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Tytuł:
The state of medical knowledge in Poland and local methods of maintaining health and longevity according to the Irish physician of Jan III Sobieski
Autorzy:
White, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28407898.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12
Wydawca:
Associazione Italiana Polonisti (AIP)
Tematy:
POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH
Connor
XVII c.
medicine
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Opis:
Bernard Connor held the position of Jan III Sobieski’s personal physician for a year. One of the outcomes of his time in Poland is the two-volume The History of Poland, which was published in London in 1698. Not only does the work provide interesting historical facts relating to the country, but it also reveals details concerning the professional job carried out by the author. He was, for instance, particularly interested in curious medical cases and the interplay between behaviour and health. One of the most well-known and engaging section of his work concerns the notes on the “kołtun” and the reflections on the cause of Poles’ strong and good health.
Źródło:
pl.it / rassegna italiana di argomenti polacchi; 2021, 12; 5-16
2384-9266
Pojawia się w:
pl.it / rassegna italiana di argomenti polacchi
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Hieroglifik w teorii Rzeczpospolitej (XVII-XVIII w.). Zarys problematyki
The hieroglyphic in the theory of the Polish Republic (17th-18th century): an overview
Autorzy:
Górska, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/636441.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
hieroglyphic
Polish Republic
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
heraldry
Opis:
The article is concerned with the definition of the “hieroglyphic” which was used in the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 17th to the 18th century. It takes into consideration the definition found in linguistic dictionaries and studies the area of rhetoric and poetics (printed and handwritten texts, mainly Jesuitical and Piarist ones). Apart from terminological allusions in literary texts they constitute the basic sources of information for understanding emblems and symbols (Polish writing lacks a separate treatise on issues related to symbolical genres). Polish definitions were far from egyptological issues or the hermetic tradition. During the review of material, attention has been afforded to the blurring of the differences between symbolical genres (for example considering the hieroglyphic as equivalent to an emblem or symbol due to their “symbolic” character, and using hieroglyphics as an emblematic pictorial element) was to a great extent caused by the rhetorical character of their reception. The use of scripts and dictionaries of symbols lead to the loosening of the definition of the hieroglyphic after the first half of the 17th century, and to the use of the hieroglyphic to name motifs or comparisons regarded as abstract, mysterious and allegorical. The key issues related to the definition of the hieroglyphic in Poland invovlved defining the relationship between the genre and image or writing. Among other things, the relationship between hieroglyphics and Egyptian letters was emphasized, the lack of the lemma, the use of sign images or sentences. Due to the influence of studies on the art of memory, hieroglyphics were perceived as compositions consisting of letters of rebus-like character and pictorial alphabet. In the last years of the 17th century the genre has gained interest due to cryptography and universal language. In Poland hieroglyphics were mainly understood as animal and object symbols of simplified, abstract and established, traditional meaning. They were also seen in the context of Egyptian keepsakes from the past and the mysterious sacrum. Attention was also given to this genre in the context of heraldry (coats of arms were perceived as hieroglyphics of representatives of noble families). It was believed that hieroglyphics stemmed from the principle of similarity (similitudo, sometimes identified with allegory), as well as metonymy and synecdoche. In the rhetoric of the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries, hieroglyphics were combined with the moral doctrine which is typical of emblematics. In the first half of the 18th century it was common to simplify information about hieroglyphics and to reduce the historical content and sacral aspect of the genre in favor of symbolism and iconology. The enigmatic nature of meaning has gained a pejorative sense. The material which has been subject to analysis (a list of handwritten rhetoric and poetics has been included in the annex) has proved that the reception of hieroglyphics has exerted a decisive influence on the distinctness of Polish emblematics. What may be clearly seen in the context of the definition of the hierogliphicum is the specificity of symbolical writing on the territory of the Polish Republic – the borderline between the emblem and stemma
Źródło:
Terminus; 2012, 14, 25; 15-46
2084-3844
Pojawia się w:
Terminus
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Oswajanie przestrzeni. Wojna inflancka 1600-1602 w grze komputerowej Kozacy 3
Autorzy:
Szymala, Jacek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2095896.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk
Tematy:
Livonia
visual history
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Cossacks
Opis:
Poland (the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) maintained close relations with Sweden between the end of the 16th century and the mid-17th century. Attempts at cooperation (possible union, the Vasa dynasty) intertwined with wars including the war of Livonia in the early 17th century. In the article I take a closer look at three places related to this war: Valmiera, Viljandi and Paide. I used guidebooks to the region, traditional written historiography and a computer game from 2016. The goal is to familiarize the visual history of these places, draw attention to new methods in the humanities (visual history, visual anthropology) and to modernize history itself, also in the context of memorial sites.
