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Tytuł:
Analiza energetyczna rzeczywistych cykli jazdy
Energy analysis of the real driving cycles
Autorzy:
Fice, M.
Setlak, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1372411.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Napędów i Maszyn Elektrycznych Komel
Tematy:
cykl jazdy
sprawność energetyczna
zużycie energii
napęd hybrydowy
napęd spalinowy
napęd spalinowo-elektryczny
pojazd
autobus
Opis:
The paper presents an energy analysis of hybrid propulsion systems on the basis of an elementary cycle and energy consumption to overcome the basic movement resistance and the acceleration resistance and the possibility of the recovery of vehicle kinetic energy during braking. Elementary driving cycle is composed of acceleration for a given speed, fixed speeds, braking and stopping phases. Authors presents also carried out road measurements of real city buses in the Silesian agglomeration. The framework carried out measurements of traffic speeds and recording gear change buses operating in an the Silesian agglomeration. Measurements were made for a random number of passengers changing at each stop. Measurements were made many times on individual driving distances, and the results averaged. A representative route for city buses operating in an urban area has been developed.
Źródło:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe; 2011, 2, 90; 99-103
0239-3646
2084-5618
Pojawia się w:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
System napędowy Mild Hybryd dla samochodu osobowego
Mild Hybryd power train system for passenger car
Autorzy:
Setlak, R.
Fice, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1373811.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Napędów i Maszyn Elektrycznych Komel
Tematy:
napęd hybrydowy
Mild Hybryd
napęd Mild Hybryd
samochód osobowy
Opis:
The paper describes initial stages of designing Mild Hybrid drive system. This type of drive uses traditional electric unit consisting of battery, starter and alternator. This system, appropriately adapted, for instance by increasing its overall rated power and supplementing it with novel energy control procedures, may operate in a manner similar to hybrid car drives. Mild Hybrid system utilises standard components used in cars – i.e. starter and alternator. A supercapacitor will be introduced as a new component, its role is to operate as energy accumulator for IC engine start-ups. Traditional car battery will also assume a new function, that of heating IC engine. Automobile Stop & Go System makes it possible to switch off IC engine automatically when vehicle stops (e.g. at red light or in traffic hold-ups) and then to switch it on quickly again. This action makes it possible to decrease fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emission, particularly in towns. Results of supercapacitor performance during IC engine start-ups are presented in this paper. Energy consumption at start-up has been calculated together with start-up time. Magnetti Marelli-Denso E80E car starter used in Fiat Palio Weekend has been used in tests, this starter is rated at 12 V 1,0 kW. Several tens of IC engines start-ups were conducted, with starter supplied from traditional standard lead-acid battery (Centra Futura 055 290, C20=55Ah); next, similar tests were run using supercapacitor (MAXWELL BPAK 15V 58F). Within the framework of this study, there have been done a range of the road measurements whose aim was to determine the real driving cycles. Route Gliwice – Zabrze, Route Zabrze, Route Gliwice –city centre, Route Gliwice. The biggest standing share has been obtained for the route 3 – Gliwice centre (37,9% of the percentage value of the drive time). The subject of this paper is in agreement with carbon dioxide emission standards set by European Union states, since special attention is paid by EU regulations to car transport activities (Kyoto protocol based on UNFCCC, European Climate Change Programme and Intelligent Energy Europe programs.
Źródło:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe; 2009, 82; 169-172
0239-3646
2084-5618
Pojawia się w:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Hybrydowy napęd pojazdu miejskiego
The electric hybrid drive for a city vehicle
Autorzy:
Glinka, T.
Fice, M.
Setlak, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2076339.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Napędów i Maszyn Elektrycznych Komel
Tematy:
napęd hybrydowy
napęd spalinowo-elektryczny
autobus miejski
pojazd miejski
Opis:
This paper presents an alternative solution of the electric hybrid drives for a city vehicle. The drive include an internal combustion engine and an eletric machine with permanent magnets which works as motor or generator, in dependence on demands. Use of a dual energy storage including batteries and supercapacitors is the innovative approach to the problem. A reversible dc-dc power electronic converter transfer the energy from energy storage to electric machine during the vehicle starts and accelerate, and transfer the energy from electric machine to energy storage when the vehicle slow-down. The power transmission system is control by the microprocessor unit system.
