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Tytuł:
Architecture of Mobile Robotics Platform planned for Intelligent Robotic Porter System - IRPS project
Autorzy:
Wołoszczuk, A.
Andrzejczak, M.
Szynkarczyk, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/385030.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Przemysłowy Instytut Automatyki i Pomiarów
Tematy:
mobile robots
autonomous navigation
mobile platform
teleoperation
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to present the Intelligent Robotic Porter System with respect to architecture of Mobile Robotic Platform. The set of requirements for Mobile Robotic Platform was defined and analyzed. Main engineering problems that occurred during the development of Mobile Robotic Platform's architecture were specified and described. Problems were confronted with PIAP's proposed solutions for technical issues at this stage of the project.
Źródło:
Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems; 2007, 1, 3; 59-63
1897-8649
2080-2145
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Development of an omnidirectional AGV by applying ORB-SLAM for navigation under ROS framework
Autorzy:
Wu, Pan-Long
Li, Jyun-Jhen
Shaw, Jin-Siang
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2204560.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Przemysłowy Instytut Automatyki i Pomiarów
Tematy:
ROS
ORB-SLAM
omnidirectional AGV
autonomous Navigation
Opis:
This paper presents the development of an automated guided vehicle with omni-wheels for autonomous navigation under a robot operating system framework. Specifically, a laser rangefinder-constructed two-dimensional environment map is integrated with a three-dimensional point cloud map to achieve real-time robot positioning, using the oriented features from accelerated segment testing and a rotated binary robust independent elementary feature detector-simultaneous localization and mapping algorithm. In the path planning for autonomous navigation of the omnidirectional mobile robot, we applied the A* global path search algorithm, which uses a heuristic function to estimate the robot position difference and searches for the best direction. Moreover, we employed the time-elastic-band method for local path planning, which merges the time interval of two locations to realize time optimization for dynamic obstacle avoidance. The experimental results verified the effectiveness of the applied algorithms for the omni-wheeled mobile robot. Furthermore, the results showed a superior performance over the adaptive Monte Carlo localization for robot localization and dynamic window approach for local path planning.
Źródło:
Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems; 2022, 16, 1; 14--20
1897-8649
2080-2145
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Differentiable Programming for the Autonomous Movement Planning of a Small Vessel
Autorzy:
Bahls, C.
Schubert, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2063965.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
autonomous navigation
autonomous movement planning
small vessel
differentiable programming
machine learning
Opis:
In this work we explore the use of differentiable programming to allow autonomous movement planning of a small vessel. We aim for an end to end architecture where the machine learning algorithm directly controls engine power and rudder movements of a simulated vessel to reach a defined goal. Differentiable programming is a novel machine learning paradigm, that allows to define a systems parameterized response to control commands in imperative computer code and to use automatic differentiation and analysis of the information flow from the controlling inputs and parameters to the resulting trajectory to compute derivatives to be used as search directions in an iterative algorithm to optimize a goal function. Initially the method does not know about any manoeuvring or the vessels response to control commands. The method autonomously learns the vessels behaviour from several simulation runs. Finally, we will show how the simulated vessel is able to fulfil some small missions, like crossing a flowing river while avoiding crossing traffic.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2021, 15, 3; 493--499
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Interaction of Harsh Weather Operation and Collision Avoidance in Autonomous Navigation
Autorzy:
Burmeister, H.-C.
Bruhn, W. C.
