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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 62
Tytuł:
Po co w Europie amerykańska broń nuklearna? Odstraszanie nuklearne NATO z perspektywy Polski w kontekście wybranych teorii stosunków międzynarodowych
Why Does Europe Need American Nuclear Weapons? Polish Position on NATO Nuclear Deterrence from the Perspective of Selected Theories of International Relations
Autorzy:
Kubiak, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2091731.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-06-25
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Studiów Międzynarodowych
Tematy:
B61
taktyczna broń nuklearna
substrategiczna broń nuklearna
NATO
Koncepcja Strategiczna NATO
DDPR
odstraszanie nuklearne rozszerzone
tactical nuclear weapons
sub-strategic nuclear weapons
NATO Strategic Concept
nuclear deterrence
extended nuclear deterrence
Opis:
Wewnątrzsojusznicza debata nad kształtem nowej koncepcji strategicznej NATO sprowokowała gorącą dyskusję nad rolą, zapotrzebowaniem na stacjonowanie i możliwościami usunięcia amerykańskiej broni nuklearnej z Europy (B61). Sub-strategiczna broń nuklearna to pozostałość zimnowojennego wyścigu zbrojeń po obu stronach żelaznej kurtyny, której arsenały do dzisiaj znajdują się na terenie pięciu państw członkowskich NATO oraz w Rosji. Polska pozycja w tej sprawie rozwijała się od cichego obrońcy status quo, poprzez zwolennika bilateralnego reżimu kontroli zbrojeń między Rosją i Stanami Zjednoczonymi do promotora multilateralnego rozwiązania „krok po kroku”, bazującego na rosyjskiej wzajemności. Jednak skoro według ministra Sikorskiego B61 to „niebezpieczna pozostałość niebezpiecznej przeszłości”, dlaczego nie chciano jej całkowitego, jednostronnego usunięcia z Europy? W artykule prześledzono motywacje polskiej preferencji w sprawie B61 w latach 2008–2013. Pozytywistyczną analizę usystematyzowano według trzech paradygmatów stosunków międzynarodowych: neorealizmu, liberalizmu utylitarnego i konstruktywizmu. Zweryfikowano oficjalne dokumenty, literaturę fachową oraz 21 częściowo ustrukturyzowanych wywiadów indywidualnych z przedstawicielami polskiego rządu, akademii oraz ekspertami, jak również pracownikami sztabu międzynarodowego NATO.
The NATO internal debate on its New Strategic Concept initiated a discussion on the role, necessity of deployment and possibilities to withdraw American nuclear weapons from Europe (B61). This widely perceived remnant of the Cold-War arms race is still stationed in five NATO states and in Russia. The Polish position on the B61 developed from a cautious status-quo defender, through a defender of a bilateral arms control regime between Russia and the United States, to a promoter of a multilateral step-by-step solution based upon the requirement of Russian reciprocity. However, as the then Minister of Foreign Affairs Radosław Sikorski found the B61 to be a ‘dangerous remnant of a dangerous past’, why was there no will to unilaterally withdraw the B61 from Europe? The article outlines the motivations behind the Polish preferences regarding the B61 in the years 2008–2013. The author applies a positivist analysis based upon three main paradigms of international relations – neorealism, utilitarian liberalism and constructivism and verifies official documents, expert literature and 21 semi-structured expert interviews with representatives of the Polish government, academia and experts as well as employees of NATO International Staff.
Źródło:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations; 2015, 51, 3; 181-202
0209-0961
Pojawia się w:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Heating Rate on the Formation of Intermetallics during SHS Process
Autorzy:
Novák, P.
Michalcová, A.
Školáková, A.
Průša, F.
Kříž, J.
Marek, I.
Kubatík, T.
Karlík, M.
Haušild, P.
Kopeček, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1402079.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-10
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
61.66.Dk
65.40.-b
61.05.cp
Opis:
Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis is a simple and efficient method for the synthesis of various compounds including ceramics and intermetallics. In this process, the compressed mixture of elemental or master alloy powders is ignited or heated to initiate the exothermic reactions leading to the formation of desired compounds. In order to control the process efficiently, the effect of several important parameters has to be determined in each applied alloy system. Previous results showed that those parameters are: initiation temperature, process duration, pressure used for compression and heating rate. This paper is devoted to the description and explanation of the effect of the heating rate on the formation of intermetallics during self-propagating high-temperature synthesis in Fe-Al and Ni-Ti systems. Differential thermal analysis of compressed powder mixtures under various heating conditions and microstructure observation of samples prepared by various heating rates using electric resistance heating and spark plasma sintering were carried out. The effect of heating rates on the formations of intermetallics in studied systems is discussed in this paper.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2015, 128, 4; 561-563
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On Electrons in Quantum Chaos State in Doped Fullerene Crystal
Autorzy:
Koper, A.
