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Wyszukujesz frazę "constitution," wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Opinia w sprawie projektu ustawy o Radzie Fiskalnej
Opinion on the Fiscal Council bill
Autorzy:
Szmyt, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/11543068.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
Tematy:
Polska
Constitution
review
bill
Opis:
The opinion stated that the proposed bill is incompatible with Article 2 of the Constitution, which provides the basis of proper legislation. This incompatibility is due to the overlapping and conflict of norms in the sphere of competence. Additionally, some provisions of the bill are unclear and systemically inconsistent as a result of the introduction of new terminology. Considerable doubts as to constitutionality are also raised by the fact that the provisions of the bill allow for the situations in which the normative structures created on their basis would be devoid of practical significance.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS; 2014, 3(43); 111-115
1896-9852
2082-064X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prawo do życia w świetle Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
The Right to Life in the Light of Poland’s Constitution
Autorzy:
Bułajewski, Stanisław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/512524.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne Adalbertinum
Tematy:
right to life
Polska
constitution
Opis:
The right to life occupies a very notable place not only in Poland’s Constitution, but also in international treaties that are binding upon Poland. The previous constitutions either did not include this right or placed it in their final sections. Chapter II of the Constitution (which formulates the right to life) also occupies a very important place in the hierarchy of constitutional norms. There is no doubt that this high position of the right to life, both in Poland’s constitution and in international treaties which are binding on Poland, is not accidental. Of all the rights listed in the catalogue of human rights, this right holds a supreme position. No state can guarantee other rights without effectively implementing and assuring that its observance. The right to life is a non-derogated element of respect for human dignity and freedom. It appears that the regulation of this fundamental right by Poland’s Constitution results from the compromise between Catholics, who support protection of life from the moment of conception, and atheists, who prefer using more general terms in such legal acts. As has been rightly observed, “when comparing the provision of art. 38 of Poland’s Constitution to the international standards of protection of human rights that are binding on Poland, one notices that the Polish legislator has decided to legally protect the life of every person, whereas the international treaties formulate the requirement of protection of the right to life. This apparently minute difference has significant consequences with regards to the positive duties of the state and, in this sense, the Polish solution imposes higher standards of protection on the Polish state. Such phrasing of the standard imposes not only the duty to protect all people from arbitrary deprivation of life by organs of the state, but also the duty to maintain appropriate policies regarding the protection of human life in all areas where it is exposed to real dangers. Compared to the normative approach to this right in the constitutions of many European countries, the regulation of the right to life in Poland's constitution undoubtedly constitutes a modern outlook on the problem of individual rights. The Polish regulation of the right to life not only meets international standards of protection of human rights, but assures better protection of this fundamental right.
Źródło:
Studia Ełckie; 2011, 13; 269-283
1896-6896
2353-1274
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ełckie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Correlation Between The Electoral System in The Presidential Elections and The Constitutional Position of The Head of State in The Light of The Discussion on The Change of The Polish Constitution
Autorzy:
Danel, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2003811.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
constitution
president
electoral system
referendum
Polska
Opis:
Amending a constitution or replacing it with a new one is never easy. Even if politicians usually have a lot of ideas how it should be done, the real problem is to put these ideas into practice. If the President Duda’s initiative is to succeed, so in other words – if such a referendum is to be held, the consent of the Senate of the Republic of Poland, i.e. the second chamber of the Polish parliament is needed. According to the Article 125 of the current Constitution the consent of the Senate is given “by an absolute majority vote taken in the presence of at least half of the statutory number of Senators”. And while Law and Justice has such an absolute majority of seats in the Senate, it is difficult to say with certainty whether today, in the face of a rather tight relationship between President Duda and the Law and Justice’s leadership, Senators of this party will support the president’s initiative. And even if the referendum is held, it will only be the first step. The change of the constitution itself requires either the so-called ‘constitutional majority’ or a bipartisan consent, that is the agreement between the ruling party and at least part of the opposition. For the moment Law and Justice does not have such a constitutional majority, even if it joins forces with Kukiz ’15 parliamentary faction – the only political group that welcomed President Duda’s initiative with great enthusiasm. Other Polish political parties do not want to hear about any constitutional change accusing both Law and Justice and President Duda of repeatedly violating the constitution that is currently in force. Of course, it may change after the next parliamentary and presidential elections scheduled for 2019 and 2020 respectively, especially if Law and Justice gets even better results, what – at least today – is suggested in the opinion polls. Maybe then, to change the constitution, they will not need agreement with any other political party, just like the Hungarian Fidesz after the 2010 elections. However, there is no doubt that disputes on the competences and powers of the President of the Republic of Poland, especially (but not only) in the context of the way he/she is elected, will return regularly in the discussions on potential constitutional changes. The possible evolution of the Polish parliamentarism into the presidential or semi-presidential regime would force a significant increase in the powers of the head of state, still elected directly by the people. Staying within the framework of the parliamentary regime would require a more precise definition of the constitutional position of the President of the Republic of Poland, leaving open the issue of the way he/she is elected.