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    Wyświetlanie 1-14 z 14
    Tytuł:
    Generation Y consumer preferences and mobility choices – an empirical approach
    Autorzy:
    Dewalska-Opitek, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/393978.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Stowarzyszenie Telematyki Transportu
    Tematy:
    generation Y
    global trends
    mobility
    choice
    pokolenie Y
    globalne trendy
    mobilność
    wybór
    Opis:
    Automotive industry has been undergoing significant alteration. Innovative technologies change vehicles toward fully autonomous ones, but also change mobility choices of consumers, offering on-demand rides and shared mobility services. Consumers have the power to determine automotive companies’ business models and strategies. The main interest of car manufacturers and mobility service providers is nowadays put on young consumers from generation Y, proficient with latest technology, digital media and electronic gadgets. Their preferences and mobility choices have been described in the paper on the basis of consumer survey conducted on 22 000 Millennials from 17 countries by Deloitte in 2016 and 2017.
    Źródło:
    Archives of Transport System Telematics; 2017, 10, 1; 17-23
    1899-8208
    Pojawia się w:
    Archives of Transport System Telematics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The current state, change trends and cross relationship of NPK mineral fertilizer consumption and cereal yield from a global perspective
    Stan aktualny i tendencje zmian oraz wzajemne powiązania zużycia nawozów mineralnych NPK i plonowania zbóż w ujęciu globalnym
    Autorzy:
    Matyka, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1790017.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists
    Tematy:
    NPK
    mineral fertilizer consumption
    cereal yield
    global trends
    zużycie nawozów mineralnych
    plonowanie zbóż
    tendencje globalne
    Opis:
    Cereal grains have been a primary source of nourishment for humans for thousands of years. Agronomic inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, water and modern seeds have a major impact on the level of cereal crops. However, yield, to a greater extent, depends on the dose of applied NPK mineral fertilization. The aim of the article is to determine the consumption level of NPK mineral fertilizers and cereal yield and their tendency to change over time, taking correlation into account. Analysis was performed on a global level. The material for analysis was statistical data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations database for the years 2002-2017. As a result of the conducted analyzes, it was confirmed that mineral fertilization is the main factor of production that determines the food security of the world’s growing human population. However, the consumption of this factor of production is greatly varied in the world. It should also be emphasized that, both on a global scale and for most continents, there are clear trends reflecting a correlation in the increase in the use of NPK mineral fertilizers, including nitrogen fertilizers, and cereal yield level.
    Ziarno zbóż jest od tysięcy lat głównym źródłem pożywienia dla ludzi. Duży wpływ na poziom upraw zbóż ma wykorzystanie środków produkcji, takich jak: nawozy, środki ochrony roślin, woda, nowoczesne nasiona. Jednak plon w największym stopniu zależy od dawki zastosowanego nawozu mineralnego NPK. Celem pracy jest określenie poziomu zużycia nawozów mineralnych NPK oraz plonowania zbóż i tendencji ich zmian w czasie, przy uwzględnieniu wzajemnych powiązań Analizy problemu dokonano na poziomie globalnym. Materiał źródłowy do analizy stanowiły dane statystyczne z bazy Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych ds. Wyżywienia i Rolnictwa za lata 2002-2017. W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz potwierdzono, że nawożenie mineralne jest głównym czynnikiem produkcji, warunkującym zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego rosnącej w skali świata populacji ludzkiej. Jednak zużycie tego czynnika produkcji jest znacznie zróżnicowane w skali świata. Należy również podkreślić, że zarówno w skali globalnej, jak i dla większości kontynentów, zarysowały się wyraźne tendencje wzrostu zużycia nawozów mineralnych NPK, w tym azotowych, a także poziomu plonowania zbóż.
