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Tytuł:
Mezzanine as an Alternative Form of Corporate Financing
Autorzy:
Czajkowska, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/488866.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
Corporate Finance
Mezzanine Financing
Opis:
The main goal of the article is the assessment of mezzanine financing as an innovative form in Poland, which might play a significant role in the dynamically developing companies which can’t obtain sufficient capital from traditional sources in the form of bank credits. Mezzanine may be applied to: financing investment projects, increasing the value of the company, the expansion of businesses through mergers and acquisitions, redemption of shares or the financing of leveraged buyouts. The main methodology used in this article is explanatory research and comparative analysis. The hypothesis assumes that mezzanine financing may become an important alternative source of funding for medium and large sized enterprises in Poland. This article presents the idea of mezzanine financing, its mechanism, structures and comparison to alternative funding, examples of such transactions costs. An important part is indication of types of mezzanine capital and applications in the USA, the UE including Poland as well as comparative analysis of mezzanine advantages and disadvantages.
Źródło:
Oeconomia Copernicana; 2015, 6, 1; 99-111
2083-1277
Pojawia się w:
Oeconomia Copernicana
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reflecting interdependencies between risk factors in corporate risk modeling using Monte Carlo simulation
Odzwierciedlanie współzależności pomiędzy czynnikami ryzyka w modelowaniu ryzyka działalności gospodarczej przedsiębiorstwa z wykorzystaniem symulacji Monte Carlo
Autorzy:
Kaczmarzyk, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/425266.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
Corporate finance
Risk
Monte Carlo
Opis:
Modern enterprises use various spreadsheet financial models to project their financial situation as well as to address potential entrepreneurial activity risk exposure. The most advanced solution is provided by the Monte Carlo approach that offers much broader possibilities in terms of entrepreneurial risk measurement than in the case of traditional methods. One of the most significant problems of the Monte Carlo approach is to identify, quantify and reflect interdependencies between variables that are risk factors in any risk analysis. The aim of this paper is to discuss possibilities to identify and quantify interdependencies in terms of historical data availability as well as to present a spreadsheet solution that would reflect interdependencies in risk simulation and which would be easy to implement. The solution presented is not the only one available, but it does not require too much effort to be implemented in any financial model developed in the form of a spreadsheet, especially by the individuals responsible for risk management in small and medium sized enterprises.
Źródło:
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics; 2016, 2 (52); 98-107
1507-3866
Pojawia się w:
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Trends in IPOs: The Evidence From Financial Markets
Autorzy:
Meluzín, Tomáš
Zinecker, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517317.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
Corporate Finance
IPO
Trends
Financial Markets
Opis:
This paper deals with the analysis of initial public offerings of shares in terms of their quantity and the amount of capital raised by this form of financing on the world markets. Relevant global developments will be analyzed first, followed by a description of regional situation. The analysis is based on secondary data which are processed by descriptive statistics methods. The analysis of IPO trends on the world markets indicates that, in the period of 2004-2007, IPO-based financing of corporate growth gained in importance on both developed and emerging markets. The IPO segment was dominated by the largest emerging markets (Brazil, Russia, India and China) and at the same time the US American and Western European markets decline in their importance. The world-wide economic crisis of 2008 sup-pressed the interest in new IPOs, particularly in the developed economies. As the economy of most countries is beginning to revive, the interest in the IPO approach from businesses and investors is on the rise. It can be expected that, in the next few years, the arena of initial public offerings will be dominated by visionary companies operating on emerging markets where the execution of an IPO will constitute the key element in securing the capital essential for further expansion.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2013, 8, 2; 45-63
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
IS A FINANCIAL DIRECTOR A STRATEGIST OR A STEWARD? A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POLAND, THE US AND CHINA
Dyrektor finansowy – strateg czy administrator. Analiza porównawcza Polski, Stanów Zjednoczonych i Chin
Autorzy:
Wrońska-Bukalska, Elżbieta
Wawryszuk-Misztal, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/950455.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
financial director
model of competence
corporate finance
Opis:
The article aims to present the role of the financial director in three different countries (Poland, China, and the US). The role of the financial director was defined by the Model of Competences covering two dimensions and four faces of the CFO. The literature and survey reviews let us think that nowadays the dominant role of the financial director is that of Strategist. The main research question was to find out whether the job of the CFO and his/her main role differs across these countries (Strategist and Catalyst will be dominant in the US, but in other countries Steward and Operator will be dominant). The choice of these countries was not a random one because they have a different history, corporate governance systems and culture. The method which reveals the CEO’s expectations towards the CFO’s duties was applied. The research consisted of a comparative analysis of job advertisements in these countries. The results of this research provide a new description of the CFO’s roles. In each country the main duty of the CFO was Steward (even in the US). In Poland, financial director as Strategist appeared more frequently (than in the other two countries) but was not dominant, either. The research study uses the Model of Competences, which allows to identify whether the CFO is really a strategic position. These findings have important implications for understanding the role of CFOs and their work.
