equipped with common rail system are subject to intensive development. Mainly, the reason for it the ecological considerations are. Generally the engines of this type are characterized by relatively low specific fuel consumption, lower noisy and lower emission of toxicity components in relation to DI engines with conventional injection system. Especially the main advantage of common rail system is possibility of easy controlling the injection parameters. Therefore a very important is parameters of control signals of injection system, including injectors, because they have the influence on fuel amount. In the article the effect of CR injector control signal on injection process was presented. The measurements were taken at constant frequency running of injector and set values of rail pressure. The temperature of injected fuel was controlled also. The researches were conducted with test stand equipped with test bench with electronic measuring offuel amount. In the centre of attention was peak current-duration at set values of injector opening signal. The tests were conducted at single injection and for two types of injector.
Intensywny rozwój silników wysokoprężnych z bezpośrednim wtryskiem paliwa, wyposażonych w akumulacyjne układy zasilania typu Common Rail, jest podyktowany głównie względami ekologicznymi. Ogólnie, silniki tego typu charakteryzują się stosunkowo niskim jednostkowym zużyciem paliwa, mniejszą hałaśliwością i mniejszą emisją toksycznych składników spalin w stosunku do silników typu DI z konwencjonalnym układem wtryskowym. Szczególnie ważną zaletą zasobnikowych układów wtryskowych jest możliwość łatwego sterowania parametrami wtrysku. Bardzo istotne są przy tym parametry sygnałów sterujących elementami układu wtryskowego, w tym wtryskiwaczy, gdyż oddziałują one bezpośrednio na wielkość dawki paliwa. W artykule przedstawiono wpływ wybranych parametrów sygnału sterującego wtryskiwacza typu CR na proces wtrysku paliwa. Pomiary realizowano dla stałych wartości częstotliwości pracy wtryskiwacza oraz zadanych wartości ciśnienia w szynie zasilającej wtryskiwacz. Kontroli podlegała także temperatura wtrysku paliwa. W badaniach, które prowadzono na stole probierczym wyposażonym w system elektronicznego pomiaru dawki paliwa, szczególną uwagę zwrócono na czas fazy załączania wtryskiwacza, przy ustalonych długościach sygnału otwarcia wtryskiwacza, w warunkach wtrysku jednofazowego dla dwóch różnych typów wtryskiwacza.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2009, 16, 3; 9-14
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Research on the effect of diesel fuel injection parameters on the combustion process in the turbocharged CI engine operating on propane
Autorzy:
Skrzek, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243309.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
combustion engines
dual fuel
propane
control of injection parameters
Opis:
Results presented in the article regard the research on a turbocharged dual-fuel CI engine operating on propane. The research indicated that such engine might operate even if 70% of the standard fuel energy is replaced by propane. The research indicated that at such high share of the gaseous fuel, there is necessary to adjust diesel fuel injection parameters but it is important that there is no need to change the engine structure. Injection parameters may be adjusted in a wide range due to the modern fuelling system of the common rail type. The investigated engine was equipped with such system. Adjustments regarding the fuel charge division, fuel charge quantities, and injection timing enabled to influence combustion in such way to obtain its specific parameters, i.e. maximum combustion pressure, rate of pressure rise, maximum pressure, and the burn out ratio similar to those obtained for diesel fuel operation. The obtained results were presented in form of adjustment characteristics of the injection timing of diesel fuel pilot dose for a few chosen values of the boost pressure as well as injection timing of the main dose. The investigations were carried out for three values of the boost pressure, i.e. 200; 400 and 600 [mbar] but also for the naturally aspirated version. Injection timing of the first dose varied in a broad range and depended on the boost pressure. Injection timing of the second dose varied in a narrower range, mainly due to considerable changes in the combustion process. The obtained results answered a number of questions regarding the strategy of selection of diesel fuel injection parameters taking into consideration engine performances as well as combustion at a high share of the gaseous fuel.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2018, 25, 3; 419-429
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fault Sensitivity of Explicit DMC and GPC Algorithms
Autorzy:
Gawkowski, P.
Ławryńczuk, M.