Mucha, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2012904.pdf
Data publikacji:
2000-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
05.45.+b
61.48.+c
Opis:
We show that band electrons in A$\text{}_{n}$C$\text{}_{60}$ crystal (C$\text{}_{60}$ fullerene doped with alkali ions A) are in highly chaotic quantum state. We describe intensity of the chaos by means of the Shannon information entropy, which we calculate using single particle Bloch functions. The entropy provides a quantitative measure of scars as well as degree of electrons delocalization in gaps between C$\text{}_{60}$ molecules. Implications of our results for conductivity in A$\text{}_{3}$C$\text{}_{60}$ are discussed.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2000, 97, 1; 229-232
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Tunneling of Interacting Fermions in 1D Systems
Autorzy:
Gendiar, A.
Moško, M.
Vagner, P.
Németh, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2043712.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005-10
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
73.23.-b
73.61.Ey
Opis:
Using the self-consistent Hartree-Fock approximation for spinless electrons at zero temperature, we study tunneling of the interacting electron gas through a single δ barrier in a finite one-dimensional wire connected to contacts. Our results exhibit features known from correlated many-body models. In particular, the conductance decays with the wire length as ∝ L$\text{}^{-2α}$, where the powerα is universal. We also show that a similar result for a wire conductance can be extracted from the persistent current (I) through theδ barrier in a one-dimensional ring, where it is known that I∝ L$\text{}^{-1-α}$.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2005, 108, 4; 661-667
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Topographic and Energetic Heterogeneity Studies of Oxidized Graphite Surface by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy/Spectroscopy and Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Autorzy:
Klusek, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1963284.pdf
Data publikacji:
1997-03
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
61.16.Ch
71.20.-b
Opis:
Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used to study oxidation effects of nitric acid on a highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite surface. Various etching times at constant temperature are applied in order to create local binding sites on the surface without creating deep defects. A single and paired chains structure, different from pure graphite at atomic scale, is shown by scanning tunneling microscopy. This can be explained by the presence of oxygenate groups on the surface, revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Both scanning tunneling spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrate the vanishing of π bands characteristic of sp$\text{}^{2}$ graphite hybridization. This, in turn, can be explained by dehybridization related to new bondings of the graphite carbons in the oxygenate groups. An important result of area averaging spectroscopy is the observed energetic heterogeneity considered in terms of the changes of local electronic density of states of the oxidized surface.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 1997, 91, 3; 569-582
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wreath Product in Factorization of Holosymmetric Group
Autorzy:
Florek, W.
Lulek, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1887747.pdf
Data publikacji:
1991-06
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
61.50.Em
02.20.+b
Opis:
The holosymmetric group Q of an n-dimensional crystal lattice determined by a given lattice basis B is considered. This group is contained in the n-dimensional orthogonal group O(n) so its elements preserve the orthogonality of basis vectors and their lengths. These conditions yield the decomposition of lattice basis into orthogonal sublattices and next the factorization of the holosymmetric group, which can be written as a direct product of complete monomial groups of k-dimensional (k ≤ n) holosymmetric groups. Simple, decomposable and primitive holosymmetric groups are discussed. The results for n ≤ 4 are presented.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 1991, 79, 6; 843-852
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Comparison of the Temperature Dependence of the Crystal Structure of $LiTi_2O_4$ and $LiV_2O_4$
Autorzy:
Moshopoulou, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1813759.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
74.70.-b
61.05.fm
Opis:
The normal spinel oxide $LiTi_2O_4$ is an exotic superconductor with $T_c$=11.2 K, while the isostructural neighbouring $LiV_2O_4$ exhibits heavy-fermion behaviour. The origin of their physics and the role of the spinel structure on their properties are yet unsolved issues, owing mainly to the complexity of the structure, the presence of subtle disorder, and the sample dependence of the physical properties. Especially and perhaps more importantly, the enormous difference in their low-temperature properties remains an open question. This question has only been addressed theoretically but (mainly because of the above problems) there were no experimental studies that sought to understand the clearly distinct behaviour of the two systems. Here, we contribute to the understanding of such distinct low-temperature behaviour by comparing the temperature dependence of the very basic structural properties of the two systems. Upon cooling from room temperature, the lattice parameter a decreases gradually in about the same way for both systems. However, below 20 K, a clear decrease in a of $LiV_2O_4$ as a function of temperature contrasts strongly with the almost constant value of a of $LiTi_2O_4$ in the same temperature range. Therefore subtle but clearly different structural signatures are coupled with the very divergent physical properties of the two systems and suggest new directions to the theory.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2008, 113, 1; 399-402
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Hartree-Fock Simulation of Persistent Current in Rings with Single Scatterer
Autorzy:
Németh, R.