Źródło:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach; 2015, 4(25); 122-134
2080-5993
2449-9811
Pojawia się w:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Agency costs of overvalued equity and earnings management in companies listed on WSE
Autorzy:
Kałdoński, Michał
Jewartowski, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/557811.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-03-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
Tematy:
overvalued equity, earnings management, agency costs, agency theory, corporate finance, corporate governance
Opis:
The aim of the paper is to study earnings management activities of companies listed on Warsaw Stock Exchange from the perspective of Jensen’s agency theory of overvalued equity (Jensen, 2005). Specifically, we analyze relations between equity overvaluation and various types of earnings management used by public companies between 2005 and 2015. We provide evidence partially consistent with Jensen’s theory. Specifically, our study reveals that overvaluation intensifies income-increasing accrual earnings management activities. However, we also find that overvaluation is not followed by real transactions management activities, as opposed to previous studies based on the US market. We provide some evidence that this difference might be driven by external monitoring executed by large institutional investors.
Źródło:
Economics and Business Review; 2017, 3(17), 1
2392-1641
Pojawia się w:
Economics and Business Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prospective financial analysis with regard to enterprise risk exposure – the advantages of the Monte Carlo method
Autorzy:
Kaczmarzyk, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/950239.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
corporate finance
financial analysis
risk
Monte Carlo
forecasting
Opis:
Prospective financial analysis is a key decision tool in an enterprise. The traditional approach confronts the forecasted value of a financial category or a financial ratio with a requirement or a standard. Knowing that the particular category or the ratio meets the requirement or the standard is a kind of risk information, but realizing that the requirement or the standard is met with a particular probability level is a detailed image of risk. The aim of the paper is to indicate the possibility to increase the effectiveness of prospective financial analysis by using a Monte Carlo simulation. The biggest advantage of the presented approach (that is in fact the evolution of the traditional scenario approach to risk analysis) is that it delivers the detailed probability distributions of key financial categories and ratios. Shareholders accepting the results of prospective financial analysis with the Monte Carlo simulation should accept risk in a more conscious way than in the case of the traditional approach
Źródło:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach; 2016, 2(27); 23-37
2080-5993
2449-9811
Pojawia się w:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Forecasting currency risk in an enterprise using the Monte Carlo simulation
Autorzy:
Kaczmarzyk, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/949105.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
corporate finance
financial risk
risk analysis
Monte Carlo
Opis:
A non-financial enterprise with receivables or liabilities denominated in a foreign currency is exposed to currency risk. Wanting to calculate a financial reserve in order to secure its receivables or liabilities, an enterprise can introduce the concept of the value at risk. To determine value at risk, an enterprise has to know the probability distribution of the future value of the receivable or the liability for a specific moment in future. Using a geometric Brownian motion to reflect exchange rate changes is among the possible solutions. The aim of the paper is to indicate that using the Monte Carlo simulation for forecasting the currency risk of an enterprise is a clear, easy-to-implement and flexible in terms of the assumptions approach. The flexibility of the Monte Carlo approach relies on the possibility to take up the assumption that the currency position changes caused by currency fluctuations have an other than normal probability distribution.