Źródło:
Our Europe. Ethnography – Ethnology – Anthropology of Culture; 2020, 9; 87-94
2299-4645
Pojawia się w:
Our Europe. Ethnography – Ethnology – Anthropology of Culture
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
„Lubiły szczególniej muzykę, która część ich wychowania stanowiła”. Domowa edukacja muzyczna polskich szlachcianek epoki oświecenia
“[They] Liked Music in Particular, Which Was A Part of Their Manners.” Home Music Education of Polish Aristocrat Women During the Enlightenment
Autorzy:
Janicka, Jowita
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/15824936.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-03-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Enlightenment
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
education of girls
music
Opis:
The education and upbringing of youth was one of the main issues considered by the aristocracy of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the age of the Enlightenment. A significant part of this current was music education (learning to play the instruments, singing and dancing) acknowledged as compulsory for women with reading, writing, learning foreign languages and history altogether. Every well-educated woman aristocrat could elegantly play the instrument and sing. They were gaining that knowledge primarily at home from foreign and domestic teachers. Despite the popularity of such education and constant presence of music during many noble balls, ceremonies and social arrangements, it was unfavorable in the eyes of current educational theoreticians and according to them useless. Yet memoirs offer multiple examples of delight about female musical abilities. Furthermore, music as a fundamental part of education was mentioned by women themselves; the shortcomings were punished. It seems that despite educationalists’ complaints music education of women helped thementertain noble guests with their musical talents. Woman with such skills, seeking good and affluent husbands, could successfully conquer male hearts.
Źródło:
Studia Edukacyjne; 2021, 60; 263-278
1233-6688
Pojawia się w:
Studia Edukacyjne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Jan Jakub Rousseau konstytucjonalistą. Projekty dla Korsyki i Rzeczypospolitej Szlacheckiej (część II)
Jean Jacques Rousseau as a constitutionalist. His projects for Corsica and the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth (part II)
Autorzy:
Filipiak, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/697333.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Opolski
Tematy:
Rousseau
Constitution
Corsica
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Enlightenment
democracy
Opis:
The article is a continuation of the dissertation on constitutional projects of Jean Jacques Rousseau. The first part concerned his reform work for Corsica, while the second part presents concepts prepared for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Both projects were written for a specific orders – from a Corsican conservative nobleman Mathieu Buttafoco and the Bar Confederates. The comparison of these works, as well as their reference to earlier works by Rousseau, gives the opportunity to look at the evolution of the philosopher’s views, his attempt to adapt them to specific social, political and historical conditions. The less radical tone of the proposals for Poland is noteworthy. It is also necessary to answer the question of what made him want to deal with the affairs of both lands.