Walther, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116663.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Safety of Navigation
collision avoidance
autonomous navigation
harsh weather operation
COLREGs
weather routeing
maritime unmanned navigation
Opis:
Taking into account the autonomous navigation system design and today’s state of the art navigation with regards to weather and collision avoidance this paper presents the architecture of the integrated approach, its links to existing rules and regulations and the test scenarios. These demonstrate how safe and efficient navigation of autonomous vessels can be achieved by showing the module's interaction and validating the feasibility of the approach. These analyses will be based on historical traffic data sets as well as simulation results.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2015, 9, 1; 31-40
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Verification of a deterministic ships safe trajectory planning algorithm from different ships’ perspectives and with changing strategies of target ships
Autorzy:
Lazarowska, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2063957.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
safe ship's trajectory
ship's trajectory
collision avoidance module
autonomous navigation system
maritime autonomous surface ships
Opis:
The paper presents results of a ship's safe trajectory planning method verification - the Trajectory Base Algorithm, which is a deterministic approach for real-time path-planning with collision avoidance. The paper presents results of the algorithm’s verification from different ships’ perspectives and with changing strategies of target ships. Results prove the applicability of the algorithm in the Collision Avoidance Module of the Autonomous Navigation System for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2021, 15, 3; 623--628
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Possibilities of autonomous means of sea transport
Autorzy:
Marek, Idzior
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24202517.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
means of transport
autonomy
ships
fully autonomous ships
autonomous navigation system
sailing without a crew
Opis:
In recent years, there has been an intensification of work on the autonomy of means of transport, which also applies to ships. Modern ships are already equipped with crew decision support systems and numerous diagnostic systems. Increasingly more systems are installed on ships that can operate without human integration. This situation leads to the development and use of fully autonomous ships. This overview publication briefly describes the main features of the construction and operation of autonomous ships, including some examples of structures already demonstrated in recent years. In summary, the author presents comments that provide a contribution to the discussion on the autonomy of means of maritime transport.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2022, 70 (142); 20--26
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reinforcement Learning in Discrete and Continuous Domains Applied to Ship Trajectory Generation
Autorzy:
Rak, A.
Gierusz, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/259073.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
ship motion control
trajectory generation
autonomous navigation
reinforcement learning
least-squares policy iteration
Opis:
This paper presents the application of the reinforcement learning algorithms to the task of autonomous determination of the ship trajectory during thein-harbour and harbour approaching manoeuvres. Authors used Markov decision processes formalism to build up the background of algorithm presentation. Two versions of RL algorithms were tested in the simulations: discrete (Q-learning) and continuous form (Least-Squares Policy Iteration). The results show that in both cases ship trajectory can be found. However discrete Q-learning algorithm suffered from many limitations (mainly curse of dimensionality) and practically is not applicable to the examined task. On the other hand, LSPI gave promising results. To be fully operational, proposed solution should be extended by taking into account ship heading and velocity and coupling with advanced multi-variable controller.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2012, S 1; 31-36
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Intelligent autonomous ship navigation using multi-sensor modalities
Autorzy:
Wright, R.G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117337.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS)
artificial intelligence (AI)
intelligent autonomous ship navigation
autonomous ship
autonomous ships navigation
multiSensor modalities
unmanned ship
maritime domain awareness (MDA)
Opis:
This paper explores the use of machine learning and deep learning artificial intelligence (AI) techniques as a means to integrate multiple sensor modalities into a cohesive approach to navigation for autonomous ships. Considered is the case of a fully autonomous ship capable of making decisions and determining actions by itself without active supervision on the part of onboard crew or remote human operators. These techniques, when combined with advanced sensor capabilities, have been touted as a means to overcome existing technical and human limitations as unmanned and autonomous ships become operational presently and in upcoming years. Promises of the extraordinary capabilities of these technologies that may even exceed those of crewmembers for decision making under comparable conditions must be tempered with realistic expectations as to their ultimate technical potential, their use in the maritime domain, vulnerabilities that may preclude their safe operation; and methods for development, integration and test. The results of research performed by the author in specific applications of machine learning and AI to shipping are presented citing key factors that must be achieved for certification of these technologies as being suitable for their intended purpose. Recommendations are made for strategies to surmount present limitations in the development, evaluation and deployment of intelligent maritime systems that may accommodate future technological advances. Lessons learned that may be applied to improve safety of navigation for conventional shipping are also provided.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2019, 13, 3; 503-510
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modelling the processes of taking over the watch from an autonomous navigation system
Autorzy:
Hochgeschurz, S.