Źródło:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach; 2018, 23, 4; 50-62
2080-5993
2449-9811
Pojawia się w:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Institution of VAT binding rate information – theoretical and practical aspects
Autorzy:
Rogowska-Rajda, Beata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2128468.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:
VAT
Binding Rate Information
VAT rates
corporate finance
Opis:
Purpose – The purpose of the article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the new institution, i.e. the Binding Rate Information, in theoretical and practical terms. Therefore, the nature of this institution and its impact on business finances will be examined. This article also aims to verify the degree of its use by entrepreneurs and indicate possible directions of future changes. Research method – Literature reviews, analysis of legal acts, analysis of the decisions issued by administrative courts and the CJEU, and analysis of statistical data which relates to Binding Rate Information were used as part of this research. Research description – The analysis includes legal regulations concerning VAT rates and their impact on enterprises; also statistical data processed by the National Revenue Information System (KIS) in respect of Binding Rate Information issued. Results – Binding Rate Information reduces the tax risk of entrepreneurs related to the application of VAT rates. For this reason, entrepreneurs are willing to take advantage of this institution. However, this institution may have a negative impact on the finances of enterprises by distorting their competitiveness on the market in case of differences in the judicial decisions issued on rates classification. Consequently, it is crucial to maintain uniformity in the issued decisions. Despite the positive assessment of the new institution, it is necessary to consider to set it in a specific timeframe, and to limit the legal protection guaranteed by this institution in certain situations. It is recommended that further analysis should be undertaken with respect to extending the scope of binding information to include VAT exemptions.
Źródło:
Optimum. Economic Studies; 2020, 3(101); 56-67
1506-7637
Pojawia się w:
Optimum. Economic Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Institutional investors and real earnings management: A meta-analysis
Autorzy:
Kabaciński, Bartosz
Mizerka, Jacek
Stróżyńska-Szajek, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2058072.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-07-11
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
Tematy:
real earnings management
institutional ownership
meta-analysis
corporate finance
Opis:
The aim of the article is to examine the inuflence of institutional investor ownership on real earnings' management (REM) practices through a meta-regression analysis (MRA) based on a sample of 225 estimations from 19 articles. Some of the available research suggests a mitigating role for institutional investors who can serve as external monitors and thus reduce earnings' management activities which could have a negative impact on the company's value. eTh results obtained from the basic model conrfimed neither the hypothesis about the inuflence of institutional ownership on REM, nor the hypothesis about the existence of a signicfiant publication bias. Using an augmented MRA model conclusions in diefrent areas associated with structural and methodological heterogeneity were drawn. Diefrences in the impact of institu tional ownership on real earnings' management in diefrent regions of the world, a de pendence of the results on diefrent data characteristics and diefrences in the results depending on whether the article was published in a top journal or not were found.