Źródło:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne; 2019, 17, 3; 19-35
2658-1922
Pojawia się w:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Jan Jakub Rousseau konstytucjonalistą. Projekty dla Korsyki i Rzeczypospolitej szlacheckiej (część I)
Jean Jacques Rousseau as a constitutionalist. His projects for Corsica and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (part I)
Autorzy:
Filipiak, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/697548.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Opolski
Tematy:
Rousseau
constitution
Corsica
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Enlightenment
democracy
Opis:
In the Age of Enlightenment, the concepts of legal reforms were often proposed by literary men, publicists and philosophers. The vision of a breakthrough was exciting – they believed in the benevolent power of new, just regulations that would heal humanity, eradicate exploitation and social inequalities. Jean Jacques Rousseau, one of the most famous but controversial thinkers of the era, thought in a similar way. The dissertation concerns his two constitutional projects - written for Corsica (Part I) and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Part II). The first part presents events that decided that the philosopher from Geneva dealt with the issue of a small island in the Mediterranean, trying to consolidate its barely won independence. However, the focus is on the very concepts of the political and social system planned for Corsica by Rousseau, referring them to the previous works of the thinker. His radical solutions expressed his broader views on civilization, the state, law and people. In part II of the article, they will be confronted with the project prepared for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Źródło:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne; 2018, 16, 4 (1); 107-121
2658-1922
Pojawia się w:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
W służbie Sobieskiego. Działalność polityczna i wojskowa Jana Gorzeńskiego (około 1626–1694)
In the Service at Sobieski: the Political and Military Activity of Jan Gorzeński (ca. 1626–1694)
Autorzy:
Pietrzak, Jarosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1075836.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-03-31
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
clientelism
protection
army
dietines
diplomacy
the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Opis:
So far the figure of Jan Gorzeński was treated marginally by researchers dealing with the subject matter of the political and military clientele of Jan III Sobieski. The activity of Gorzeński in the institutions of political life in the province of Greater Poland became the starting point to his further activity in the Sejm. Obedience and loyalty which were evinced by Gorzeński first towards the castellan, next to the voivode of Poznań Krzysztof Grzymułtowski allowed him to get closer to the people associated with Sobieski. Upon his inspiration, Gorzeński recruited members of the Sejm and converted them into supporters of the marshal and grand crown hetman. In the 1670s the activity of Gorzeński was also discernible in the military field. His participation in war campaigns against the Tatars, Turks and Cossacks made him a recognizable and praiseworthy commander of the dragoon regiment. The coronation of Jan Sobieski constituted the turning point in Gorzeński’s career as he was promoted and entrusted with the starost estates. His marriage with Sobieski’s relative – Elżbieta – the widow after Władysław Denhoff (died 1671) also helped him to be one of the co-operators of the king. Thanks to this, Jan won respect and had the opportunity to rise above the level of middle-income noblemen. In the last years of his life Gorzeński focused on the struggle with the Sapiehas, who at the end of the reign of Jan III Sobieski set up a faction which was in opposition to the court.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2018, 83, 1; 69-110
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Tobacco Taxation in Old-Time Poland
Autorzy:
Naworski, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1803116.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-10-25
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
snuff
tobacco monopoly
duty
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Lithuania
Crown
Opis:
The article deals with taxation of tobacco and tobacco products in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After tobacco was imported into Poland, its use spread extremely quickly; initially it was used as snuff, and from the 18th century onwards, smoking in pipes became prevalent. Importantly, tobacco and tobacco products were then regarded as a medicine to prevent and cure almost all diseases. Duties on tobacco/snuff were first imposed in 1643 in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and in the Crown tobacco monopoly was introduced in 1659. From that time, tobacco/snuff duties were imposed regularly in Lithuania; in the Crown duty on these products was imposed once again in 1677, and then in the 1690s tobacco monopoly ended throughout the Polish Republic. The issue was revived only in the times of King Stanisław August Poniatowski, when tobacco monopoly was introduced, initially managed by a private company called Kompania Tabaczna, and then, in the 1690s, by the state-owned Manipulacja Tabaczna. However, over the whole period under consideration, revenues from tobacco/snuff taxation were relatively small.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych; 2019, 28, 1; 57-77
1507-7896
2544-5227
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kościół katolicki wobec reform szpitalnictwa u schyłku I. Rzeczypospolitej
Autorzy:
Srogosz, Tadeusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1195725.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-09-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
Catholic Church
reforms
hospitals
end of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Opis:
In individual cases of hospitals, we can see a far-reaching convergence of views, especially when this did not significantly affect the interests of groups or institutions. However, there were extremely fierce disputes over the proposals that undermined the monopolistic position of the Church and its income. During the Four-Year Sejm, anticlerical tendencies intensified. The Authorities of the Four-Year Sejm tried to solve the problem of hospital funds, repeatedly raised in the 18th century (and earlier), but – a.o., due to the resistance of some clergymen - they managed to gather only some information from hospital managers. The activities of the authorities with regard to the hospitals tentatively aimed at their medicalisation, whereas the Church, in its mainstream, adhered to inalterability of social care and opposed any interference or change.