Marusak, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/384867.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Przemysłowy Instytut Automatyki i Pomiarów
Tematy:
dependability
fault injection
process control
predictive control
Opis:
This paper studies dependability of software implementation of DMC (Dynamic Matrix Control) and GPC (Generalised Predictive Control) Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithms. Explicit formulation of algorithms is considered in which the control laws are calculated off-line. Dependability is evaluated using software implemented fault injection approach. Tests are performed in the control system of a remotely controlled robot vehicle used in nuclear plants.
Źródło:
Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems; 2009, 3, 1; 52-56
1897-8649
2080-2145
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Conception of cylinder pressure based diesel injection control system
Autorzy:
Bieniek, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245444.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
diesel injection
cylinder pressure
control system
emission
heat release
Opis:
Control of diesel fuel injection is very important and has influence not only at engine operating conditions but also at emission of toxic gases as NOx, HC, and Particulate Matter (PM) are effect of combustion process. Directly observing of combustion process is very difficult, but implementation to injection control algorithm procedures based on additional sensors as knock sensor, cylinder pressure sensor and observing of rotational speed course could give enough information to optimize control algorithm. In traditional diffusion-burn diesel combustion start of combustion occurs a cetane-number based time delay after the start of the fuel injection. To fulfill of new emission standards is need to observing not only start of combustion but also whole combustion process. In the paper conception of injection control system applied with combustion process observer based on additional sensors. Closed-loop feedback control of cylinder pressure sensor and advanced control algorithm with high-resolution rotational speed sensor offers the potential to improve controllability of combustion process. Advanced control system based on heat release estimated from cylinder pressure and rotational speed fluctuations enabling improving engine exhaust emissions, engine performance and reduced noise emission. Introducing into control system a low cost glow plug integrated cylinder pressure sensor allow to achieve complete injection control system with advanced functions which could be very effective also in aspect of fuel consumption reduction.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 3; 27-35
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Results of the research on the adaptive control of the injection timing in the diesel engine
Autorzy:
Poleszak, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243911.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
transport
combustion engines
adaptive control
injection timing
crankshaft torsion
Opis:
The basic aim in controlling the diesel engine is to obtain a maximal effective torque for a given fuel dose with keeping at minimum toxic exhaust compounds. This postulate can be realized by matching the appropriate fuel injection timing. In this paper the research results of the control system are presented, which allow for the constant matching of the injection advance in the CI engine to the varying characteristics of the controlled object, that is the engine. Quality factor of the working process which is defined as an effective engine torque, is estimated on the base of the instantaneous crankshaft torsion measurement. This concept, unlike the currently used systems, suggest the use of efficient torque (Me) measurement to generate control quantities, which control the work process of an engine. Realization of such measurements leads to the treatment of the control system as an extreme control unit (maximizing quantitative parameters) as well as an adaptive control system (possibility of unit's reaction on high changes of the parameters influencing the work process of an engine). Combining the idea of the crankshaft torsion measurement with the idea of extreme control, a system can be designed, which makes use of torsion measurement for the adaptive control of the injection timing. The object of the research was a Diesel engine ISUZU Y17DT with electronically controlled injection pump and engine diagnostic system. Realization of the research aim required design and construction of the measurement system of the crankshaft torsion.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2008, 15, 2; 385-392
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Research into electronic control systems EDC
Autorzy:
Dziubinski, M.
Drozd, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/410817.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Oddział w Lublinie PAN
Tematy:
electronic diesel control
common rail
injection dose
diesel fuel pump
Opis:
The article present proposed diagnostic procedures of the EDC 1.2.9 system made it possible to carry out tests and compare the results with the results provided by the manufacturer. As part of the research prior to diagnostic tests, verification tests of Siemens and Bosch pumps were carried out. Experimental study, test procedures making it possible to check particular elements of the EDC system were developed. The developed research program included the fuel system and tests were conducted for: the air intake system, engine sensors, vehicle sensors, the exhaust fumes emission system, transmitters and system elements on the controller connection. The second system, which was subject to experimental testing, was the injection system Common Rail (CR), on which tests of three sets of injectors were conducted. The following values were recorded: engine rotational speed, driver injection dose, pre-injection time, fuel dose in the main injection, fuel dose correction, the adjustment of idle running for the first, second, third and fourth cylinder. The conducted diagnostic tests make possible to predict the state of particular EDC systems reliability.