Dalinger, E.
Motz, F.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1841558.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
autonomous vessels
autonomous navigation system
navigation system
human machine interface
operational design domain
taking over the watch
officer of the watch
AutoOOW
Opis:
The maritime industry is striving towards increasing levels of autonomy within the field of navigation. However, fully autonomous vessel navigation requires an extraordinarily complex system. As a step towards full autonomy and to reduce system complexity, nautical officers should still be available on board to take over the watch from the autonomous system in situations, in which human intervention is required. Therefore, a highly advanced human-machine interface (HMI) is essential, which supports nautical officers in retrieving all necessary information in order to manage the takeover. The implementation of the autonomous system and introduction of an HMI creates new processes, which need to be defined. In this paper, we portray our approach to define the processes for watch handovers from the autonomous system to nautical officers by investigating current watch handover processes. Subsequently, the resulting process models are described and discussed.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2021, 15, 1; 117-126
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Teraźniejszość i przyszłość autonomicznej nawigacji
Present and the future of autonomous navigation
Autorzy:
Woś, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/344149.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Morskiego w Gdyni
Tematy:
autonomiczna nawigacja
nowe technologie
sztuczna inteligencja
statki bezzałogowe
statki autonomiczne
autonomous navigation
progress of technology
artificial intelligence
unmanned ships
autonomous vessels
Opis:
Wraz z nieustannym postępem techniki automatyzacja obejmuje coraz więcej czynności wykonywanych do tej pory przez człowieka. Jej głównym celem jest ułatwienie naszego życia i pracy. W artykule przedstawiono aktualną sytuację oraz plany i projekty wprowadzenia szeroko pojętej automatyzacji na statkach handlowych oraz nowej ery nawigacji, którą zapoczątkują jednostki autonomiczne i bezzałogowe.
Along with the continuous progress of technology, automation absorbs more and more activities performed so far by human. Its main purpose is to facilitate our life and work. The publication presents the current situation and projects for the introduction of broadly understood automation on commercial vessels and a new era of navigation, which will be initiated by unmanned and autonomous vessels.
Źródło:
Prace Wydziału Nawigacyjnego Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni; 2018, 33; 112-124
1730-1114
Pojawia się w:
Prace Wydziału Nawigacyjnego Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Computationally inexpensive appearance based terrain learning in unknown environments
Autorzy:
Mishra, P.
Viswanathan, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/91850.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Społeczna Akademia Nauk w Łodzi. Polskie Towarzystwo Sieci Neuronowych
Tematy:
computationally inexpensive approach
learning
identification
autonomous navigation
Mixture of Gaussians
terrain model
pre-filtered pixels
terrain learning
Opis:
This paper describes a computationally inexpensive approach to learning and identification of maneuverable terrain to aid autonomous navigation. We adopt a monocular vision based framework, using a single consumer grade camera as the primary sensor, and model the terrain as a Mixture of Gaussians. Self-supervised learning is used to identify navigable terrain in the perception space. Training data is obtained using pre-filtered pixels, which correspond to near-range traversable terrain. The scheme allows for on-line, and in-motion update of the terrain model. The pipeline architecture used in the proposed algorithm is made amenable to real-time implementation by restricting computations to bit-shifts and accumulate operations. Color based clustering using dominant terrain texture is then performed in perception sub-space. Model initialization and update follows at the coarse scale of an octave image pyramid, and is back projected onto the original fine scale. We present results of terrain learning, tested in heterogeneous environments, including urban road, suburban parks, and indoors. Our scheme provides orders of magnitude improvement in time complexity, when compared to existing approaches reported in literature.
Źródło:
Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research; 2013, 3, 3; 201-213
2083-2567
2449-6499
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A COLREGs-compliant decision support tool to prevent collisions at sea
Autorzy:
Martelli, M.