Źródło:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe; 2006, 75; 95-100
0239-3646
2084-5618
Pojawia się w:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Napęd hybrydowy pojazdów miejskich z podwójnym zasobnikiem energii elektrycznej
Hybrid drive for city vehicles with dual electric energy storage
Autorzy:
Fice, M.
Setlak, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1374153.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Napędów i Maszyn Elektrycznych Komel
Tematy:
napęd hybrydowy
napęd spalinowo-elektryczny
pojazd miejski
autobus miejski
Opis:
This paper presents an alternative solution of the electric hybrid drives for a city bus. The drive include an internal combustion engine and an electric machine with permanent magnets which works as motor or generator, in dependence on demands. Use of a dual energy storage including batteries and supercapacitors is the innovative approach to the problem. A reversible dc-dc power electronic converter transfer the energy from energy storage to electric machine during the vehicle starts and accelerate, and transfer the energy from electric machine to energy storage when the vehicle slow-down. The power transmission system is control by the microprocessor unit system.
Źródło:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe; 2008, 79; 139-144
0239-3646
2084-5618
Pojawia się w:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Konstrukcja stanowiska badawczego hybrydowego napędu autobusu
Testing laboratory stand of a hybrid electric drive for a city buses
Autorzy:
Glinka, T.
Grzenik, R.
Fice, M.
Setlak, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2077270.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Napędów i Maszyn Elektrycznych Komel
Tematy:
napęd hybrydowy
autobus miejski
stanowisko badawcze
Opis:
This article presents a way of a city bus traction parameters calculating. Those parameters have been determined in order to desing and construct a testing laboratory stand of a hybrid electric drive. The laboratory stand includes an electric motor which simulates an internal combustion engine, an electric brushless machine with permanent magnets which assists the internal combustion engine and a DC generator as a resistance to motion and breaking load. On power transmission system is installed additional moment of inertia which simulate an inertial load.
Źródło:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe; 2007, 77; 251-255
0239-3646
2084-5618
Pojawia się w:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ograniczanie zużycia paliwa w modułowym hybrydowym układzie napędowym samochodu
Reduction of fuel consumption in modular hybrid electric vehicle drive
Autorzy:
Kulesz, B.
Fice, M.
Setlak, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1373216.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Napędów i Maszyn Elektrycznych Komel
Tematy:
zużycie paliwa
napęd hybrydowy
hybrydowy układ napędowy
samochód
Opis:
The paper describes initial stages of designing Modul Hybrid drive system. This type of drive uses traditional electric unit consisting of battery, starter and alternator. This system, appropriately adapted, for instance by increasing its overall rated power and supplementing it with novel energy control procedures, may operate in a manner similar to hybrid car drives. A supercapacitor will be introduced as a new component, its role is to operate as energy accumulator for IC engine start-ups. Automobile Stop & Go System in Modul Hybrid Drive makes it possible to switch off IC engine automatically when vehicle stops (e.g. at red light or in traffic hold-ups) and then to switch it on quickly again. This action makes it possible to decrease fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emission, particularly in towns. Results of supercapacitor performance during IC engine start-ups are presented in this paper. Energy consumption at start-up has been calculated together with start-up time. Magnetti Marelli-Denso E80E car starter used in Fiat Palio has been used in tests, this starter is rated at 12 V 1,0 kW. Several tens of IC engines start-ups were conducted, with starter supplied from traditional standard lead-acid battery (Centra Futura 055 290, C20 = 55Ah); next, similar tests were run using supercapacitor (MAXWELL BPAK 15V 58F.).
Źródło:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe; 2010, 86; 255-259
0239-3646
2084-5618
Pojawia się w:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Badania cieplne silnika spalinowego samochodu osobowego w aspekcie zastosowania systemu napędowego Mild Hybrid
Thermal analysis in combustion engine cooling car system for using Mild Hybrid drive
Autorzy:
Setlak, R.