    Źródło:
    Annals of The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists; 2020, 22, 3; 167-174
    2657-781X
    2657-7828
    Pojawia się w:
    Annals of The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Open innovation and sustainable development as major trends in global economy
    Autorzy:
    Gotwald, B.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/105674.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Centrum Badań i Innowacji Pro-Akademia
    Tematy:
    sustainable development
    open innovation
    social development
    global economy
    global trends
    rozwój zrównoważony
    otwarte innowacje
    rozwój społeczny
    gospodarka światowa
    trendy światowe
    Opis:
    The contemporary world has developed significantly in a short time. The evolution of it has become faster, involved a lot of resources and has required the attention of researchers all over the world. There is a great need not only to follow and describe trends, but also to analyze their structure, notice some general truths and construct models which may be helpful for further analysis. The main goal of this article is to analyze the relation between open innovation and sustainable development – the major trends in global economy, and to build a model of interrelations between them in various functional fields.
    Źródło:
    Acta Innovations; 2013, 8; 5-9
    2300-5599
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Innovations
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Global Economy in the 21st Century: Will the Trends of the 20th Century Continue?
    Autorzy:
    Gomułka, Stanisław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1357658.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-03-21
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Ekonomicznych
    Tematy:
    global economic trends
    20th and 21st centuries
    convergence
    divergence
    Opis:
    This paper compares three lists of basic ‘stylized facts’ of global economic growth and proposes a list of five ‘stylized trends’ that describe the main developments of the global economy in the 20th century. The author’s main purpose is to answer the question whether, in the light of the contemporary growth theory and demographic forecasts, these trends are likely to continue in the 21st century. Considering this theory, it is argued that the global economy rate of growth of the per capita gross domestic product (GDP) is likely to continue to be high in the first half of the current century, but decline significantly in the second half. This paper offers forecasts for the average growth rates during this century, and the levels by its end, of the per capita GDP for the technology frontier area (TFA) of the world, and for the countries outside the TFA. According to these forecasts, the strong divergence trend of the 19th and 20th centuries will be replaced by a strong convergence between the TFA and the other countries during the 21st century.
    Źródło:
    Central European Economic Journal; 2017, 2, 49; 62 - 72
    2543-6821
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Economic Journal
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Poland’s Economic Performance in Global and Long-term Perspective: Surprises so far and Risks in the Years Ahead
    Autorzy:
    Gomułka, Stanisław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1356979.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-05-31
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Ekonomicznych
    Tematy:
    transition economies
    Poland’s performance surprises
    global growth trends
    Polish policy risks
    Opis:
    The paper is focused on economic and institutional developments in Poland during the last 30 years of transition from its centrally planned socialist economy to a market-based capitalist economy. The main purposes of the paper are three. One is to identify and explain the developments that were either surprising or specifically Polish. The second purpose is to note and explain the differences between the rate of growth of the Polish economy and that of the other emerging economies, in particular to explain ‘the green island’ phenomenon during the global financial crisis 2008-2009. The third purpose is to note and discuss the new risks that may prevent Poland to reduce further the development gap to technologically most advanced economies.