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie; 2017, 22; 7-18
1643-6911
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Projekt stanowiska Sejmu w sprawie o sygn. akt P 6/13
Sejm draft position on the case ref. no. P 6/13
Autorzy:
Oplustil, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/11543081.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
Tematy:
land
Warsaw
Constitution
Constitutional Tribunal
Polska
Opis:
In assessing the constitutionality of the contested Article 215, para. 2 of the Real Estate Management Act, it was stated that it is important to ascertain whether the differentiation of former owners, based on the criterion of deprivation of physical possession of the plot after 5 April 1958, was justified, and therefore whether it has such essential nature that justifies different treatment of similar entities. Pointing to the special status of the right to compensation, as stressed in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal, the author claims, however, that claiming the right to compensation cannot be limited by an incidental and historical time criterion, which is the date of entry into force of the Act of 1958, even if the economic reasons argue for that approach. Given the above, it was found that Article 215 para. 2 of the Act, to the extent of the above interpretation, is inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS; 2014, 3(43); 205-225
1896-9852
2082-064X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Les modifications apportées à la Constitution de la République Populaire de Pologne
Autorzy:
Łopatka, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/44012316.pdf
Data publikacji:
1976-12-31
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
amendments
constitution
Polska
Polish Peoples Republic
Źródło:
Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1976, 3-4(31-32); 5-25
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:
Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The President of the Republic of Poland in the Light of Constitutions Adopted in Poland Between 1918 and 2018 – Selected Issues
Autorzy:
Danel, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1991365.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
constitution
president
Polska
republic
sovereignty
regime
parliamentarism
Opis:
The article concerns the constitutional position and political role of the President of the Republic of Poland. Though the Author concentrates on the current constitution of Poland, that entered info force in 1997, he also reviews all the constitutions (and important amendments to these constitutions) that were adopted over the last century, so after Poland had restored its sovereignty in 1918. The analysis is concentrated not only on the constitutional position and political role of the Polish president, but also on the way he was (and is) elected. The Author tries to prove a thesis that the actual political position of the head in the state in Poland depended and still depends not only on constitutional provisions, but also on specific political circumstances, and even the character and personality of the people holding this office.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie; 2018, 23; 7-20
1643-6911
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Constitution of Illiberal Democracy as a Theory About Society
Autorzy:
SAJÓ, ANDRÁS
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1790641.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-12-12
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne
Tematy:
constitution
illiberal democracy
Society
Ceasarism
Hungary
Polska
Opis:
Relying on Grażyna Skąpska’s theory of the constitution as a theory of the society, the paper considers the ‘theory of the society’ provided by the constitutions (public law) of illiberal political regimes, applying a sociolegal perspective. Illiberal democracies are understood as electorally endorsed regimes produced by populism. The present paper concentrates on EU member states, using Hungarian examples. The constitution is understood as a symbolic order with a vision of society that changes social and political realities. The paper argues that illiberal constitutions do not need to depart from mainstream liberal constitutions, notwithstanding the strong nationalist element. The constitutional reality is mostly sub-constitutional and it operates at the level of statutes. The emerging political structure is based on the primacy of the executive branch which in turn serves personalistic rule in the tradition of Weberian Caesarism. The rule is centralistic and creates and consolidates social, cultural and economic dependencies. Following Szelényi and Max Weber, this traditionalist, and therefore antiliberal society (or the selection of these social structures among competing formations by the political management of the society) is described in terms of neo-feudalism. The emerging social relations are reflected in and enabled by public law. The illiberalism of the regimes is not imposed on society and it is greeted as liberation by a considerable part. This genuine sentiment, together with electoral and media manipulation is capable to sustain the illiberal personalistic regime through formally democratic processes.