Kuś, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1373242.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Napędów i Maszyn Elektrycznych Komel
Tematy:
silnik spalinowy
napęd Mild Hybrid
Mild Hybrid
badania cieplne
Opis:
Main goal of article was project of automatic, preheating engine block system, which enable shortening duration of fuel injection after starting combustion engine. It will cause reduction of air pollution during catalyst heating-up phase. The automatic, preheating engine block system should have electric regulation of cooling water temperature, which is realized by electric cooling water pump. Independent control of pump speed and application extra heating-up of cooling water makes possible heating cooling water when engine is turn off and control engines temperature during engine running (admission of increase temperature to 110°C). Within the framework of this work, there have been done calculations, measurements and researches whose aim was to determine the real parameters of cooling system structure for researched engine Fiat Palio Weekend 1,2 8V. Temperature measurements have been done with the help of camera ThermaCam T400 Flir and thermocouples PT 100 whereas flow rate measurements have been done with the help of turbine flow-meter Vision 2008 4F 22 with Hall's converter. Measurements was repeated several times to get reliable results. The carried out measurements allowed us to create thermal maps and flow rate characteristics of researched engines.
Źródło:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe; 2010, 86; 219-223
0239-3646
2084-5618
Pojawia się w:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Układ wstępnego podgrzewania cieczy chłodzącej napędu Mild Hybrid
Electric preheating cooling water system in Mild Hybrid drive system
Autorzy:
Setlak, R.
Fice, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1372430.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Napędów i Maszyn Elektrycznych Komel
Tematy:
regulacja temperatury
ciecz chłodząca
napęd Mild Hybrid
silnik spalinowy
Opis:
Article describes project of automatic, preheating engine block system, which enable shortening duration of fuel injection after starting combustion engine. It will cause reduction of air pollution during catalyst heating-up phase. The automatic, preheating engine block system should have electric regulation of cooling water temperature, which is realized by electric cooling water pump. Independent control of pump speed and application extra heating-up of cooling water makes possible heating cooling water when engine is turn off and control engines temperature during engine running (admission of increase temperature to 110°C).
Źródło:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe; 2011, 2, 90; 141-144
0239-3646
2084-5618
Pojawia się w:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modelowanie zasobników energii elektrycznej dla pojazdów elektrycznych i hybrydowych
Modeling of electric energy storages for electric and hybrid vehicles
Autorzy:
Setlak, R.
Fice, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1372429.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Napędów i Maszyn Elektrycznych Komel
Tematy:
pojazd elektryczny
pojazd hybrydowy
napęd hybrydowy
akumulator niklowo-wodorkowy
superkondensator
Opis:
This paper presents the prepared mathematical models of electrochemical battery Ni-MH and supercapacitors used to simulate components of hybrid bus propulsion system. The model does not provide a self-discharge process of electric energy storage due to the nature of electricity receiver. Frequent changes of direction and power value make the process of self-discharge must not be taken into account. Prepared models of electric energy storage devices are adapted to simulate specified speed profile by the static method, which has the advantage is speed simulation and ease of comparison between several variants of the propulsion system.
Źródło:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe; 2011, 2, 90; 145-150
0239-3646
2084-5618
Pojawia się w:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Układ Stop & Go w systemie napędowym mild hybrid samochodu osobowego
Stop&Go in Mild Hybrid passanger car drive system
Autorzy:
Setlak, R.
Gałązka, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1373237.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Napędów i Maszyn Elektrycznych Komel
Tematy:
napęd Mild Hybrid
Mild Hybrid
silnik spalinowy
system Stop & Go
Opis:
Main goal of article was design, develop and control of Stop&Go system in Mild Hybrid Drive using supercondensator and starter with permanent magnets. Many researches and tests were done to determine real and then representative cycles of drive in Silesian agglomeration in Gliwice and Zabrze. Road researches enabled carrying out analysis of fluidity of traffic in cities and setting a percentage shares of movement micro stages (selected accelerations, driving with constant speed, braking, stopover). Researches of usefulness of supercondensators' system as an energy source in process of starting an internal combustion engine were done. Usage of supercondensators as an energy source of starting led to improvement of economic indicators of the Stop & Go system. Supercondensator has a 1000 times bigger durability than PbPbO2 battery with around 40 times smaller mass. Researchers of real characteristics of the car Fiat Palio Weekend 1,2 8V were done for calculations of traditional characteristics The Stop & Go system was designed and produced for this vehicle A starter, which will have NeFeB magnets built in stator instead of induction winding, was designed. A modernization of the starter is necessary because of different type of working - frequent starting of the internal combustion engine. A project of the Stop & Go system was carried out in the Fiat Palio car a project of the Stop & Go system for Mild Hybrid drive and verification of correctness of working has been carried out in the Fiat Palio car.