Žuškin, S.
Zaccone, R.
Rudan, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24201449.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
analysis of ship collision
collision avoidance
collision avoidance decision making
collision avoidance system
anti-collision maneuvering
autonomous control unit
autonomous ship
autonomous navigation system
Opis:
Groundings and collisions still represent the highest percentage of marine accidents despite the current attention on Maritime Education and Training and the improvement of sensor capability. Most of the time, a collision is caused by a human error with consequences ranging from moderate to severe, with a substantial impact on both environment and life safeguarded at sea. In this paper, a brief statistical data regarding human element as a root cause of marine incidents together with collision regulations misunderstanding is presented as a background chapter. Furthermore, the present work discusses a decision support system architecture to suggest an appropriate action when the risk of a potential collision is detected. The proposed architecture system is based on various modules integrated with proper sensor input data regarding the surrounding navigation area. As a result, the tool can support the Officers of Watch in the decision-making process providing an early suggestion in compliance with the COLlision REGulations. The proposed system is intended to be used onboard independently from the degree of automation of the ship, and it is based on AIS, which is mandatory, making it widely applicable. The proper use of the system can considerably reduce the number of collisions, as demonstrated by the obtained results.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2023, 17, 2; 347--353
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ensuring cyber resilience of ship information systems
Autorzy:
Onishchenko, O.
Shumilova, K.
Volyanskyy, S.
Volyanskaya, Y.
Volianskyi, Y.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2086300.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
ship Information systems
cyber resilience
ship information systems
cyber security
cyber attack
COVID-19
cyber threats
autonomous navigation
Opis:
The Covid-19 pandemic brought a problem related to the inability to timely update security systems on ships during a voyage and the need to encrypt data stored in ship information systems (SISs) and shipping company information systems. The analysis of new types of worldwide cyberattacks showed that they were set off by an increase in the use of remote-controlled autonomous technologies and a spread of telework. It was proved that on ships: a) there are no cybersecurity specialists; b) there is no means of identification of cyber threats and no response plans; c) there is a lack of cybersecurity training for crews; d) encryption of confidential ship data is barely used; e) crew is a vulnerability factor in ship's security. The analysis of cyber incidents allowed us to develop a basic response plan to protect ship control systems. It was demonstrated that the basic plan can be continuously updated and improved in accordance with: a) the real state of ship systems; b) the results of performance analysis of crew actions; c) the emergence of new types of cyberattacks. To improve the security of confidential data in ship information networks theoretical framework for the development of encrypted data search engines with the identification of “dangerous” keywords for the ship information systems (SISs) was proposed. A data exchange protocol, basic requirements for SISs, and an algorithm for detecting “dangerous” keywords in messages were developed. A test search engine on encrypted data was presented, and the main components of the system were highlighted. The functionality of the system was experimentally proved, and the accuracy and speed of search on encrypted data were determined.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2022, 16, 1; 43--50
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Individual Autonomous Navigation System
Indywidualny System Autonomicznej Nawigacji
Autorzy:
Popowski, S.
Dąbrowski, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/213698.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Lotnictwa
Tematy:
rescuer navigation system
inertial navigation system
ZUPT procedure
Individual Autonomous Navigation System
IANS
system nawigacji wspierajacy ratownika
inercjalny system nawigacji
Indywidualny System Autonomicznej Nawigacji
ISAN
Opis:
The article presents the Individual Autonomous System Navigation (IANS) supporting rescuer or firemen in terms of navigation. Basic assumptions, which such a system has to fulfill in terms of functionality and accuracy, are presented. The concept of the ISAN system is based on the implementation of inertial navigation system which the only one to permit fully autonomous functioning. Measurement sensors of the navigation system with microprocessor board are placed in the rescuer’s shoe. To limit the escalation of the navigation errors value, which in the case of inertial navigation rises exponentially, a procedure of navigation parameters upgrading at every step of the rescuer is introduced to the proposed system. This procedure guarantees the required accuracy of navigation achievement. The article describes a developed and manufactured demonstrator of the technology and presents main results of its research. The research conducted in a building consisted in walking on the same level several hundred meters in less than 10 minutes. A walking test with a change of walking height was also performed in order to estimate the accuracy of the vertical channel. Results of the demonstrator’s tests let us conclude that the error of navigation is below 1% of the travelled distance and the accuracy is linear in respect to time. The achieved accuracy is fully sufficient for a practical IANS application.
