Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

Wyszukujesz frazę "Kinetics" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Experimental determination of the kinetics of sorption and gas filtration in coal
Autorzy:
Gawor, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/178925.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
sorption
filtration
sorption kinetics
filtration kinetics
Opis:
The paper presents tests set-ups for experiments on sorption kinetics and gas filtration kinetics in a porous medium. It was observed that two phenomena occur in these processes: transportation of gas into the porous solid and settling of gas molecules on the walls of the solid or within its volume. An experiment was carried out in which a thin resistance thermometer was quickly taken out of an argon stream and placed in carbon dioxide or the other way round. The measurement made it possible to determine the sorption time constant. It was demonstrated that the sorption rate is much higher than the filtration rate. Thus, filtration is the process describing the rate at which gas molecules penetrating the porous substance are adsorbed or desorbed. The sorption time constant is not >50 m. In the second experiment, the author determined the rate at which gas is liberated from coal grains. The measurement method was based on measurement of the pressure of desorbing gas in constant volume. The experiment involved measurement of the pressure of the gas liberated from the coal grains in a closed chamber. The kinetic curves obtained in this way were used to determine the carbon dioxide coefficient in coal grains. During the experiment, particular focus was put on the initial stage of gas liberation (up to 0.4 s). The slower process of gas transporting in the porous structure of coal is the transporting of gas through a coal briquette. Experimentally implemented variety of boundary conditions allowed for a more complete verification of the assumed theoretical model and possibly for the exact determination of filtration parameters. The experimental set-up built for this purpose, allows for pressure and temperature measurement on the briquette side surface.
Źródło:
Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica; 2018, 40, 4; 254-262
0137-6365
2083-831X
Pojawia się w:
Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Examination of steam gasification of coal with physically mixed catalysts
Autorzy:
Śpiewak, Katarzyna
Czerski, Grzegorz
Sopata, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/779131.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane ZUT w Szczecinie
Tematy:
coal gasification
kinetics
catalysts
Opis:
The aim of this study was to analyse the steam gasification process of ‘Janina’ coal with and without Na-, K- and Ca-catalysts. The catalysts were physically mixed with the coal due to the simplicity of this method, short time of execution and certainty that the amount of catalyst is exactly as the adopted one. The isothermal measurements were performed at 800, 900 and 950°C and a pressure of 1 MPa using thermovolumetric method. The obtained results enabled assessment of the effect of analysed catalysts on the process at various temperatures by determination of: i) carbon conversion degree; ii) yield and composition of the resulting gas; and iii) kinetics of formation reactions of main gas components – CO and H2. The addition of catalysts, as well as an increase in operating temperature, had a positive effect on the coal gasification process – reactions rates increased, and the process time was reduced.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology; 2019, 21, 4; 51-57
1509-8117
1899-4741
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mechanism and kinetics of pyrite transformation at elevated temperatures
Autorzy:
Aracena, Alvaro
Jerez, Oscar
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2146885.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
pyrite
pyrrhotite
roasting
kinetics
Opis:
Pyrite (FeS2) is known as a sulfide that provides energy for various pyrometallurgical processes (fusion and conversion). There are several studies related to the evaluation of pyrite oxidation mechanisms at high temperatures, obtaining discrepancies in the products generated. In our work, the novelty of our research would be to obtain the thermochemical oxidation mechanism of FeS2 by using conventional thermogravimetric methods. The oxidative roasting of pyrite from 550 to 800°C was analyzed for an oxygen concentration of 5.07 to 28.06 kPa of oxygen and particle size between 12.3 to 33.8 microns. The results showed that the pyrite proceeded by sequential roasting: first, it produced an intermediate compound, pyrrhotite (Fe7S8), which was later oxidized to generate hematite (Fe2O3), both stages validated by weight loss of the sample as well as by analysis by DRX. Each stage had a different roasting speed as it was also influenced differently by different parameters. The temperature and particle size favored the rate of pyrrhotite generation, and the oxygen concentration favored the rate of hematite formation. The first-order kinetic equation ln (1-XPy) represented the roasting of the first stage (FeS2 → Fe7S8), with a calculated activation energy of 70.1 kJ/mol. The order of reaction was 0.5 concerning the partial pressure of oxygen and inversely proportional to the initial particle radius.