Źródło:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe; 2010, 86; 225-229
0239-3646
2084-5618
Pojawia się w:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Regulacja temperatury cieczy chłodzącej w układzie napędowym Mild Hybrid
Temperature regulation of cooling water in Mild Hybrid drive system
Autorzy:
Setlak, R.
Kuś, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1373240.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Napędów i Maszyn Elektrycznych Komel
Tematy:
regulacja temperatury
ciecz chłodząca
napęd Mild Hybrid
Mild Hybrid
silnik
Opis:
Article describes project of automatic, preheating engine block system, which enable shortening of duration of fuel injection after starting combustion engine. It will cause reduction of air pollution during catalyst heating-up phase. The automatic, preheating engine block system should have electric regulation of cooling water temperature, which is realized by electric cooling water pump. Independent control of pump speed and application extra heating-up of cooling water makes possible heating cooling water when engine is turn off and control engines temperature during engine running (admission of increase temperature to 110°C).
Źródło:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe; 2010, 86; 213-218
0239-3646
2084-5618
Pojawia się w:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analiza rozdziału sił hamowania pojazdu hybrydowego z napędem na koła tylne w aspekcie rekuperacji energii
Analysis of the brake-force distribution of hybrid electric vehicle with rear wheel drive in terms of energy recuperation
Autorzy:
Fice, M.
Setlak, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1372409.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Napędów i Maszyn Elektrycznych Komel
Tematy:
pojazd trakcyjny
napęd hybrydowy
hamowanie
odzysk energii
rekuperacja energii
siła hamowania
Opis:
In this article the results of brake forces distribution modeling are presented and its impact on the efficiency of recuperative braking. Kinematic model of the vehicle and the simplifying assumptions adopted in the modeling equations of motion describing the braking process are presented. Results of modeling of the baking process with variable vehicle load are presented. Braking forces of front and rear wheels and braking efficiency ratio are determined. On the basis of the analysis method of braking torque distribution between front and rear axle was proposed. This method ensures to achieve the greatest efficiency of recuperation.
Źródło:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe; 2011, 2, 90; 105-110
0239-3646
2084-5618
Pojawia się w:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Struktura Mild Hybryd w napędzie samochodu osobowego
Mild Hybrid structure for car drive system
Autorzy:
Setlak, R.
Fice, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/151575.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:
napęd hybrydowy
Mild Hybryd
superkondensator
hybrid drive system
Mild Hybrid
supercapacitor
Opis:
W artykule opisano początkowy etap konstrukcji napędu hybrydowego samochodu o strukturze Mild Hybryd. System ten pozwoli m.in. na automatyczne wyłączanie silnika spalinowego podczas postoju (w korku, na czerwonym świetle) a następnie ponowne szybkie załączenie. Zaprezentowano wybrane wyniki badań procentowych udziałów podstawowych faz cykli ruchu jazd testowych miastach śląska. Pomiary przeprowadzano na trasie Gliwice - Zabrze, w Zabrzu oraz Gliwicach. Przedstawiono badania superkondensatora w procesie rozruchu silnika spalinowego.