Źródło:
Economics and Business Review; 2022, 8, 2; 50-79
2392-1641
Pojawia się w:
Economics and Business Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Changes in the Capital Structure of Polish Companies During the Last Twenty Years (1997–2017)
Autorzy:
Gajdka, Jerzy
Szymański, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/957646.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
capital structure
debt
corporate finance
pecking order theory
trade-off theory
Opis:
Theoretical background: The capital structure is one of the most important areas in the modern theory of corporate finance. It has inspired the development of a large number of theoretical approaches, but a universally accepted theory of capital structure has not yet been developed. A common belief holds that companies try to achieve a stable capital structure in the long term; thus, companies that, at a given time, are characterised by a relatively low (or high) level of debt, also probably had the same level in previous periods.Purpose of the article: The main purpose of this paper is to provide answers to two basic questions: 1) How did the aggregate capital structure of the non-financial companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) change from 1997 to 2017?; 2) What factors are decisive for the companies’ capital structure and do the current trends in capital structure theory take account of them?Research methods: The research is carried out in two phases. In phase 1, the descriptive statistics method is applied to analyse how the capital structure of WSE-listed companies changed in the years 1997–2017. In phase 2, the capital structure determinants are examined using multiple regression models.Main findings: The capital structure of WSE companies varied significantly in the sample years, and overall, the debt ratios, total, short-, and long-term debt slightly increased. The causes of the changes were the economic environment factors (banking sector assets, government debt, and corporate income tax) and macroeconomic circumstances, along with the companies’ characteristics. Among the latter, the company’s profitability and the share of fixed assets in total assets usually turned out to be statistically significant.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia; 2019, 53, 4; 53-68
0459-9586
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Good Practices in Empirical Corporate Finance and Accounting Research
Autorzy:
Gruszczyński, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2040959.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-08-22
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
financial microeconometrics
empirical corporate finance
applied accounting
good practices in research
Opis:
This paper presents the risks of quantitative research pertaining to corporate finance and accounting. These is followed by a survey-like catalogue of good practices in modelling. All considerations are rooted in financial microeconometrics, the field for examining both practical and theoretical questions of applying econometric techniques in corporate finance and accounting research based on the use of microdata (Gruszczyński 2018a). Two major parts of the paper include: (1) discussion of the typical drawbacks in applying regression-type models, like causality vs. correlation, selection of explanatory variables and endogeneity, and (2) list of good practices in microeconometric applications to corporate finance and accounting research, based on Faff (2017), Kennedy (2002), Adams (2017), Hyndman (robjhyndman.com/) and author’s own experience. Catalogue of good practices in microeconometric applications to corporate finance and accounting may serve as the checklist for students and researchers.
Źródło:
Journal of Banking and Financial Economics; 2018, 2(10); 45-51
2353-6845
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Banking and Financial Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Struktura kapitałowa i polityka dywidendowa firm rodzinnych
Autorzy:
Pernsteiner, Helmut
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/610363.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
family firms
divident policy
corporate finance
firmy rodzinne
polityka dywidend
finanse przedsiębiorstw
Opis:
This paper sheds light on the capital structure and the dividend policy of family firms. From a  theoretical point of view it can be shown that agency conflicts in family firms and therefore their financing decisions are affected by family specific factors. Our analysis, however, shows no clear evidence that family influence leads to (1) more or less leverage and (2) higher or lower dividend payments by family firms compared to their non-family  counterparts. The same holds true for empirical studies which present mixed results concerning the leverage and payout propensity of these companies. Finally, factors are addressed which could be held responsible for this ambiguous empirical evidence.
Artykuł rzuca światło na strukturę kapitału i  politykę dywidend firm rodzinnych. Z  teoretycznego punktu widzenia można wskazać, że w  firmach rodzinnych występuje konflikt agencji, ponieważ na ich decyzje finansowe mają wpływ specyficzne czynniki rodzinne. Przedstawiona w  artykule analiza nie dowiodła jednak , że wpływ rodziny oddziałuje na (1) stosowanie większej lub mniejszej dźwigni finansowej ani na (2) wyższe lub niższe dywidendy wypłacane przez firmy rodzinne w  porównaniu do nierodzinnych konkurentów. Podobnie badania empiryczne dały mieszane rezultaty w  odniesieniu do dźwigni finansowej i  skłonności do wypłat w  tych firmach. W  zakończeniu wskazano czynniki, które mogą stanowić przyczynę uzyskiwania tak zróżnicowanych dowodów empirycznych.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia; 2013, 47, 4
0459-9586
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Token-based blockchain financing and governance: A transaction cost economics approach
Tokeny w finansowaniu i zarządzaniu blockchainem: Perspektywa ekonomii kosztów transakcyjnych
Autorzy:
Pietrewicz, Lesław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2188983.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
blockchain
corporate finance
corporate governance
token
transaction cost
economics
ekonomia kosztów transakcyjnych
finanse przedsiębiorstwa
ład korporacyjny
Opis:
The paper presents a conceptual analysis of token-based blockchain financing and governance. Its aim is to explore governance attributes of tokens – a new financial instrument issued by blockchain startups – with a view to understanding deployment of tokens by blockchains and their design. Transaction cost economics (TCE) has been chosen as a theoretical perspective for the analysis. The paper extends the scope of TCE theory by applying it to the blockchain context, and to the study of the role and nature of tokens in particular. It is argued that blockchains aggregate and coordinate the contributions of a distributed network of peers using a set of rules encoded in the blockchain protocol, thus eliminating the need for a hierarchy and day-to-day management, and promising to reduce typical coordination problems plaguing hierarchical organizations. Tokens, and particularly utility tokens, are found to differ fundamentally from equity and debt in their financial and governance attributes as they aim to combine the low cost of the rule-based governance with added adaptability characteristic of equity-based governance. The analysis offers insights for both strategy and entrepreneurship research and practice as it helps identify industries most vulnerable to disruption by blockchains and inform promising blockchain-based business model designs.