Moško, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2044507.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005-11
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
73.23.-b
73.61.Ey
Opis:
Using the self-consistent Hartree-Fock approximation for spinless electrons at zero temperature, we calculate the persistent current of the interacting electron gas in a one-dimensional ring containing a single δ barrier. Our results agree with correlated models like the Luttinger liquid model and lattice model with nearest-neighbor interaction. The persistent current is a sine-like function of magnetic flux. It decays with the ring length (L) faster than L$\text{}^{-1}$ and eventually like L$\text{}^{-α-1}$, where α>0 is universal.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2005, 108, 5; 795-801
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Hydrogen Release and Microstructure of $MgH_{2}$ Based Composite Powders Containing a Relevant Amount of $LaNi_{5}$
Autorzy:
Abazović, N.
Aurora, A.
Contini, V.
Mancini, M.
Montone, A.
Vittori Antisari, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1538131.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010-05
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
61.05.cp
61.82.Bg
65.40.-b
68.37.Hk
Opis:
Micro-composite materials based on $MgH_{2}$ with the addition of a relevant amount of $LaNi_{5}$ have been synthesized by reactive ball milling. The powder microstructure has been studied by a combination of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, while the decomposition behaviour and the hydrogen release properties have been obtained by differential thermal analysis and thermo-gravimetric measurements. Both temperature scans and constant temperature isotherms have been used to this purpose. Experimental results allow identifying optimum processing condition for synthesis of material that shows the onset of hydrogen release at temperatures as low as 450 K. The decomposition kinetics has been studied by isothermal measurements which show that the whole process cannot be described by just one mechanism limiting the reaction velocity. In fact in the first decomposition step the reaction is kinetically limited by the second phase nucleation, while, for partially decomposed samples the bulk diffusion appears to limit the process. On the basis of the experimental results we propose a mechanism of phase transformation where a percolating network of the two phases is formed.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2010, 117, 5; 841-848
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Preparation and Characterisation of Silicon/Carbon Nanotube Composite Electrodes for Li-Ion Battery Systems
Autorzy:
Cetinkaya, T.
Tocoglu, U.
Cevher, O.
Guler, M.
Akbulut, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1399951.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-02
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
61.72.uf
61.48.De
81.20.Ev
81.07.-b
Opis:
Silicon powders and different amounts of multiwalled carbon nanotube were mechanically alloyed in polyacrynitrile solution via high speed planetary ball milling. Produced composite was characterised via X-ray diffraction pattern, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2013, 123, 2; 398-400
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Surface Modification of Metallic Targets with Ultrashort Laser Pulses
Autorzy:
Gakovic, B.
Stasic, J.
Petrovic, S.
Radak, B.
Krmpot, A.
Jelenkovic, B.
Trtica, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1795615.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009-10
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
42.62.-b
61.80.Ba
61.82.Bg
79.20.Eb
Opis:
Interaction of pulsed femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser (160 fs), operating at high repetition rate (75 MHz) at 800 nm, with nickel-based superalloy Inconel 600 and tungsten-titanium (WTi) target was studied. The WTi target was in form of thin film deposited on silicon substrate. Low laser fluence of maximum 50 mJ/cm^{2} had modified the target surface during irradiation/exposure time of seconds or minutes. The radiation absorbed from the laser beam generates at the surface a series of effects, such as direct material vaporization, formation of clusters, etc. Morphological features of the targets can be summarized as: (a) intensive removal of material and crater appearance; (b) creation of nanostructures; (c) microcracking, etc. Ablation of Inconel 600 surface is effective, resulting in formation of holes with small diameter ( ≤ 10 μm) and relatively large depth ( ≤ 50 μm). In case of WTi target/thin film, the surrounding rim is not so expressed, and crater depths are lower. It can be concluded that the average laser power of the order of watts, pulse energies of the order of nanojoules and high repetition rates (MHz range) can successfully modify metallic materials.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2009, 116, 4; 611-613
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Calculations of RHEED and RHEPD rocking curves for growing surfaces of germanium
Autorzy:
Mitura, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1075752.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-10
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
61.05.J-
68.35.B-
81.05.Cy
Opis:
Reflection high energy electron diffraction is a popular technique to characterize arrangements of atoms near a surface. However, Japanese researchers recently demonstrated experiments in the same geometry, however, conducted using positrons. In this context, detailed comparisons of basic results expected for diffractions of electrons and positrons seem to be interesting. Subsequently, in the current work the growth of single atomic layers of Ge on the Ge(001) substrate is assumed and intensities of reflected beams for electrons and positrons are computed by using dynamical diffraction theory for the case of the off-symmetry azimuth. Shapes of respective theoretical rocking curves are analyzed and then the features of intensity oscillations expected during the regular, continuous deposition of the material are discussed.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2016, 130, 4; 1134-1136
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fabrication and Magnetotransport Properties of Carbon Films with Embedded Metal Nanoclusters
Autorzy:
Ksenevich, V. K.