    Źródło:
    Central European Economic Journal; 2018, 5, 52; 109 - 117
    2543-6821
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Economic Journal
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ukraine Through the Prism of Geopolitical Challenges: Analytical Aspect
    Autorzy:
    Teleshun, Sergiy
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/531285.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016-03-15
    Wydawca:
    Fundacja Instytut Nauki o Polityce
    Tematy:
    global trends
    public policy
    Ukrainian crisis
    thinktanks,
    corruption
    gray area
    financial and political pressure groups
    conflict in Eastern Ukraine
    Opis:
    This paper examines the global trends that will be reflected in global politics. Systematization of a large number of sources of major research centers allowed forming a hierarchy of challenges and threats able to influence global and regional policy. Special attention is given to Ukraine, events which significantly influence the Eurasian and global political space. The article gives an insight of the political processes in Ukraine, its problems and achievements. Understanding the situation in Ukraine in the light of global trends allows us to realize the impact on geopolitical balance of power in the world. Events in Ukraine, as in Syria, became the catalyst for change that led to reformatting of political and regional map of the world. Significant pressure from new social, political, economic, military, informational and humanitarian threats and challenges was put upon security and bureaucratic structures of the European Union, NATO, UN and others. The obvious is that the global security system based on the principles of collective responsibility of the twentieth century is affected by a considerable transformation. This, in turn, has put on the agenda the issue of the capacity of modern political and business elites and the management establishment responds adequately to new manifestations of systemic crises and threats. The efficiency of the management of public authority institutions in internal and external policy is not only to improve the analytical tools to identify key social issues, but also the ability to form the institutional and civil mechanisms of preventive counteract against the disintegration of the political and economic environment of the state. But traditionally forecasts are significantly correlated with the realities of life and professional and volitional qualities of consumers of intellectual products in the field of management. Currently, a large number of analytical studies, prognostic versions of the future, futurological predictions from authoritative think-tanks perform not just their main prognostic function - an objective reflection of patterns of global and regional processes, but in most cases a multi-purpose product of political influence. Political analytics in public policy is a tool of public opinion formation (an artificial change of public attitudes, priorities, perceptions, expectations etc.) and implementation of some projections of the future or for world politics the most likely and expected models of situations development in high-risk areas. Analytical forecasts are often (have become) not only a means of pseudo scientific impact on society, with wide manipulative tools, using misinformation, “gray” technologies of the hidden influence on the individual and groups of individuals, hybrid types of information influence etc., but also behavioral models of national policy key actors. This is primarily due to political preconception and relations with different centers of force, wellknown expert-analytical agencies. Accordingly, analytical findings of many of them are entirely synthetic and designed in order to model, correlate and correct agenda and project the necessary previously ordered future efficiently. In early 2016 the global analytical and expert community, the leading "think tanks" began to provide us with own predictive versions of events development in the world both at global and regional levels. In many ways, the most influential models of the future differ from each other, and therefore need to build a more coherent and systematic view of the likely scenarios for the future. In addition, it is significant to emphasize that the complexity of forecasting and analytical activity caused by the intensity, dynamic processes and increase of the number of input data exponentially in the current development of the world. The justification of this is a methodological weakness of well-known world think-tanks in the matters of development of even shortterm forecasts on Syria, Ukraine migration processes, European Union, Mediterranean etc. This led to a serious debate in analytic community in the US and Western Europe on the revision of established strategies of information-analytical and expert activities. In particular, the results of the scenarios made by the most "think tanks" in the past year, according to our estimate, have come true with the coincidence of 40 per cent. Especially they reveal not always accurate forecasts regarding the situation deployment around the resolution of the conflict in Ukraine under the so-called "Minsk format", the resolution of the conflict in Syria under the so-called "Geneva format", critical and final phase of destabilization and destruction of the Russian Federation, significant decline in economic development and social explosions in the People's Republic of China, the stabilization of situation in the "Arab spring" zone, efficacy of international mechanisms and institutions in addressing global challenges (especially in the matters of war and peace) etc.
    Źródło:
    Polish Journal of Political Science; 2016, 2, 1; 6-18
    2391-3991
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Journal of Political Science
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Global trends shaping life quality in agglomerations with particular emphasis on mobility in seaport agglomerations
    Autorzy:
    Przybyłowski, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116419.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    mobility in seaport agglomerations
    life quality
    effect of urban development
    urban mobility landscape
    block-chain technology
    global trends
    coastal agglomerations
    developing the port
    Opis:
    The modern agglomerations development remains under the influence of current global trends: economic, environmental/climate, social, technological, geopolitical ones. At least six forces are expected to further disrupt the urban mobility landscape, especially coastal one. From self-driving vehicles and the sharing economy, to vehicle electrification, mobile computing, the Internet of Things and Block-chain technologies, each of these trends is quite significant on its own. The actions undertaken by city authorities aim at focusing citizens' attention on the need to improve air quality, decrease congestion in city’s main streets, invest in one’s health and physical condition, which increases the level of quality of life, and in turn provides the city with considerable economic benefits. The purpose of the paper is to explore global trends shaping life quality in coastal agglomerations with a special regard to sustainable mobility and to present the ISO 37120 - a tool allowing measurement, based on the indicators, of the cities resilience and performance.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2019, 13, 3; 615-620
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Trends in automotive emissions legislation: impact on LD engine development, fuels, lubricants, and test methods – a global view, with a focus on WLTP and RDE regulations – Summary of the 6th International Exhaust Emissions Symposium (IEES)
    Autorzy:
    Bielaczyc, P.