Źródło:
ECONTECHMOD : An International Quarterly Journal on Economics of Technology and Modelling Processes; 2016, 5, 4; 79-84
2084-5715
Pojawia się w:
ECONTECHMOD : An International Quarterly Journal on Economics of Technology and Modelling Processes
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An EL-model based passivity control of four-phase interleaved PFC
Autorzy:
Hua-Wu, L.
Hong-Xing, M.
Jian-Feng, J.
Xi-Jun, Y.
Xing-Hua, Y.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/140472.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
four-phase interleaved PFC
passivity based control
damping injection
current sparing
Opis:
With the continuous increase of output power ratings, multi-phase (multichannel) interleaved power factor corrector (IPFC) is gradually employed in domestic and commercial inverter air-conditioners. IPFC can solve several main problems, such as power rating increase, power device selection, input current ripple reduction as well as inductor on-board mounting. But for a multi-phase IPFC, the key problem is that it should show rapid dynamic responds and good current sharing capability, so in this paper the aim is to improve the dynamic performance and current sharing capability by means of passivity control theory. Considering the power circuit topology of a four-phase IPFC, an EL (Euler-Lagrange) mathematical model is established when the IPFC operates in continuous conduction mode (CCM). Then the passivity of the four-phase IPFC is proved, and the passivity-based controller using the state variables feedback and damping injection method is designed. The proposed control scheme, which is easy to control and needs no proportion integral controller, has strong robustness on disturbance from singlephase AC input voltage, the load as well as the parameters of the employed devices. Even in wide-range load condition, the mains current has a fast dynamic response and the average output voltage almost keep unchanged. As a result, the main functions of the four-phase IPFC are implemented including nearly unitary power factor and constant DC output voltage. Meanwhile, the four-phase IPFC acquires an excellent current sparing effect after using passivity-based controller. The above analysis has been proved with simulated results by means of MATLAB/SIMULINK and experimental results, showing that the passivity-based IPFC controller has superior performances and feasibility.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2013, 62, 4; 613-628
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Optimal location of interline power flow controller in a power system network using ABC algorithm
Autorzy:
Sreejith, S.
Psimon, S.
Selvan, M.P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/141232.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
IPFC
power injection model
power flow control
ABC algorithm
cost minimization
Opis:
This paper proposes a methodology based on installation cost for locating the optimal position of interline power flow controller (IPFC) in a power system network. Here both conventional and non conventional optimization tools such as LR and ABC are applied. This methodology is formulated mathematically based on installation cost of the FACTS device and active power generation cost. The capability of IPFC to control the real and reactive power simultaneously in multiple transmission lines is exploited here. Apart from locating the optimal position of IPFC, this algorithm is used to find the optimal dispatch of the generating units and the optimal value of IPFC parameters. IPFC is modeled using Power Injection (PI) model and incorporated into the problem formulation. This proposed method is compared with that of conventional LR method by validating on standard test systems like 5-bus, IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems. A detailed discussion on power flow and voltage profile improvement is carried out which reveals that incorporating IPFC into power system network in its optimal location significantly enhance the load margin as well as the reliability of the system.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2013, 62, 1; 91-110
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effects of boundary layer control method on hydrodynamic characteristics and tip vortex creation of a hydrofoil
Autorzy:
Ghadimi, P.
Araz-Tanha, A.
Nemati-Kourabbasloo, N.
Tavakoli, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/259965.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
steady water injection
boundary layer control
hydrofoil
NACA 0015
tip vortex
Opis:
There is currently a significant focus on using boundary layer control (BLC) approach for controlling the flow around bodies, especially the foil sections. In marine engineering this is done with the hope of increasing the lift – to – drag ratio and efficiency of the hydrofoils. In this paper, effects of the method on hydrodynamic characteristics and tip vortex formation of a hydrofoil are studied. Steady water injection at the tip of the hydrofoil is simulated in different conditions by using ANSYS-CFX commercial software. Validity of the proposed simulations is verified by comparing the obtained results against available experimental data. Effects of the injection on the lift, drag, and lift – to – drag ratio are studied and the ranges within which the injection has the most positive or negative effects, are determined. Furthermore, flow pattern and pressure variation are studied upon the water injection to determine the most positive and negative case and to ascertain the main reasons triggering these phenomena.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2017, 2; 27-39
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fast control of the six phase asymmetric generator with the 3rd harmonic current injection
Autorzy:
Gołębiowski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/141252.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
6-phase asymmetric generator
third harmonic current injection
control trajectories
MTPA
MTPF
Opis:
In this paper the MTPA, MTPF, constant torque and constant flux control trajectories are presented. These trajectories are calculated for a 6-phase asymmetric insettype SMPMSM generator with the assumption of a certain level of 3rd harmonic current injection. This injection technique increases the generator performance due to the cooperation of the fundamental and 3rd harmonic. The presented trajectories are used for fast control of the generator working in the gearless wind turbine system.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2016, 65, 1; 59-71
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Linear Control of Electro-hydraulic Injection Moulding Machine
Sterowanie liniowe elektrohydraulicznego napędu maszyny wtryskowej
Autorzy:
Wiśniewski, P.