Artykuł przedstawia koncepcyjną analizę finansowania i zarządzania (governance) blockchainem z wykorzystaniem tokenów. Celem opracowania jest zbadanie cech tokenów w zakresie governance, co ma służyć lepszemu zrozumieniu konstrukcji tokenów i ich wykorzystaniu w blockchainach. Jako teoretyczną podstawę do analizy wybrano ekonomię kosztów transakcyjnych. Przeprowadzone badania wprowadzają tę teorię na nowy obszar – blockchaina i nowego instrumentu finansowego token. Badania te pozwalają lepiej zrozumieć funkcjonowanie blockchaina – agregowanie i koordynowanie wkładów podmiotów tworzących społeczność blockchaina przy pomocy zasad zapisanych na protokole blockchaina, co eliminuje potrzebę utrzymywania biurokracji (jednostki hierarchicznej) i bieżącego zarządzania, umożliwiając obniżenie kosztów transakcyjnych. W pracy wykazano także zasadnicze różnice między tokenami (i w szczególności tokenami użytkowymi) a tradycyjnymi instrumentami finansowymi – kapitałem własnym i długiem. Tokeny mają łączyć w sobie niski koszt governance opartego na zasadach z wysokimi zdolnościami adaptacyjnymi charakterystycznymi dla bardziej zaangażowanych i elastycznych systemów opartych na kapitale własnym. Uzyskane wyniki niosą implikacje dla zarządzania strategicznego i przedsiębiorczości, pomagając identyfikować branże najbardziej narażone na niszczący wpływ blockchainów i konstruować oparte na blockchainie modele biznesowe.
Źródło:
Studia i Materiały; 2018, 2(28), cz. 1; 126-139
1733-9758
Pojawia się w:
Studia i Materiały
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (Ccctb) Versus Canons of Taxation
Autorzy:
Iwin-Garzyńska, Jolanta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/522280.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Finanse korporacji
Harmonizacja podatków
Kanony opodatkowania
Tax harmonization
Canons of taxation
Corporate finance
Opis:
One of the main objectives to be accomplished by the European Union law is to eliminate barriers to the functioning of domestic market and in particular improve the competitiveness of enterprises. After several years of efforts, on 16 March 2011 the European Commission approved a proposal for the directive on a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base which is to remove obstacles to the functioning of internal market and increase tax harmonization in the EU. The paper addresses issues relating to tax in corporate finance. Canons of taxation will be discussed and special emphasis will be placed on principles behind formulating fiscal law provisions (including the EU law). Furthermore, the article presents the results of surveys into the importance of taxation canons for Polish and EU companies.