Źródło:
Polish Sociological Review; 2019, 208, 4; 395-412
1231-1413
2657-4276
Pojawia się w:
Polish Sociological Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Projekt stanowiska Sejmu w sprawie o sygn. akt SK 55/13
Sejm draft position on the case ref. no. SK 55/13
Autorzy:
Iwański, Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/11543083.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
Tematy:
cannabis
Constitution
Constitutional Tribunal
religious freedom
Polska
Opis:
When examining the constitutionality of the contested Article 62 para. 1 and Article 63 para. 1 of the Preventing Drug Addiction Act, the author assumed that those provisions do not directly interfere with the freedom of religious practice. Therefore, such provisions to the extent that they relate to cannabis other than fiber hemp, are not incompatible with Article 53 para. 1 and para. 2 of the Constitution. It was also considered that the contested provisions do not apply to the medical use of narcotic drugs and can not be assessed in the context of Article 68 of the Constitution. Moreover, it was noted that the objectives of the prohibitions set forth in the challenged provisions can be considered justified by the guarantee of healthcare derived from the Constitution, indicating the usefulness of the contested regulation because of the general requirements of prevention and the duty of adequate protection of constitutional values. It is also claimed that restriction of access to medicinal products cannot be regarded as inconsistent with the prohibition of degrading treatment, which means that the above mentioned provisions are in conformity with Article 40 of the Constitution.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS; 2014, 3(43); 226-252
1896-9852
2082-064X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Constitution of the Republic of Poland as the Foundation of Democratic Society and State
Autorzy:
Osiński, Joachim
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/942258.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
Tematy:
Polska
constitutions
law
Round Table
the Minor Constitution
Opis:
Following the downfall of communist rule in 1989, most countries in Central and Eastern Europe promptly adopted new constitutions. In Poland, however, the constitutional debate consumed eight years. The paper aims at exploring the still relevant question whether the constitutional process should proceed more vigorously so that legal foundations of the newly restored democratic state could be laid right after the systemic change. It is argued that protracting disputes eventually allowed for adopting a constitution based on a broad consensus, thus contributed to a long-term political stability of the country.
Źródło:
Warsaw Forum of Economic Sociology; 2010, 1, 2; 123-142
2081-9633
Pojawia się w:
Warsaw Forum of Economic Sociology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kilka uwag na temat konstytucyjnej regulacji apolityczności sędziów w Polsce
Some comments on constitutional regulation of apoliticality of judges in Poland
Autorzy:
Mojski, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1047956.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Fundacja Niepodległości
Tematy:
apolityczność
sędziowie
konstytucja
Polska
apoliticality
judges
constitution
Polska
Opis:
One of the established standards of modern democratic countries is the apoliticality of judges. This standard is also referred to by the Constitution, which has been in force in Poland since 1997, which prohibits judges from belonging to political parties and trade unions, as well as from conducting public activities incompatible with the principles of the independence of courts and judges. However, in political practice the issue of apoliticality of Polish judges raises disputes regarding detailed matters, which in connection with statutory changes concerning the judiciary, in particular in recent years, have been gaining momentum. These disputes partly result from the not completely clear nature of the constitutional provisions, which refer to the principle of apoliticality of judges, but partly also from the wrong perception of this constitutional principle by some. The purpose of this article is to attempt to present the basic issues related to these problems in the context of applicable constitutional norms.