    Woodburn, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133409.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
    Tematy:
    global trends of exhaust emissions
    emissions standards
    IC engines
    RDE
    WLTP
    WLTC
    test methods
    fuel development
    hybrid vehicles
    electric vehicles
    światowe trendy emisji spalin
    standardy emisji
    silniki spalinowe
    rozwój paliw
    pojazdy hybrydowe
    pojazdy mechaniczne
    Opis:
    Among the drivers influencing vehicular powertrain development, the field of vehicular exhaust emissions is experiencing wideranging and rapid changes. New emissions regulations such as Euro 6d and new test methods (RDE and WLTP) are the main challenges for the automotive industry caused by political, socioeconomic and technical factors. Air quality is very high on the political agenda and pressure remains to limit and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the road transport sector. In addition to limits becoming increasingly stringent, the list of parameters subject to legal limits are slowly expanding – and, most importantly, these limits must be met under a wide range of conditions. A range of strategies are available to overcome these difficulties, which was explored during the 6th International Exhaust Emissions Symposium (IEES) hosted at BOSMAL in June 2018. This paper reports and summarises the topics of the 6th IEES and attempts a synthesis on the current status of the field of IC engines, hybrid powertrains and electric vehicles and what the coming years may hold for the automotive and fuel industries and other allied fields.
    Źródło:
    Combustion Engines; 2018, 57, 3; 56-65
    2300-9896
    2658-1442
    Pojawia się w:
    Combustion Engines
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Applying blended foresight methods for revealing incentives and future strategies of key national innovation system players
    Autorzy:
    Chulok, Alexander
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2086478.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Białostocka. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Białostockiej
    Tematy:
    foresight method
    blended foresight
    technological change and its management
    national innovation system
    global trends
    new institutional economics
    planning models and polic
    metoda prognozowania
    mieszany foresight
    zmiana technologiczna
    krajowy system innowacji
    światowe trendy
    nowa ekonomia instytucjonalna
    planowanie modele i polityka
    Opis:
    The paper aims to develop and apply a methodological approach that could help to reveal incentives and future strategies of key National Innovation System (NIS) players considering the influence of global social, economic, scientific, technological and ecological trends. To fulfil this aim, a blended foresight methodology was applied, grounded on the platform of economic and classic foresight theory and considering four possible directions for using foresight methods: investigating and building a common vision; supporting evidence-based decisions; promoting communication and participation; inducing transformation and integration into the decision-making process. The main results and findings of the research include a list of 19 global trends, defined from literature analysis and the author’s expert knowledge, a short description of their influence on key NIS players, including society, business, infrastructure and institutions, science, education and government; and mapping more than 35 different foresight methods that could be used for revealing incentives and future strategies of key NIS players. The article’s theoretical contribution to economic theory consists of several parts. First, a NIS conception is examined through the prism of global trends and a dynamic aspect, whereas it is mostly investigated from statistical and static perspectives. Second, applying foresight as an instrument for researching NIS as a system is a developing academic area with some theoretical gaps, considered in this article by designing a conceptional research framework. Third, blending different foresight methods is always a craft, and the approach applied in this article contributes to it. Finally, the article presents several important trends which will appear in NIS and its key players’ transformation in the nearest 5–10 years. From practical implications, this article could be useful for proactive policymakers in the field of science, technology and innovation policy at national and regional levels for designing and providing measures for supporting innovation systems effectively. Foresight practitioners and experts are offered useful, practical ideas of different foresight methods and their possible combinations for everyday activities.