Źródło:
Journal of Economics and Management; 2014, 18; 58-71
1732-1948
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Economics and Management
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Hotelling’s Rule in practice – analysis of gold mining sector
Twierdzenie Hotellinga w praktyce – analiza sektora górnictwa złota
Autorzy:
Uberman, Robert
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1849597.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN
Tematy:
corporate finance
sustainable finance
Hotelling Rule
mineral assets
finanse przedsiębiorstw
twierdzenie Hotellinga
aktywa geologiczno-górnicze
rozwój zrównoważony
Opis:
The paper presented intends to fill up a gap in surveying the Hotelling Rule by taking a company based, microeconomic approach based on analyses of annual reports. Using selected data three fundamental hyphothesis are tested: 1) growth rate of margins (“net margins” including a capital charge) per unit realized by mining companies must exceed a rate equal to their cost of capital, 2) output shall follow deviations from the Hotelling growth line, 3) margins shall follow a path set by individually defined expected rate of return. The analysis was based on 5 leading gold producers, responsible for ca 15–20% of global primary production, all of them public and listed on a stock exchange for the entire period of 2004–2019/2020. As margin shall grow at a rate compensating individual risk of a company in consideration, they shall not be homogenous. At 1st step industry WACC was adopted to calculate a normalized capital charge. The calculations revealed no support for Hotelling Rule. There is no evidence that over a period of above 15 years margins follow any path determined by a growing expotential function, following a compound rate. Subsequently it was checked whether output volume is corrected due to development of actual versus expected (resulting from the Hotelling Rule) margin values. Selected companies were near indifferent to this parameter while taking decisions in area of volumes supplied. Neither there is no evidence of relation between changes in output and margins. Finally, it was checked whether differences between expected and actual margins’ growth paths could be described by a linear function, resulting from consequent adoption of a risk rate component. Here neither any evidence was found. In conclusion no support for the Hotelling rule was identified.
Prezentowany artykuł ma na celu wypełnienie luki w badaniach nad twierdzeniem Hotellinga poprzez przyjęcie podejścia mikroekonomicznego, opartego na analizie sprawozdań finansowych konkretnych firm górniczych. Wykorzystując zawarte w nich dane, poddano sprawdzeniu trzy hipotezy: 1) stopa wzrostu marży jednostkowej netto (z uwzględnieniem kosztu kapitału) musi być wyższa niż koszt kapitału, 2) zmiany wolumenu produkcji powinny odzwierciedlać odchylenia od stopy wzrostu marż wyznaczonych twierdzeniem Hotellinga, 3) marże powinny wzrastać zgodnie z indywidualnie wyznaczoną przez każdego producenta stopą wzrostu. Analizę przeprowadzono na przykładzie 5 wiodących producentów złota, którzy dostarczali 15–20% podaży pierwotnej (z wyłączeniem odzysku) tego metalu, notowanych na giełdach w całym badanym okresie. Ponieważ wzrost marż powinien kompensować indywidualne ryzyko każdej z firm, nie powinien on być homogeniczny. Jednak w pierwszym kroku średnioważony koszt kapitału (WACC) dla całego górnictwa złota został wykorzystany dla wyznaczenia kosztu kapitału. Obliczenia wykazały brak zgodności z twierdzeniem Hotellinga. Nie znaleziono dowodu, że w 15-letnim badanym okresie wzrost marż odpowiadał jakiejkolwiek wykładniczej funkcji. Następnie zbadano, czy wolumen produkcji był korygowany tak, aby przeciwdziałać odchyleniom od teoretycznej ścieżki wzrostu marż wyznaczonej twierdzeniem Hotellinga. Wykazano, że korporacje podejmowały decyzje o wydobyciu niezależnie od zmian w marżach. Tak samo nie znaleziono dowodu na zbieżność pomiędzy poziomem ich indywidualnej produkcji a wielkością ich marż. W końcu sprawdzono, czy różnice pomiędzy oczekiwanymi a uzyskiwanymi marżami mogą być opisane przez statystyczną zależność w postaci funkcji liniowej mogącej wynikać z zastosowania innej stopy ryzyka niż tej homogenicznej przyjętej pierwotnie do obliczeń. Tu też nie znaleziono żadnej przesłanki potwierdzającej taką zależność. W konsekwencji stwierdzono brak przesłanek uzasadniających stosowanie twierdzenia Hotellinga na poziomie mikroekonomicznym.
Źródło:
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi; 2021, 37, 2; 63-84
0860-0953
Pojawia się w:
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 24

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