Źródło:
Prawo i Polityka; 2019, 9; 23-30
2080-5799
Pojawia się w:
Prawo i Polityka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Between independence and political subordination. A brief outline of the constitutional history of the judiciary in Poland in the years 1918–2018
Między niezawisłością a politycznym podporządkowaniem. Krótki zarys konstytucyjnej historii władzy sądowniczej w Polsce w latach 1918–2018
Autorzy:
Mojski, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/942139.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
judiciary
Polska
constitution
1918–2018
władza sądownicza
Polska
konstytucja
Opis:
On November 11, 2018, 100 years have passed since Poland regained its independence. This period, however, was not entirely the period of the peaceful development of a fully independent state, but a relatively short period of freedom (1918–1939) was interrupted by German occupation during World War II, and then by limited sovereignty and subjection to the Soviet Union in the years 1944–1989. It was not until 1989 that Poland entered again the path of political change that led to the democratization of social and political life and to the adoption in 1997 of the democratic Constitution that is still in force today. This difficult time is in line with the equally difficult history of the Polish judiciary, with the changing constitutional foundations of its organization and sometimes dramatic practice of its functioning. The aim of this study is to synthetically outline these issues, including the basic Polish constitutional norms of 1918– 2018 regarding the judiciary and a brief description of their impact on the functioning of Polish judicial authorities.
W dniu 11 listopada 2018 r. minęło 100 lat od odzyskania niepodległości przez Polskę. Okres ten nie należał jednak niestety w całości do czasu spokojnego rozwoju niepodległego państwa, ale po stosunkowo krótkim okresie wolności (1918–1939) wiązał się najpierw z niemiecką okupacją w czasie II wojny światowej, a następnie z ograniczoną suwerennością i podległością Związkowi Radzieckiemu w latach 1944–1989. Dopiero w 1989 roku Polska weszła ponownie na drogę przemian ustrojowych, które doprowadziły do demokratyzacji życia społecznego i politycznego i do przyjęcia w 1997 roku obowiązującej do dziś demokratycznej Konstytucji. W ten niełatwy czas wpisuje się równie trudna historia polskiego sądownictwa, ze zmieniającymi się konstytucyjnymi podstawami jego organizacji oraz dramatyczną niekiedy praktyką funkcjonowania. Celem tego opracowania jest syntetyczne zarysowanie tych zagadnień, z uwzględnieniem podstawowych polskich norm konstytucyjnych z lat 1918–2018 dotyczących sądownictwa i krótkim opisem ich wpływu na funkcjonowanie polskich organów sądowniczych.
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego; 2018, 6 (46); 167-175
2082-1212
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wybrane aspekty dobra rodziny oraz ochrony praw dziecka na podstawie przepisów Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z 2 kwietnia 1997 roku oraz nauczania Jana Pawła II skierowanego do rodaków w czasie pielgrzymek do Polski
Autorzy:
Kornecki, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/554831.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawła II w Krakowie
Tematy:
family
child
constitution
John Paul II
Polska
Church teaching
Opis:
The family is the union of two people whose relationship aims, among other things, at having children. The relationship built within the smallest cells of society, but also relationship affected by external factors. One of these external factors is the statutory law, including the constitution. The Polish Constitution with its regulations and principles protects the rights of both the child and family well-being. These rules, which form the basis of other legislative acts, should be respected and interpreted in the appropriate way. Pope John Paul II emphasized that family and children are the most important values for humanity. In papal teaching the protection of the family is discussed frequently and from many different angles. Modern Poland needs the family to exist. Hence one should not only listen to the voice of the Holy Father, but also explore the papal teachings on the family and children in Poland in subsequent research.
Źródło:
Annales Canonici; 2013, 9
1895-0620
Pojawia się w:
Annales Canonici
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Specificity of the Constitutionalization Process of Systemic Changes in Poland During the Period of Transformations
Specyfika procesu konstytucjonalizacji zmian ustrojowych w Polsce w okresie transformacji
Autorzy:
Dziemidok-Olszewska, Bożena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1920521.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Polska
constitutionalization
constitution
systemic changes
konstytucjonalizacja
konstytucja
zmiany ustrojowe
Polska
Opis:
The aim of the article is to indicate the prevalent features of the Polish process of constitutional and systemic changes in Poland in 1989-1997. It was assumed that the Polish process of constitutionalization was characterized by a number of specific features which were interrelated and dependent on each another. The aim of the paper is to recognize the phased character of the changes as the first feature of the political transformation process in Poland, whereas compromise should be regarded as its basic attribute. Other specific features (presented in the subsequent parts of the article) include: evolutionary, temporary, and pragmatic nature of the process.