    Źródło:
    Engineering Management in Production and Services; 2021, 13, 4; 160--173
    2543-6597
    2543-912X
    Pojawia się w:
    Engineering Management in Production and Services
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The global automotive consumer – case study
    Autorzy:
    Kawęcki, Norbert
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27313725.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Śląska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej
    Tematy:
    automotive
    consumer
    trends
    global
    motoryzacja
    konsument
    trendy
    Opis:
    Purpose: The purpose of the work is to present the research results of 26,000 consumers in 25 countries provided by the Deloitte Report from 2022 as the Global Automotive Consumer. Design/methodology/approach: Due to the cognitive nature of the work, the aim of the work will be achieved using the method of analyzing the literature and newest Deloitte research from 2022. Literature studies only foreign publications. Findings: The Global Automotive Consumer is very widely described in international literature. Many reports have been created and the most updated Deloitte shows overview current situation in researched matter. Originality/value: The analysis ither international literature and report from 2022 with statistics shows global automotive consumer preferences as well as most development countries next to similarities and differences between worldwide automotive community. It includes some influences due to pandemic Covid-19.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska; 2022, 157; 281--292
    1641-3466
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Global environment as a factor of changes in organization and modern management concepts
    Autorzy:
    Wąchol, Jerzy
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1844867.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Śląska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej
    Tematy:
    global environment
    process organizations
    modern management methods
    global economy
    sustainable development
    trends in organization
    otoczenie globalne
    organizacje procesowe
    nowoczesne metody zarządzania
    gospodarka globalna
    zrównoważony rozwój
    trendy w organizacji
    Opis:
    Purpose: The aim of the study is to present a changing global environment for businesses, to use modern elements of management, IT and telecommunications as necessary elements in the face of the pandemic and global crisis, to sustain the functioning of businesses, organisations, economies and states. Design/methodology/approach: On the basis of the collected statistical data, own research and surveys, observations and literature, conclusions have been drawn concerning trends of changes in the organisation and the application of modern management concepts and forms of management. The study presents the functioning of enterprises taking into account their further environment, especially economic and social, against the background of the current problems of the EU and the world economy. The study also presents the problems of modern global economy, pandemic and sustainable development. Findings: Study presents selected elements of governance and trends of change in the organisation. What matters most for companies is marketing, finance, profit, strategies, personnel, innovation, modern methods and forms of organisation, etc. However, elements of IT and modern management methods already have an important and growing position, especially in the face of the pandemic, remote work and the global crisis. Technological and macro-economic changes, new methods of management, shrinking natural resources in the world at the turn of the 20th and 21st century, looking for substitutes, all these set out the directions for the development of companies. In addition, socio-political and epidemiological changes, computerisation and automation, cause changes in the functioning of enterprises, both large and small.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska; 2021, 150; 321-331
    1641-3466
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A theory of global economic growth in the very long-run: is a grand innovation slowdown inevitable?
    Autorzy:
    Gomułka, Stanisław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1356655.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-06-06
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Ekonomicznych
    Tematy:
    Endogenous growth theory
    Phelps
    Hat-shaped relationship
    Long-term global growth slowdown
    Key growth trends
    Key growth stylized facts
    JEL Classification
    Opis:
    The paper shows how the original semi endogenous and balanced growth model of Phelps (1966), and my extended version of it (Gomulka, 1990), could be useful in explaining the key ‘stylized facts’ of global long-term growth so far, and in predicting its dynamics in the future. During the last two centuries the sector of R&D and education, producing qualitative changes, has been expanding in the world’s most developed countries much faster than the sector producing conventional goods. The extended model is used to explore and evaluate. the consequences for the global long-term growth of the end of this unbalanced growth, of the completion of the catching up by most of the world’s less developed countries, and of the expected eventual stabilization of the size of the world population. The theory yields a thesis, new in the literature, that the rate of global per capita GDP growth will eventually return to the historically standard very low level, thus implying that the world’s technological revolution is going to be an innovation super-fluctuation.