Źródło:
Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne; 2020, 27, 1; 190-204
1232-1575
Pojawia się w:
Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cultural, Class, or Scientific Aspirations? Polish Jews at the University of Padua
Aspirazioni culturali, di classe o scientifiche? Ebrei polacchi all’Università di Padova
Autorzy:
Marchel, Sławomir
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/37502293.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie
Tematy:
Padua
university
students
Jews
Jewish medics
medicine
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Opis:
Among the students of medicine in Padua from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in XVII and XVIII centuries, we can note a certain number of Jews. This article contains a short analysis of so far findings in the area of research on this aspect of Jewish history in the First Republic of Poland. Referring to more and less known facts, the Author paid particular attention to the motivations and aspirations of Jewish scholars who had come to City of Antenor from Polish-Lithuanian land. Following the careers of Jewish medical graduates, we can see, that for most of them having a Padua diploma was not only the way to gain a better status in the Jewish community but also a gateway to overcoming cultural barriers. According to the Author, this was possible due to the fact, that many of the representatives of polish nobility, who were called “Paduans,” had similar experiences of contact with the university environment and the culture of the Venetian Republic.
Tra gli studenti di medicina a Padova provenienti dalla Confederazione Polacco-Lituana, nei secoli XVII e XVIII, possiamo notare un certo numero di Ebrei. L’articolo contiene una breve analisi dei risultati fino ad ora ottenuti nell’ambito della ricerca su questo aspetto della storia delgi Ebrei nella Prima Repubblica di Polonia. Riferendosi a fatti più o meno conosciuti, l’Autore presta particolare attenzione alle motivazioni e alle aspirazioni degli studenti ebrei che arrivavano alla città di Antenore dalle terre Polacco-Lituane. Seguendo la carriera degli Ebrei laureati in medicina, possiamo osservare che per molti di loro conseguire il diploma a Padova non non era solo un modo per ottenere uno status migliore nella comunità ebraica, ma anche una porta per superare le barriere culturali. Secondo l’Autore, ciò era possibile poiché molti dei rappresentanti della nobiltà polacca, detti “padovani”, avevano avuto analoghe esperienze di contatto con l’ambiente universitario e con la cultura della Repubblica di Venezia.
Źródło:
Perspektywy Kultury; 2023, 41, 2/1; 147-162
2081-1446
2719-8014
Pojawia się w:
Perspektywy Kultury
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Skład i liczebność armii litewskiej podczas wojny z Turcją w latach 1683–1686
Composition and Numbers of the Lithuanian Army during the War with Turkey in 1683–1686
Autorzy:
Bobiatyński, Konrad
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1058190.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-03-31
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
war
muster
treasury
seventeenth century
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Ottoman Empire
Lithuanian army
Opis:
A historiography devoted to the reign of King John III Sobieski has so far lacked a detailed study on the Lithuanian army during the war with Turkey in 1683–1699. This article partially fills this gap as it precisely reconstructs the composition and numbers of the Lithuanian army in 1683–1686, i.e. during the expedition to Slovakia (1683), the campaigns in Zhvanets (1684) and Bukovina (1685), and military operations in Moldova (1686). Primary sources used for the article included treasury records, which are currently stored in Vilnius, i.e. reports of the Grand Treasurer of Lithuania, Benedict Paweł Sapieha, submitted at General Sejms in 1685 and 1689, as well as a short document that contains data from muster rolls of the 1680s. The records of the Grand Treasurer of Lithuania contain detailed lists of all Lithuanian military units which were part of the mercenary army and data on their numbers during the eight quarters of military service between 1683 and 1686. This material can be used for in-depth studies on the careers of military officers at that time, as well as the patronclient relationships between hetmans and their subordinates. The article also analyses the actions of the hetmans Kazimierz Jan Sapieha and Józef Bogusław Słuszko, whose aim was to strengthen the position of the Sapieha family and the royalist party, respectively, among soldiers and commanders.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2021, 86, 1; 29-55