Celem artykułu jest wskazanie głównych, dominujących cech polskiego procesu zmian konstytucyjno-ustrojowych w Polsce w latach 1989-1997. Przyjęto założenie, że polski proces konstytucjonalizacji posiadał szereg cech specyficznych, które były ze sobą powiązane i od siebie zależne. Hipotezą artykułu jest uznanie etapowości zmian za pierwszą, a kompromisu za podstawową cechę procesu transformacji ustrojowej w Polsce. Inne cechy specyficzne to: ewolucyjność, tymczasowość oraz pragmatyzm procesu zmian. Cechy te zostały przedstawione w kolejnych częściach artykułu.
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego; 2020, 6 (58); 115-126
2082-1212
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Water Security in Poland. Conceptualization and General Constitutional Conditions
Bezpieczeństwo wodne w Polsce. Konceptualizacja i ogólne warunki konstytucyjne
Autorzy:
Mojski, Wojciech
Mojska, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/940905.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
water security
Polska
constitution
bezpieczeństwo dostępu do wody Polska
konstytucja
Opis:
The summer 2019 in Poland was hot and dry. A similar trend was also observed in previous years, so Poles partly got used to the view of extremely low levels of rivers. But at the beginning of June, Skierniewice – a town of 47 000 people, ran out of water. Similar situations, which are expected to happen in Poland repeatedly, undermine the social sense of security, indicating that access to water may be at risk and it cannot be taken for granted. They also trigger discussion on the state’s responsibility to secure water of adequate quality and quantity to meet social and environmental water-related needs, in other words – to provide water security. The purpose of this article is to analyze a complex issue of “water security” in Poland, through the lenses of its general constitutional conditions. The article is divided into four sections. The first section considers the concept of “water security” as a theoretical framework and increasingly significant water governance paradigm; the second one briefly outlines the most pressing water security problems in Poland; the third one is focused on the constitutional characteristics of water security as a special task norm of the Polish basic law; finally, the fourth section analyzes water security as the constitutional right of an individual.
Lato 2019 r. w Polsce było rekordowo upalne i suche. Podobne tendencje widoczne były w poprzednich latach, dlatego po części przywykliśmy do widoku ekstremalnie niskich poziomów rzek. Jednak na początku czerwca w Skierniewicach – mieście zamieszkałym przez 47 000 osób, po prostu zabrakło wody. Tego typu sytuacje, które mają powtarzać się w Polsce, zakłócają społeczne poczucie bezpieczeństwa, wskazując, że dostęp do wody może być zagrożony i nie można go uznać za absolutny pewnik. Sprzyjają także dyskusji na temat odpowiedzialności państwa za zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa dostępu do wody. Celem artykułu jest analiza złożonego zjawiska bezpieczeństwa dostępu do wody w Polsce, przez pryzmat jego ogólnych uwarunkowań konstytucyjnych. Rozważania podzielono na cztery części. W pierwszej analizie poddano koncepcję bezpieczeństwa dostępu do wody jako formułę teoretyczną i zyskujący na znaczeniu paradygmat zarządzania zasobami wodnymi; w drugiej zwięźle omówiono najistotniejsze problemy bezpieczeństwa dostępu do wody w Polsce; w trzeciej dokonano ogólnej konstytucyjnej charakterystyki bezpieczeństwa wodnego jako szczególnej normy programowej polskiej ustawy zasadniczej, a w czwartej jako konstytucyjnego prawa jednostki.
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego; 2019, 6 (52); 415-431
2082-1212
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
La Constitution du 3 Mai 1791: entre la tradition et lavenir
Autorzy:
Baszkiewicz, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43446954.pdf
Data publikacji:
1992-12-31
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
Constitution
Polska
patriot
constitutionalism
reform
National Assembly
France
legislative power
Źródło:
Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1992, 1-4(93-96); 5-14
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:
Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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