    Źródło:
    Central European Economic Journal; 2019, 6, 53; 175 - 188
    2543-6821
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Economic Journal
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    “Twins in Spite of Themselves”: Spanish and Ottoman Empires’ “Issues of Decline” in XVIIIth Century
    “Близнюки мимоволі”: Іспанська та Османська імперії та проблеми їх занепаду у XVIII ст.
    Autorzy:
    Chalyi, Andrii
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22676899.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-10-27
    Wydawca:
    National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Institute of World History
    Tematy:
    Ottoman Empire
    Spanish Empire
    comparative studies
    XVIII century social history
    world-trends
    global history
    Османська імперія
    Іспанська імперія
    компаративна історія
    XVIII століття
    глобальна історія
    Opis:
    Spanish and Ottoman empires had more similarities that could be found at first glance. Both experienced the take-off as leading force in Europe and Asia respectively, being for a while the most fearful and powerful states during XVI, faced economic and political blunders in XVII century and slightly ended with stagnation in XVIII century (as conventional wisdom says). Using comparative method and cultural analysis, article tries to answer a question – how unique or regular was that issues which stroke Spain and Ottoman Empires, how deeply they were engaged in so called decline narrative, created in XIX century European historiography and is it possible to create common trend for empire`s stagnation using not only historical sociology method (sociology of revolution used by Jack Goldstone and Teda Skocpole) and world-system analysis provided by Immanuel Wallerstein, with emphasis on history of ideas or begriffsgeschichte by Reinhardt Kosseleck. Main results are going to provide a more correct view on the status of Spanish and Turkish Empires during the XVIII century. Despite that Ottomans and Spaniards had obvious differences in political distribution, economic capabilities, warfare tactics and external actions, almost simultaneous decline was based on clear and exact reasons: lack of industrialization (production with high surplus value), hush incorporation of Ottoman and Spanish Empires into World-Economy, lack of defending tariffs, ineffective fiscal system and policy, devastating and lasting wars, decreasing price for agricultural products, down warding Kondratieff cycle, rigid political and social units, which constrain strict political actions. These gaps made the Empire’s decline possible notwithstanding those problems which they had previously. Oppositely, major European states (England, France, Prussia) had made reversed actions, which took a long time, but made European “take-off” inevitable, assured their economical breakaway to further domination over the Ottomans and Spaniards as well.
    Проблеми порівняльної історії імперій за останні декілька років набули нового звучання в контексті вироблення синтезу не тільки успішних прикладів, імперії, які змогли зберегти свою міць і силу максимально довго, а так само й неуспішних. Іспанська й Османська імперії демонстрували всі аспекти цих порівнянь, практично співпадаючі хронологічно: одночасно піднялися над всіма державами Європи й Азії, ставши свого роду наддержавами у військово-політичному так і в економічному сенсах, й так само синхронно зійшли із геополітичної дистанції; будучи економічними потугами, практично одночасно й за однакових причин опинилися на другорядних позиціях (а на короткі моменти мало чим відрізнялись від колоній) в світовій економіці; демонструючи військову міць і вправність на полях битв, в другій половині XVII ст. стали зазнавати по факту ситуативних, але болючих невдач, хоч і суттєво мало чим відрізнялись від своїх суперників у Європі; наприкінці XVIII ст. обидві імперії зазнали тяжких поразок, ще більше поглибивши відставання (уявне чи реальне) і ставши гравцями другого ешелону, балансуючи на межі геополітичних інтересів великих гравців. Неодноразово наголошуючи на тому, що за змістом ці дві імперії мало чим відрізнялися в політичному, економічному та суспільному планах, належачи до пре-індустріальних суспільств, вони все ж продемонстрували відмінний від «успішних» країн-імперій результат. Метою статті є дослідити які риси суспільно-політичного й економічного життя обох імперій в порівняльному аспекті були ідентичні або близькі за змістом, які риси визначили подальший розвиток імперій, коли відбулася дана біфуркація. Автор наголошує, що попри усталений погляд на дві основні причини, що нерідко фігурують в викривальних статтях щодо османів та іспанців – «східний» характер цивілізації в одних та «золотий чинник» для інших, причина невдач цих країн крилася не в абстрактних універсаліях а в досить конкретних причинах – в хибній методологічній основі для розвитку країни та деструктивних та запізнілих діях державного управління.