Bashmakov, I. A.
Melnikov, A. A.
Wieck, A. D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2041768.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005-02
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
61.46.+w
73.63.-b
75.47.-m
Opis:
2-dimensional arrays of Co- and Pd-clusters embedded in carbon films were fabricated by means of heat-treatment method of carboxylated cellulose films after the exchange of COOH-group protons by Co- and Pd-cations. The sizes of metal clusters within range 10 nm-1μm were obtained in dependence on the heat-treatment temperature. The dependencies of the resistance on temperature and magnetic field for the samples annealed at T=700ºC and 900ºC were measured. The R(T) dependencies both for carbon films with Co- and Pd-clusters can be fitted by expression R=R$\text{}_{0}$ exp(T$\text{}_{0}$/T)$\text{}^{1}\text{}^{/}\text{}^{n}$ inherent for variable-range hopping. In the whole range of investigated magnetic field and temperature magnetoresistance was negative and can be related to quantum interference in the variable range hopping transport along neighboring alternative paths.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2005, 107, 2; 356-360
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Synthesis of $Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3$·$14H_2O$ Nanopowder by Co-Precipitation Technique and Effect of Heat Treatment
Autorzy:
Rohilla, S.
Lal, B.
Sunder, S.
Aghamkar, P.
Kumar, S.
Aggarwal, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1535871.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010-10
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
81.07.-b
64.70.Nd
61.82.Rx
Opis:
Nanopowder of iron cyanide hydrate (member of Prussian blue family) was obtained using ferric chloride and potassium cyanide in their dilute solution through co-precipitation method. The effect of thermal annealing on iron cyanide hydrate nanocrystallites have been studied in detail. The formation of $Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3$·$14H_2O$ and iron oxides was revealed by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The crystal structure, morphology and size of nanocrystallites were investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. Results suggest that using co-precipitation technique, nanopowder of iron cyanide hydrate, in typically spherical shape, can be obtained and their thermal treatment also yield iron oxide nanocrystallites of spherical with good homogeneity. The size of the prepared nanocrystallites was found in the range 20-36 nm. It was observed that thermal treatment, typically at 800°C (4 h), iron cyanide hydrate ($Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3$·$14H_2O$) nanocrystallites transformed into iron oxide ($α-Fe_2O_{3,}$ hematite) nanocrystallites.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2010, 118, 4; 696-700
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
STM Study on the (100) Surface of the Ag-In-Yb 1/1 Cubic Approximant
Autorzy:
Cui, C.
Sharma, H.
Nugent, P.
Shimoda, M.
Pang Tsai, An
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1373497.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-08
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
61.44.Br
68.35.B-
68.37.Ef
Opis:
Scanning tunneling microscopy studies have revealed a periodic step-terrace structure in the (100) surface of the Ag-In-Yb 1/1 cubic approximant. The step height between the large terraces is about 0.73 nm, approximately one-half of the lattice constant, which is consistent with the bcc-like crystalline structure of this crystal. Two small terraces are observed between the adjacent large terraces. High-resolution STM images of the large terrace exhibit a square lattice of protrusions with a lattice constant of about 1.55 nm, which is consistent with the bulk lattice constant. The scanning tunneling microscopy results suggest that the large terraces are associated with the planes that intersect the centers of rhombic triacontrahedral clusters (the building unit of the crystal) and show the highest atomic density along the [100] axis. It is highly likely that the small terraces are related to moderate atomic density planes and are less stable than the large terraces.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2014, 126, 2; 577-580
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 62

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