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Laboratory for Analysing Connections between Confessions, the Demographic Regime, and Human Capital
Autorzy:
Guzowski, Piotr
Poniat, Radosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/601407.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
Tematy:
religious diversity
household structures
human capital
the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Opis:
Religion played a key role in the normative systems of early modern societies. This article is an introduction to a more extensive project, in which we will conduct a historical analysis of the role of religion in economic, demographic, and civilizational growth. We believe that the sources that have survived from the early modern period provide ample data to allow for quantitative studies on this subject. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth appears to be an excellent laboratory because of its unique religious diversity, which allowed for the relatively peaceful coexistence of many religions on its territory. In this paper we analyse censuses from the second half of the eighteenth century which registered the mixed denomination/religious populations of villages (the Zabartowo parish), a small town (Kępno) and a big city (Warsaw). We try to show that these censuses can be used not only in typical demographic studies on family structures, but can also be successfully used in research on human capital in religiously diversified societies.
Źródło:
Acta Poloniae Historica; 2017, 116
0001-6829
Pojawia się w:
Acta Poloniae Historica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Uniate Alteration of the Orthodox Treatise Zercalo bogoslovii
Unicka przeróbka prawosławnego traktatu Zwierciadło teologii
Autorzy:
Kuczyńska, Marzanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/635531.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Kirill Stavrovetsky
theology
Pochaiv
Orthodox Church
Uniates
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Opis:
The article deals with the modification introduced by the Uniates to the Orthodox treatise Zercalo bogoslovii (1618), published in Pochaiv in 1790. The Uniate publishers created the Uniate roots of treatise, changed the language – a simple speech was replaced by the Russian Church Slavonic. Initial pages with the old title and preface to the reader were removed from the book, the title was rewritten, a new preface was written. The editors extended and corrected the content of the treatise, but they did not change the entire dogmatics – they did not add a chapter about the primacy of the Pope, and the dogma about the origin of the Holy Spirit was only partially changed in the spirit of Catholic theology, which sheds new light on the religious and cultural contacts between the Orthodox and the Uniates in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Źródło:
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne; 2018, 14
2084-3011
Pojawia się w:
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Orthodox Church in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th–18th Century
Prawosławni w wielowyznaniowej i wielokulturowej Rzeczypospolitej w XVI–XVIII wieku
Autorzy:
Mironowicz, Antoni
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/951422.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:
Orthodox Church
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
multicultural society
religion relations
tolerance
Opis:
The society of the Commonwealth was always characterized – to a greater or lesser degree – by a diversified religious and national structure. The problem with a society with different religious characteristics had appeared on a large scale already in the 14th century, when ethnically non-Polish people could be found within the borders of the Commonwealth. In the 14th century the Kingdom of Poland lost extensive ethnically Polish areas in the West. The religious and ethnic structure of the state changed due to the incorporation of Red Ruthenia by Casimir III the Great (Kazimierz Wielki). Casimir III the Great – the last representative of the Piast dynasty – understood the importance of the problem connected with the presence of Orthodox Church members within state borders. The king preserved the rights and rites of the Orthodox Church. Political relations between the grand Duchy of Lithuania and Catholic Poland had religious repercussions. It curbed the development of the Orthodox religion and paved the way for the Latin Church – with all the political and cultural consequences. The Orthodox religion changed from the dominating position to a tolerated one. Yet the Jagiellonians understood that Orthodox people inhabited their own – in an ethnic sense – territories. The Jagiellonians, as opposed to the Angevin (Andegawenowie) or the