The paper describes initial stages of Mild Hybrid drive system design. This type of drive uses a traditional electric unit consisting of a battery, a starter and an alternator. This system, appropriately adapted, for instance by increasing its overall rated power and supplementing it with novel energy control procedures, can operate in a manner similar to hybrid car drives. Mild Hybrid system utilises standard components used in cars - i.e. starter and alternator. A supercapacitor will be introduced as a new component. Its role is to operate as energy accumulator for IC engine start-ups. A traditional car battery will also assume a new function, that of heating IC engine. Automobile Stop & Go System makes it possible to switch off the IC engine automatically when a vehicle stops (e.g. at red light or in traffic hold-ups) and then to switch it on quickly again. This results in decreasing the fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emission, particularly in towns. Within the framework of this study, there were taken the road measurements whose aim was to determine the real driving cycles. The results of supercapacitor performance during IC engine start-ups are presented in the paper. Several tens of IC engines start-ups were conducted, with the starter supplied from a traditional standard lead-acid battery (Centra Futura 055 290, C20=55Ah); next, similar tests were run using the supercapacitor (MAXWELL BPAK 15V 58F). The energy consumption at start-up and the start-up time were calculated.
Źródło:
Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola; 2009, R. 55, nr 6, 6; 361-363
0032-4140
Pojawia się w:
Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ układu start&stop w napędzie Mild Hybrid na zmniejszenie zuśycia paliwa w testach NEDC
Start&Stop system in Mild Hybrid drive and its influence to fuel reduction in NEDC tests
Autorzy:
Setlak, R.
Fice, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1372423.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Napędów i Maszyn Elektrycznych Komel
Tematy:
samochód
napęd Mild Hybrid
zużycie paliwa
emisja zanieczyszczeń
system Stop & Go
silnik spalinowy
Opis:
Main goal of article was design, develop and control of Stop&Go system for Mild Hybrid Drive using supercondensator and starter with permanent magnets and carrying out verification Mild Hybrid system drive in NEDC standard tests . Researches of usefulness of supercondensators' system as an energy source in process of starting an internal combustion engine were done. Usage of supercondensators as an energy source of starting led to improvement of economic indicators of the Stop & Go system. Supercondensator has a 1000 times bigger durability than PbPbO2 battery with around 40 times smaller mass. Researchers of real tests NEDC with Suzuki Baleno car were done and calculations of air pollutions and fuel consumption in Mild Hybrid system was designed and produced for this vehicle. A starter, which will have NeFeB magnets built in stator instead of induction winding, was designed. Temperature IR characteristics in stator and rotor in NEDC mode and real rush traffic cycle has been carried. A modernization of the starter is necessary because of different type of working - frequent starting of the internal combustion engine. A project of the Stop & Go system was carried out in the Suzuki Baleno car and project of the Stop & Go system for Mild Hybrid drive and verification of correctness of working has been carried out in this car in standard NEDC tests.
Źródło:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe; 2011, 2, 90; 151-156
0239-3646
2084-5618
Pojawia się w:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Hybrydowy autobus miejski z podwójnym zasobnikiem energii
Hybrid city bus with dual energy storage
Autorzy:
Fice, M.
Setlak, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/158234.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:
napęd hybrydowy
akumulator
superkondensator
maszyna elektryczna
magnes trwały
silnik spalinowy
hybrid drive
battery
supercapacitor
electric machine
permanent magnet
internal combustion engine
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono nowatorski system napędu hybrydowego autobusu miejskiego. Proponowany napęd składa się z silnika spalinowego, maszyny elektrycznej z magnesami trwałymi, baterii akumulatorów i superkondensatorów. Napęd ten pozwoli na odzyskiwanie energii podczas hamowania i wykorzystania jej podczas ruszania i przyspieszania. Zastosowanie superkondensatorów pozwala na zwiększenie sprawności magazynowania energii kinetycznej pojazdu.
This paper presents an alternative solution of the electric hybrid drives for a city bus. The drive include an internal combustion engine and an eletric machine with permanent magnets which works as motor or generator, in dependence on demands. Use of a dual energy storage including batteries and supercapacitors is the innovative approach to the problem. A reversible dc-dc power electronic converter transfer the energy from energy storage to electric machine during the vehicle starts and accelerate, and transfer the energy from electric machine to energy storage when the vehicle slow-down. The power transmission system is control by the microprocessor unit syste.
Źródło:
Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola; 2008, R. 54, nr 7, 7; 409-412
0032-4140
Pojawia się w:
Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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