    Źródło:
    Проблеми всесвітньої історії; 2022, 19; 14-33
    2707-6776
    Pojawia się w:
    Проблеми всесвітньої історії
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Sediment open water disposal in the aspect of environmental hazard. General trends. Current scientific literature review
    Deponowanie urobku czerpalnego do otwartej toni wodnej w aspekcie zagrożenia dla środowiska. Ogólne trendy. Przegląd aktualnej literatury naukowej
    Autorzy:
    Zegarowski, Ł.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/111567.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Morski w Gdańsku
    Tematy:
    dumping site
    sediment dumping
    global problem
    impact of dumping
    pollutions
    general trends
    minimazing the negative impact
    klapowisko
    deponowanie osadów dennych
    globalny problem
    wpływ klapowania
    zanieczyszczenia
    ogólne trendy
    ograniczanie negatywnego oddziaływania
    Opis:
    Disposal into the open water body is the most common practice with dredged sediments from water objects. These actions may disrupt the balance inside and around dumping area. Accumulated in sediments anthropogenic pollution such as heavy metals and persistent organic compounds impact on the environment over a longer period of time. Dumping into aquatic ecosystems million tons of spoils from dredging causes a number of concerns in the international arena. A large number of global treaties and protocols were signed to minimize the negative environmental impact of contaminated sediment from dredging process. According to current scientific papers, the study shows the sources of environmental risks and general trends stemming from this practice. Furthermore, it indicates directions of activities aimed at minimizing the negative impact of human activities resulting from the excavation of waste material brought up from dredging.
    Deponowanie urobku czerpalnego z prac pogłębiarskich do otwartej toni wodnej jest najczęściej praktykowanym rozwiązaniem . Takie działania mogą zakłócić równowagę w środowiska wewnątrz oraz wokół obszaru klapowiska. Nagromadzone w osadach dennych zanieczyszczenia mające charakter antropogeniczny , takie jak metale ciężkie i trwałe związki organiczne, mogą oddziaływać na środowisko w dłuższej perspektywie czasu. Klapowanie milionów ton rocznie osadów, z pogłębiania obiektów wodnych, wywołuje liczne obawy na arenie międzynarodowej. Aby zminimalizować negatywne oddziaływanie urobku deponowanego na klapowiskach podpisano wiele traktatów oraz protokołów o wymiarze globalnym. W oparciu o aktualną literaturę naukową przedstawiono potencjalne zagrożenia oraz trendy wynikające z procesu klapowania osadów dennych z prac pogłębiarskich. Ponadto, wskazano kierunki działań mających na celu ograniczenie negatywnego wpływu działalności człowieka wynikających z klapowania do akwenów morskich.
    Źródło:
    Biuletyn Instytutu Morskiego w Gdańsku; 2015, 30, 1; 118-125
    1230-7424
    2450-5536
    Pojawia się w:
    Biuletyn Instytutu Morskiego w Gdańsku
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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