Winnicki, A.
Wnuk, P.
Olszewski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/154498.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:
elektrohydrauliczny układ sterowania
ICON-HISIM
maszyna wtryskowa
electro-hydraulic control system
injection machines
Opis:
This paper presents the idea of a linear control strategy, simulation and experimental results represented by graphs. The results from the implementation of the proposed control algorithm with the use of a real machine are also shown.
W artykule przedstawiono: sposób działania liniowego algorytmu sterującego, wyniki symulacji i eksperymentów zostały przedstawione w postaci wykresów. Znajdują się tu również wyniki uzyskane w wyniku implementacji opracowanego algorytmu na rzeczywistej maszynie wtryskowej.
Źródło:
Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola; 2009, R. 55, nr 3, 3; 178-182
0032-4140
Pojawia się w:
Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Research on influence of selected control parameters of the injection system marine diesel engine on its exhaust gas toxicity
Autorzy:
Witkowski, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246698.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
ship diesel engine
injection system
heavy fuel oil
control parameters
exhaust gas toxicity
Opis:
This paper devoted to pollution of the atmosphere due marine diesel engines in operation. In the paper presented are results of the investigations carried out in the Gdynia Maritime Academy laboratory with the use of a ship diesel engine, one-cylinder, two-stroke, crosshead of longitudinal scavenging, which was loaded by means of the water brake. This diesel engine combusting heavy fuel oil IF 40. The test-involved effect of two selected control parameters of fuel injection system ship diesel engine: fuel injection pressure and injection advance angle. Both selected control parameters were changed during the experiment separately, each of them three times. And so: changing the fuel injection pressure - for three selected values: 18, 22 and 26 MPa; changing the fuel injection advance angle - for three selected values: -10 centigrade, -13 centigrade and -16 centigrade before the piston's top dead centre (BTDC). The measurements were performed within the wide range of engine load at the permanent rotational speed of 220 rpm. For each of the above selected values six measurements were performed at the following engine loads: 25%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% nominal loads. Control parameters to change the injection pump and injector engine, during operation of the engine, by means of a supplementary-scaled instrumentation of the injector and injection pump. Owing to this is was not necessary to stop the engine before each successive test cycle. This way of realization of the measurements guaranteed running them in steady conditions. The elimination of influence of possible disturbances witch could arise from multiple starting and stopping the engine improved accuracy and reliability of the obtained results.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2012, 19, 2; 551-556
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Study of process stability in injection molding based on product weight
Autorzy:
Chaciński, Tomasz
Jaskólski, Piotr
Pałubicki, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2106429.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Tematy:
injection molding
quality control
statistical process control
process capability indicators
wtryskiwanie
kontrola jakości
statystyczne sterowanie procesem
wskaźnik zdolności procesowej
Opis:
This paper describes a stability study of a plastic injection molding process. There is a need - underpinned by economic considerations - to continuously improve and lead to a maximum reduction in the level of deficiencies in production processes. One of the methods that can help to improve the process is SPC (Statistical Process Control). One of the SPC tools are proces capability indicators (Cp, Cpk) or performance indicators, such as Pp, Ppk. In this paper, on a mass measuring station, a study was conducted on three types of products manufactured in a company, and the measurements concerned each piece of the product manufactured during one work shift. The data collected were used to calculate the process capability and to evaluate these processes.
Źródło:
Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering; 2022, 6, 1; 21--26
2544-0780
2544-1671
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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