Źródło:
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing; 2021, 57, 6; 127--139
1643-1049
2084-4735
Pojawia się w:
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kinetics of drying of carrots in an industrial pentabelt dryer
Autorzy:
Domagala, A.
Witulska, M.
Janus, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1372595.pdf
Data publikacji:
1996
Wydawca:
Instytut Rozrodu Zwierząt i Badań Żywności Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Olsztynie
Tematy:
drying kinetics
carrot
drying
food technology
kinetics
drying curve
drying rate
plant
Opis:
The kinetics of drying of carrot cubes (10 mm and 14 mm) and slices (3 mm thick, 18.4-41.5 mm diameter) in an industrial pentabelt dryer was investigated. The temperature of drying air supplied under the first and second belts of the dryer was 90°C and it was 60°C for the other belts. The carrot was dried to a final moisture content of 0.1 kg/kg (9.09%). The drying curve, u = f(ԏ), and drying rate curve, du/dԏ = f(u) were determined and described with the equations. The times of the constant drying rate period were 60 min and 82 min for the 10 mm and 14 mm cubes, respectively, and 94 min for the slices. The respective total drying times were 305 min, 350 min and 250 min.
Głównym celem pracy było przeanalizowanie kinetyki suszenia marchwi w pięciotaśmowej suszarce z przenośnikami taśmowymi usytuowanymi jeden nad drugim (rys. 1), ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem jakości suszu. Analizy tej dokonano na podstawie sporządzonych krzywych suszenia u=f(ԏ) (rys. 2) i szybkości suszenia du/dԏ=f(u) (rys. 3). Materiałem doświadczalnym były plastry marchwi o grubości 3 mm oraz kostki (sześciany) o bokach 10 i 14 mm. Temperatura czynnika suszącego doprowadzonego pod pierwszy i drugi przenośnik taśmowy wynosiła 90°C, a temperatura czynnika suszącego pod pozostałymi przenośnikami była równa 60°C (tab. 1). Krajankę marchwi suszono do wilgotności właściwej (u) równej 0,1 kg/k g (tab. 2). Krzywe suszenia opisano równaniami szczegółowymi, umożliwiającymi obliczenie czasu suszenia (ԏ) dla dowolnej wilgotności właściwej (U2) w drugim okresie suszenia. Całkowite czasy suszenia, obliczone według tych równań, różnią się od całkowitych zmierzonych czasów suszenia najwyżej o 6 minut, co stanowi zaledwie 1,7% (tab. 3). Strata sumy karotenoidów na skutek suszenia krajanki marchwi wynosiła od 3,46 do 5,07%, ocena organoleptyczna suszu stanowiła ponad 4,0 punkty, a średnia zdolność chłonięcia wody przez susz wynosiła 4,3 (tab. 4). Na. podstawie przeprowadzonych badań wnioskuje się, że dobre wskaźniki jakości suszu jak na warunki przemysłowe, można uzyskać jedynie przez sterowanie procesem suszenia na podstawie doświadczalnie wyznaczonych krzywych suszenia.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences; 1996, 05, 3; 121-130
1230-0322
2083-6007
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
How to avoid mass transfer limitations in ozonation kinetics of phenylphenol isomers?
Autorzy:
Olak-Kucharczyk, M.
Ledakowicz, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/185599.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
phenylphenol isomers
ozonation in homogenous system ozonation kinetics
competition kinetics
classical kinetics
ozonowanie w jednorodnym systemem kinetyki ozonowania
kinetyka konkurencji
kinetyka
Opis:
Ozonation is a heterogeneous process of chemical absorption often controlled by a gas-liquid mass transfer rate. This paper presents the results of kinetics in a reaction between phenylphenol isomers and ozone. The degradation of phenylphenol isomers during ozonation proceeds quite fast. In order to avoid the influence of mass transfer limitati on the kinetics experiments were conducted in a homogenous liquid-liquid system. The second-order rate constantswere determined using classical and competition methods, which are especially recommended for fast reactions. The determined rate constants at pH 2 using the two different methods are almost the same. The increase of pH causes an increase of rate constants for the reaction of phenylphenol isomers with ozone.