W artykule zaprezentowano Indywidualny System Autonomicznej Nawigacji (ISAN) wspierający działania ratownika lub strażaka w zakresie nawigacji. Przedstawiono podstawowe założenia, które musi spełniać taki system w zakresie funkcjonalności i dokładności. Koncepcję systemu ISAN oparto na wykorzystaniu nawigacji inercjalnej, która jako jedyna pozwala na w pełni autonomiczną pracę. Czujniki pomiarowe systemu nawigacji, wraz z pakietem przeliczającym, umieszczono w bucie ratownika. Aby ograniczyć narastanie błędów nawigacji, co w przypadku nawigacji inercjalnej ma charakter wykładniczy, wprowadzono do proponowanego systemu procedurę uaktualniania parametrów nawigacyjnych w każdym kroku ratownika. Pozwoliło to na osiągnięcie wymaganej dokładności prowadzenia nawigacji. W artykule opisano opracowany i wykonany demonstrator technologii oraz przedstawiono podstawowe wyniki jego badań. Badania przeprowadzono w budynku podczas kontrolnych przejść płaskich o długości rzędu kilkuset metrów, w czasie do 10 minut. Wykonano również badania przejść ze zmianą wysokości, w celu oszacowania dokładności w kanale pionowym. Wyniki tych badań demonstratora pozwalają na stwierdzenie, że dokładność tak prowadzonej nawigacji jest rzędu 1% przebytej drogi i ma charakter liniowy względem czasu. Uzyskane dokładności są w pełni wystarczające do zastosowania praktycznego ISAN.
Źródło:
Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa; 2017, 3 (248); 84-104
0509-6669
2300-5408
Pojawia się w:
Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Quantitative processing of situation awareness for autonomous ships navigation
Autorzy:
Zhou, X. Y.
Liu, Z. J.
Wu, Z. L.
Wang, F. W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117424.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
autonomous vessel
autonomous ship
autonomous ships navigation
situation awareness (SA)
quantitative processing
navigation safety
remotely controlled vessel
maritime unmanned navigation through intelligence in networks (MUNIN)
Opis:
The first ever attempt at fully autonomous dock-to-dock operation has been tested and demonstrated successfully at the end of 2018. The revolutionary shift is feared to have a negative impact on the safety of navigation and the getting of real-time situation awareness. Especially, the centralized context onboard could be changed to a distributed context. In navigation safety domain, monitoring, control, assessment of dangerous situations, support of operators of decision-making support system should be implemented in real time. In the context of autonomous ships, decision-making processes will play an important role under such ocean autonomy, therefore the same technologies should consist of adequate system intelligence. At the same time, situation awareness is the key element of the decision-making processes. Although there is substantial research on situation awareness measurement techniques, they are not suitable to directly execute quantitative processing for the situation awareness of autonomous ships navigation. Hence, a novel quantitative model of situation awareness is firstly proposed based on the system safety control structure of remotely controlled vessel. The data source is greatly limited, but the main result still indicates that the probability of operator lose adequate situation awareness of the autonomous ship is significantly higher than the conventional ship. Finally, the paper provides a probabilistic theory and model for high-level abstractions of situation awareness to guide future evaluation of the navigation safety of autonomous ships.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2019, 13, 1; 25-31
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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