House of Valois (Walezjusze), built their power on the multireligious structure of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. They did not intend to follow the western model of a single religion Roman Catholic state, with one dominating Latin culture. Their stand resulted from the ethnic structure of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. During the Jagiellonian dynasty, the Orthodox religion became a national and folk denomination, through the omnipresence of various forms of cult and rites. The power of the Commonwealth was based on its recognition by the Orthodox Ruthenian population of the Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as their own state. Good multireligious and multicultural cohabitation was shaken by the 1596 Union of Brest (Unia Brzeska). The Union of Brest undermined the main element of Ruthenian culture, based on its spiritual unity with Byzantium. A medial element, situated between the two traditions, was added to the existing Catholic-Orthodox model. The Union’s initiators were mistaken in their beliefs that its attractiveness would move Ruthenians from the Orthodox Church. Despite this tendency, the fall of Orthodox culture did not take place; on the contrary, it developed in new forms, which were more adequate to 17th century’s reality. Consequently, the Union of Brest did not turn against the Orthodox Church assuch, but the Orthodox Church in the Commonwealth. The Union of Brest was in some aspects beneficial for the Roman Catholic Church, yet it did not solve any of the internal problems of the state. In Poland the distance between Polish elites and Ruthenian culture increased. A Protestant, brought up in western culture, was closer to a Catholic than a Ruthenian following Byzantine traditions, though increasingly more and more immersed in Polish culture.
Społeczeństwo Rzeczypospolitej w mniejszym lub większym stopniu zawsze posiadało zróżnicowaną strukturę wyznaniową i narodową. Problem związany ze społecznością o odmiennej specyfice wyznaniowej pojawił się w Polsce na szeroką skalę już w XIV w., kiedy w jej granicach znalazły się obszary zamieszkane przez ludność etnicznie niepolską. W XIV w. Królestwo Polskie utraciło znaczne obszary etnicznych ziem polskich na zachodzie. W rezultacie włączenia przez Kazimierza Wielkiego Rusi Halickiej zmieniła się struktura wyznaniowa i etniczna kraju. Wagę problemu obecności w granicach państwa polskiego wyznawców Kościoła prawosławnego rozumiał ostatni przedstawiciel dynastii piastowskiej – Kazimierz Wielki. Kazimierz Wielki zachował prawa i obrządek Kościoła prawosławnego. Związek polityczny Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego z katolicką Polską miał ważne konsekwencje w relacjach wyznaniowych. Zahamował rozwój prawosławia i utorował drogę Kościołowi łacińskiemu ze wszystkimi skutkami polityczno-kulturowymi. Prawosławie z wyznania dominującego stało się wyznaniem tolerowanym. Mimo to, Jagiellonowie rozumieli, że ludność prawosławna była na swym etnicznym terytorium. W odróżnieniu od Andegawenów czy Walezjuszy, swoją potęgę budowali na wielowyznaniowej strukturze Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Obcy był im model zachodni jednowyznaniowego katolickiego państwa, z jedną dominującą kulturą łacińską. Do takiej postawy zmuszała ich struktura etniczna Księstwa Litewskiego. W epoce jagiellońskiej prawosławie stało się wiarą narodową i ludową, poprzez wszechobecność różnorodnych form kultu i obrzędów. Potęga Rzeczypospolitej opierała się na uznaniu przez ludność ruską wyznania prawosławnego Korony i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego za własne państwo. Fenomen dobrego wielowyznaniowego i wielokulturowego współżycia został zachwiany zawarciem unii brzeskiej (1596). Unia brzeska podważyła główny element podstawy kultury ruskiej, opierający się na duchowej jedności z Bizancjum. Do istniejącego układu katolicko-prawosławnego doszedł jeszcze jeden element pośredni, zawieszony między dwoma tradycjami. Inicjatorzy unii błędnie liczyli, że jej atrakcyjność spowoduje odejście Rusinów od prawosławia. Pomimo tej tendencji nie nastąpił upadek kultury prawosławnej, a nawet jej rozwój w nowych formach, bardziej dostosowanych do XVII-wiecznej rzeczywistości. W rezultacie unia brzeska obróciła się nie przeciwko prawosławiu jako takiemu, ale przeciwko prawosławiu w Rzeczypospolitej. W efekcie przyniosła ona niewielkie korzyści Kościołowi rzymskokatolickiemu, ale nie rozwiązała żadnego problemu wewnętrznego kraju. W Polsce dystans elit katolickich wobec kultury ruskiej i prawosławia został pogłębiony. Katolikowi nadal bliższy był protestant, wychowany w kulturze zachodniej, aniżeli Rusin, hołdujący tradycjom bizantyjskim, ale coraz bardziej powiązany z kulturą polską.