Źródło:
Chemical and Process Engineering; 2016, 37, 1; 5-13
0208-6425
2300-1925
Pojawia się w:
Chemical and Process Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Oxidation of Substituted Chalcones by Quinaldinium Fluorochromate
Autorzy:
Sekar, Krishnamoorthy Guna
Periyasamy, Seplapatty Kalimuthu
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1191376.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
Chalcones
Kinetics
Oxidation
Quinaldinium Fluorochromate
Opis:
The kinetics of oxidation of chalcones by quinaldinium fluorochromate has been studied in aqueous acetic acid medium in the presence of perchloric acid. The order of the reaction is found to be one with respect to oxidant and hydrogen ion. The order with respect to substrate is found to be fractional. The reaction rates have been determined at different temperatures and the activation parameters calculated. Electron withdrawing substituents are found to enhance the rate of the reaction and electron releasing substituents are found to retard the rate of the reaction and the rate data obeys the Hammett relationship. From the observed kinetic results a probable mechanism has been proposed.
Źródło:
World Scientific News; 2016, 33; 96-108
2392-2192
Pojawia się w:
World Scientific News
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Oxidation of Distyryl Ketone by Quinaldinium Chlorochromate – A Kinetic Study
Autorzy:
Periyasamy, Seplappatty Kalimuthu
Saravanakumar, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1113830.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
Kinetics
Oxidation
Quinaldinium chlorochromate
distyrylketone
Opis:
Oxidation of distyrylketone by quinaldinium chlorochromate [QnCC] in water and acetic acid medium has been studied under pseudo first order condition. The reaction shows unit order dependence each with respect to oxidant and hydrogen ion. The reaction with respect to substrate is found to be fractional order. The reaction rate decreases with increasing the concentration of Mn2+ ions. The reaction does not induce the polymerization of acrylonitrile. A possible mechanism has been proposed in the formation of cinnamic acid and Phenyl acetaldehyde.
Źródło:
World News of Natural Sciences; 2017, 13; 113-121
2543-5426
Pojawia się w:
World News of Natural Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sunset Yellow sorption on weak base anion exchanger — kinetic and equilibrium studies
Autorzy:
Wawrzkiewicz, M.
Wołowicz, A.
Greluk, M.
Hubicki, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/115804.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Fundacja na Rzecz Młodych Naukowców
Tematy:
dye
anion exchanger
adsorption
kinetics
Opis:
The sorption equilibrium and kinetics of Sunset Yellow dye in aqueous solutions on the weak base anion exchange resin — Amberlite FPA51 were examined in this paper. The influences of phase contact time, solution pH, initial dye concentration and temperature were studied by the batch method. The amounts of dye sorbed at equilibrium changed from 9.9 to 48.7 mg/g with the increasing initial concentrations in the range 100–500 mg/L. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich models of adsorption. The maximum monolayer capacity was 130.6 mg/g. The sorption free energy was equal to 14.6 kJ/mol and revealed the nature of the ion exchange mechanism in this system. The kinetic data were modelled using the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion equations.
Źródło:
Challenges of Modern Technology; 2011, 2, 2; 66-70
2082-2863
2353-4419
Pojawia się w:
Challenges of Modern Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Boride Layer Growth Kinetics of AISI H13 Steel Borided with Nano-Sized Powders
Autorzy:
Karakaş, M. S.
Günen, A.
Kanca, E.
Yilmaz, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/351842.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
boriding
growth kinetics
activation energy
Opis:
Growth kinetics of boride layers in AISI H13 steel was investigated using the pack boriding method at temperatures of 1073, 1173 and 1273 K (800°C, 900°C and 1000°C) for periods of 2, 4 and 6 h with nano-sized boron (NB) and micron-sized Ekabor II powders as boriding agents. The total thickness of the boride layer (including both FeB and Fe2B) after boriding at 1273 K (1000°C) for 6 h was 103.8 μm and 96.5 μm for the NB and Ekabor II specimens, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis of the boride layers on the surfaces borided with NB and Ekabor II revealed the presence of FeB and Fe2B phases with sawtooth morphology. The FeB/Fe2B volume ratio was higher in the specimens borided with NB. The thickness of the boride layer (FeB + Fe2B) increased with the increasing boriding temperature and time. The FeB layer in the NB specimen displayed a (002) preferred orientation.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2018, 63, 1; 159-165
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Adsorption of lanthanum(III) and yttrium(III) on kaolinite: kinetics and adsorption isotherms
Autorzy:
Zhou, Fang
Feng, Jian
Xie, Xiong
Wu, Baihong
Liu, Qi
Wu, Xiaoyan
Chi, Ruan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/109951.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
adsorption
kaolinite
rare earth
kinetics
Opis:
Experimental investigations were carried out using kaolinite to adsorb two rare earth ions, lanthanum ion (La3+) and yttrium ion (Y3+), which will provide some useful information and new insights on the mineralization process and fractionation phenomenon of weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores. The results showed that the equilibrium adsorption capacity of Y3+ is greater than La3+ under the same experimental conditions. The adsorption of rare earth ions presents strongly temperature dependent indicating an endothermic adsorption process. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model were applied to discuss the adsorption kinetics. It was found that the adsorption rate of rare earth follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model among the adsorption temperature range. Furthermore, the adsorption process of rare earth ions on kaolinite followed the Langmuir isotherm model confirmed by the correlation of experimental equilibrium data to standard isotherm model, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The activation energies for the adsorption of La3+ and Y3+ on kaolinite are 28.1903 kJ/mol and 25.4190 kJ/mol, respectively. All kaolinite before and after adsorption were characterized by XRD and SEM-EDX to understand the adsorption mechanism. The obtained results suggested that the adsorption of La3+ and Y3+ on kaolinite is an endothermic and chemisorption process.
Źródło:
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing; 2019, 55, 4; 928-939
1643-1049
2084-4735
Pojawia się w:
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A quick method for Bond work index approximate value determination
Autorzy:
Todorovic, D.
Trumic, M.
Andric, L.
Milosevic, V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/110265.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
Bond work index
grinding
kinetics
Opis:
The Bond work index is a measure of ore resistance to crushing and grinding and is determined using the Bond grindability test. Its value constitutes ore characteristic and is used for industrial comminution plants designing. Determining the Bond work index value is quite complicated, time-consuming and requires trained operating personnel and therefore is subjected to errors. A quick method for the Bond work index approximate value determination, which is based on the first order grinding kinetics, is presented in this paper. Comparative experiments for the Bond work index value determination using the standard and quick procedures were carried out on samples of limestone and andesite, and on composite samples containing both ores in different mass proportions. This quick procedure can be performed with an arbitrary number of milling cycles, depending on the desired accuracy.