Źródło:
Białostockie Teki Historyczne; 2016, 14
1425-1930
Pojawia się w:
Białostockie Teki Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The 400th anniversary of the death of Stanisław Żółkiewski, Hetman and Great Crown Chancellor, Senator of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
400. rocznica śmierci Stanisława Żółkiewskiego, hetmana i kanclerza wielkiego koronnego, senatora Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów
Autorzy:
Kaczorowski, Włodzimierz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2138544.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-02-23
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Opolski
Tematy:
hetman
kanclerz
senator
sejm
Rzeczpospolita
chancellor
Seym
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Opis:
In the period of Nobles’ Democracy, the art of war of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth attained the highest level, making a real phenomenon in the then Europe. It owed its development, among others, to outstanding Hetmans of the Crown and Lithuania, victors in many battles, leaders surrounded by fame and admiration, genuine patriots. In the hall of fame of Grand Hetmans, Field Hetmans and Lithuanian Hetmans, a most prominent place is taken by Stanisław Żółkiewski (1747-1620).On 13 June 2019, Members of Parliament passed an occasional resolution dedicating the year 2020 to Stanisław Żółkiewski. The resolution reads, among others, “Stanisław Żółkiewski always put the good of Poland above his own benefits, stood faithfully on the side of successive kings, also in internal conflicts, despite the critical opinion of Sigismund III’s politics. He advocated religious tolerance and easing conflicts. […] The Seym of the Republic of Poland, upon acknowledging the great contributions of Stanisław Żółkiewski,creator of the victory of Klushino and a conqueror of Moscow, tenacious defender of the Mother Country for which he sacrificed his life, establishes the year 2020, which marks the occasion of the 400th anniversary of his death, the Year of Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski.”
W okresie demokracji szlacheckiej sztuka wojenna Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów osiągnęła najwyższy poziom, stanowiąc prawdziwy fenomen w ówczesnej Europie. Swój rozwój zawdzięczała między innymi wybitnym hetmanom koronnym i litewskim, zwycięzcom wielu bitew, wodzom otoczonym sławą i podziwem, autentycznym patriotom. W poczcie staropolskich hetmanów wielkich i polnych koronnych i litewskich poczesne miejsce zajmuje Stanisław Żółkiewski (1547–1620).Dnia 13 czerwca 2019 r. parlamentarzyści w drodze okolicznościowej uchwały ustanowili rok 2020 Rokiem Hetmana Stanisława Żółkiewskiego. W uchwale czytamy między innymi: „Stanisław Żółkiewski zawsze przedkładał dobro Polski ponad własne korzyści, stał wiernie po stronie kolejnych królów, także w wewnętrznych sporach, mimo krytycznego zdania o polityce Zygmunta III. Opowiadał się za tolerancją religijną i łagodzeniem konfliktów. […] Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, uznając wielkie zasługi Stanisława Żółkiewskiego, twórcy wiktorii kłuszyńskiej i zdobywcy Moskwy, wytrwałego obrońcy Ojczyzny, za którą oddał swoje życie, ustanawia rok 2020 w 400-lecie Jego śmierci Rokiem Hetmana Stanisława Żółkiewskiego”.
Źródło:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne; 2020, 18, 4; 153-164
2658-1922
Pojawia się w:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 208

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