Źródło:
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing; 2017, 53, 1; 321-332
1643-1049
2084-4735
Pojawia się w:
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Adsorption Kinetics of Edamame Soybean Peel Activated Carbon in Reducing the Level of Phosphate
Autorzy:
Eri, Iva Rustanti
Pramudinta, Namira Kholifatul
Nurmayanti, Demes
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2027815.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:
adsorption kinetics
activated carbon
phosphate
Opis:
Domestic wastewater, such as detergent wastewater, causes the increase of the phosphate level that strongly contributes to eutrophication. Adsorption is a method that can be used to reduce the levels of phosphate. The natural ingredients that can be made as activated carbon include edamame soybean peel, because it contains a lot of celluloses. This research aimed to analyze the adsorption kinetics and adsorption capacity of edamame soybean peel activated carbon in reducing the phosphate levels. Adsorption was carried out with batch method with various concentrations of adsorbate (2 mg/L, 4 mg/L, and 6 mg/L) and stirring time (3 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours, and 12 hours). The results showed that the highest adsorption capacity was found in 6 mg/L of adsorbate concentration and 6 hours of stirring time. The results were validated by the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics model. The Langmuir isotherm indicated that adsorption occurred in monolayer. The maximum adsorption capacity was 0.43509 mg/g and the constant of adsorption kinetics was 1.5558 g/mg•min. Activated carbon from edamame soybean peel successfully reduced the levels of phosphate. The increase of adsorption capacity was correlated with the increasing concentration of adsorbate and stirring time until the equilibrium.
Źródło:
Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2022, 23, 2; 97-107
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kinetics of Phosporus Removal from Laundry Wastewater in Constructed Wetlands with Equisetum hymale
Autorzy:
Wahyudianto, Febri Eko
Oktavitri, Nur Indradewi
Hariyanto, Sucipto
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/123829.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:
constructed wetlands
kinetics
Equisetum hyemale
Opis:
The objective of this study was to determine the capacity, process, and kinetics of phosphorus (PO4-P) nutrients pollutant removal in constructed wetlands with Equisetum hymale plants. This research was conducted by using a batch system constructed wetlands with detention time variation of 1–5 days and using gravel, sand, and soil as the media. The laundry wastewater used for this research was collected from commercial activity in Surabaya city. The results of this research showed that the removal efficiency of PO4-P using the constructed wetlands with Equisetum hymale was between the range of 95.49–99.43%. The removal process was done by screening-adsorption, and the sedimentation mechanisms from the media, and the biosorpsion by the plants was shown by the increasing content of PO4-P in soil and plants, which amounted to 14.80% and 9.23% respectively. The removal kinetics of PO4-P was according to the second-order model with value of R2 = 0.99.
Źródło:
Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2019, 20, 6; 60-65
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kinetics of uranyl ion polymerization in the presence of ammonium hydroxide
Autorzy:
Abdelrazek, I.
Zidan, W.
Farag, H.
Barakat, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/148783.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
uranyl ion
hydrolysis
kinetics
polymerization
Opis:
Kinetics of the polymerization of UO2 2+ ion to UO2[(OH)2UO2]4 2+ in the ammonia-uranyl nitrate system has been studied. The deepening of the color formed with the addition of ammonia made it possible to estimate spectrophotometrically the concentration of the formed UO2[(OH)2UO2]4 2+ ions in the solution at 420.6 nm. The effects of pH, temperature as well as the concentration of uranyl ion have been investigated. The reaction rate equation for the polymerization reaction is presented. Linear dependencies of logarithm of the apparent reaction-rate constant on both pH and the reverse of temperature were observed.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2005, 50, 2; 57-60
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Adsorption Kinetics of Reactive Dyes on Ash from Town Heating Plant
Autorzy:
Djordjevic, D.
Stojiljkovic, D.
Smelcerovic, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/205104.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
kinetics
reactive dye
adsorption
ashes
Opis:
In order to investigate the mechanism of adsorption of reactive dyes from the textile industry on ash from heating plant produced by brown coal combustion, some characteristic sorption constants are determined using Langergren adsorption equations for pseudo-first and pseudo-second order. Combined kinetic models of pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order can provide a simple but satisfactory explanation of the adsorption process for a reactive dye. According to the characteristic diagrams and results of adsorption kinetic parameters of reactive dyes on ashes, for the applied amounts of the adsorbents and different initial dye concentrations, it can be concluded that the rate of sorption is fully functionally described by second order adsorption model. According to the results, the rate constant of pseudo-second order decreases with increasing initial dye concentration and increases with increasing amount of adsorbent – ash.
Źródło:
Archives of Environmental Protection; 2014, 40, 3; 123-135
2083-4772
2083-4810
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Environmental Protection
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies