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Tytuł:
Report of the academic community of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS) on the European integration and the place of Poland in the process
Autorzy:
(red. Jerzy Wilkin), Polska Akademia Nauk
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/703703.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
European integration
Polska
Polexit
EU future
Opis:
The interdisciplinary report is an effect of the work of a team of experts appointed by Division I for Humanities and Social Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN). The team consisted of representatives of academic committees of the division. Its task was to formulate answers to 20 questions most frequently asked in public discourse regarding costs and benefits of the European integration, relations between Poland and the EU authorities, threats to the integration, the future of the EU and the place of Poland in the Community. The authors express concern about the potential results of the negative attitude of the current Polish government towards the actions of the institutions of the EU, the growing criticism towards the European integration and the threat of marginalisation of Poland within the EU or even the possibility of Poland’s leaving the EU (Polexit). They also indicate the possible economic, political and civilizational outcomes of the actions of the Polish authorities which weaken Poland’s ties to the EU. The report urges the academic community to increase their research activity and involvement in the public debate regarding these vital issues.
Źródło:
Nauka; 2018, 1
1231-8515
Pojawia się w:
Nauka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Integracja europejska ukraińskich instytucji badawczych: perspektywy wykorzystania funduszy UE
European integration of Ukrainian research institutions: prospects of using of EU funds
Autorzy:
Zakharchuk, Yevgeniy
Koterlyn, Galyna
Khomyn, Maria
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/534330.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012-12-11
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydział Ekonomii
Tematy:
European integration
research institutions
EU funds
Opis:
The goal of this article is to present perspective of using European funds in Ukrainian research institutions. Effective cooperation of Ukraine with the European Union in the direction of research will foster the intensification of political and economic relations, the use of new mechanisms to stimulate research and development of public awareness of the importance of science for the development of society. Coordination of joint research interest is added by the integration of Ukraine (by creating a single space science and technology) with the European Union. Of particular importance is the fact that the mutual benefits of the research programs.
Źródło:
Przedsiębiorstwo i Region; 2012, 4; 98-102
2080-458X
Pojawia się w:
Przedsiębiorstwo i Region
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Constitutional Courts and the Implementation of EU Directives: A Comparative Analysis
Autorzy:
Kustra-Rogatka, Aleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706915.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-09-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
constitutional courts
judicial review
EU law
European integration
EU directives
Opis:
This article concerns constitutional problems related to the implementation of EU directives seen from both the legal and comparative perspectives. The directives are a source of law which share a number of characteristic features that significantly affect and determine the specificity of Member States’ constitutional review of the directives as well as the legal acts that implement them. The review of the constitutionality of EU directives is carried out in accordance with the provisions of national implementing acts. Member States’ constitutional courts adopt two basic positions in this respect. The first position (adopted by, inter alia, the French Constitutional Council and German Federal Constitutional Court) is based on the assumption of a partial “constitutional immunity” of the act implementing the directive, which results in only a partial control of the constitutionality of the implementing acts, i.e. the acts of national law implementing such directives. The second position, (adopted, explicitly or implicitly by, inter alia, the Austrian Federal Constitutional Court, Czech Constitutional Court, Polish Constitutional Court, Romanian Constitutional Court and Slovak Constitutional Court) concerns the admissibility of a full review of the implementing acts. This leads to the admissibility of an indirect review of the content of the directive if the Court examines the provision as identical in terms of content with an act of EU law. Another issue is related to the application of the EU directives as indirect yardsticks of review. The French Constitutional Council case-law on review of the proper implementation of EU directives represents the canon in this regard. Nonetheless, interesting case studies of further uses of EU directives as indirect yardsticks of review can be found in the case law of other constitutional courts, such as the Belgian Constitutional Court or Spanish Constitutional Court. The research presented in this paper is based on the comparative method. The scope of the analysis covers case law of the constitutional courts of both old and new Member States. It also includes a presentation of recent jurisprudential developments, focusing on the constitutional case-law regarding the Data Retention Directive and the Directive on Combating Terrorism.
Źródło:
Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2018, 38; 189-208
0554-498X
Pojawia się w:
Polish Yearbook of International Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
EU–Turkey Accession Negotiations: Towards a Diplomatic Failure?
Autorzy:
Osiewicz, Przemysław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/952079.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
European Union
European integration
EU enlargement
Turkey
Opis:
The ongoing EU–Turkey accession negotiations are probably the most complex talks related to the enlargement process in the EU’s history. Although they were initiated in 2005, so far both sides have managed to provisionally close only one out of 35 negotiation chapters. What’s more, the bilateral relations between the EU and Turkey are growing more and more tense. The most recent developments only prove that the talks may grind to a halt. It seems that both sides are tired of the endless negotiations and unexpected events, like the 2016 coup d’état in Turkey. The main aim of this article is to analyse the current political developments related to EU–Turkey negotiations in detail and find answers to two research questions. Will Turkey and the European Union face a diplomatic failure? What are the potential short-term scenarios?
Źródło:
Yearbook of Polish European Studies; 2017, 20; 153-168
1428-1503
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Polish European Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
How we might recover from the economic and social crisis through European integration deepening?
Autorzy:
Ciancio, Adriana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/524040.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-06-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
kryzys
integracja europejska
crisis in EU
European integration
Opis:
Artykuł przedstawia wyzwania, jakie w trakcie politycznej i ekonomicznej integracji w ramach Unii Europejskiej pojawiły się w związku z kryzysem ekonomicznym. Autorka przedstawia kwestie podejmowane w tym zakresie w orzecznictwie sądów konstytucyjnych państw członkowskich oraz Trybunał Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej oraz polityczne i prawne uwarunkowania decyzji tych organów.
The article regards the challenges which was brought by economic and social crisis durin European integration within EU. Author concerns questions taken up in this scope by ETJ and constitutional courts in European states as well as political and legal cicrcumstances of them.
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego; 2014, 3 (19); 161-174
2082-1212
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Problems of Ukraine’s integration into the European Union
Autorzy:
Stoika, Viktoriia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1918445.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Politechnika Śląska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej
Tematy:
integration
European integration
Ukraine
EU
reforms
integracja
integracja europejska
Ukraina
UE
reformy
Opis:
Purpose: The purpose of the article is to establish the place of Ukraine on the process of European integration and the identification of obstacles to full membership in the European Union. Design/methodology/approach: The methodological and theoretical basis of the article is the fundamental provisions of economic theory, the works of scientists and economists in the field of international economic relations and integration. Findings: The article explores the problems of Ukraine’s integration into the EU. The study analyzed the attitude of Ukrainians towards European integration, identified the main arguments for and against accession to the EU countries, as well as the main internal and external threats of the integration process. It has been determined that in recent years the proportion of the population that has supported Ukraine’s accession to the EU has significantly increased. From the integration into the EU, Ukrainians primarily expect to expand the space of their own capabilities and the country's internal development in accordance with modern world trends. It is concluded that the population considers a high level of corruption in the country, problems in the Donbass and the inefficiency of public administration as the main obstacles to this process. Most residents of Ukraine consider it necessary to implement European reforms, but the consequence of their implementation has identified significant problems in terms of their real social effect. It is determined that Ukraine in some macroeconomic indicators lags significantly behind the EU countries, continues to lose its position in the global ranking of countries in terms of economic competitiveness, and remains one of the poorest countries in Europe. A significant problem for the development of Ukraine is the labor migration of the population and, in particular, the increase in the number of illegal migrants - Ukrainians in Europe. The main achievements in the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU are analyzed and the main threats to the further European integration are identified. It is concluded that Ukraine needs to develop its own “action plan” for the possibility of realizing national interests, taking into account the interests of the parties involved in the integration process. Originality/value: The mood of Ukrainian society, the current position of the state, the main obstacles and priorities that Ukraine faces on the way to the EU have been analysed in detail.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska; 2020, 146; 469-486
1641-3466
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The rationale of Brexit and the theories of European integration
Autorzy:
Czech, Sławomir
Krakowiak-Drzewiecka, Monika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/19092809.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
European integration
Brexit
disintegration debate
future of the EU
Opis:
Research background: Recent developments have raised doubts on future sustainability of the EU as successful political and economic organization. Many phenomena - from euro and sovereign debt crisis to the emergence of right-wing, populist and anti-liberal movements - have brought into question the actual foundations of European integration, be it economic cooperation or a community of values. This problem became even more topical after the Brexit referendum. For this very reason a new strand of research on European disintegration has lately began to appear. It was supposed to fill in a serious gap in the body of literature, which had so far optimistically focused on integration processes. Purpose of the article: The aim of our work is to reflect on Brexit - which is an exemplification of disintegration tendencies - through the lenses of theories of European integration in order to find out how well the two match each other. We also try to identify the dynamics Brexit may provoke in theoretical research and in the future of European integration. Methods: We take three most influential theories of integration, i.e. neofunctionalism, intergovernmentalism and post-functionalism, and attempt to analyze Brexit by means of their main assumptions and internal logic. Findings & Value added: We believe that only post-functionalism is able to satisfactorily explain Brexit by turning to mass politics and questions of identity instead of economic rationality. We also suggest that analysis of such issues will become more important in future research on European integration.
Źródło:
Oeconomia Copernicana; 2019, 10, 4; 589-602
2083-1277
Pojawia się w:
Oeconomia Copernicana
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Single Market Enlargement and Technical Barriers to Trade: Revisiting the Evidence
Autorzy:
Hagemejer, Jan
Matuszczak, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/29431172.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-03-28
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Ekonomicznych
Tematy:
European integration
EU enlargement
gravity model
technical barriers to trade
Opis:
EU enlargements have given new EU member states access to the European Single Market. While tariff liberalisation was already completed at the time of enlargement, technical regulations were subject to different sectoral approaches, including harmonisation and mutual recognition. We employ a structural gravity model estimated using sectoral trade data from 1987 to 2020 to assess the trade effects of these measures. We find that trade expansion, particularly exports of the NMS to the incumbent EU members, has been stronger in the sectors covered either by the Old Approach (full harmonisation) or the New Approach (essential requirements) than in sectors covered by mutual recognition. The New Approach has been more effective when coupled with mutual recognition at the sector level than with either approach alone. Our results imply that the TBT harmonisation has had a heterogenous impact on different sectors (the most important for low-tech industries was the Old Approach, while for high-tech, it was the New Approach).
Źródło:
Central European Economic Journal; 2024, 11, 58; 79-96
2543-6821
Pojawia się w:
Central European Economic Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
European Union and European Integration Aspirations of Ukraine: Lost Possibilities and Sceptic Moods
Autorzy:
Hissa, Oleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/519608.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK
Tematy:
EU enlargement
Euroscepticism
European integration
European Neighbourhood Policy
Eastern Partnership
Opis:
The article deals with the problems of European integration. The Eurosceptic moods of the EU concerning the European integration of Ukraine are researched. The polls on European citizens’ opinion concerning enlargement are investigated. The interviews of European leaders concerning the enlargement are analyzed.
Źródło:
Historia i Polityka; 2014, 12(19); 57-65
1899-5160
2391-7652
Pojawia się w:
Historia i Polityka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Unia na rozdrożu – refleksje o przyszłości integracji europejskiej – 60-lecie Traktatów Rzymskich
European Union at the Crossroads – Reflections on the Future of European Integration on the Occasion of the 60th Anniversary of the Treaties of Rome
Autorzy:
Wieczorek, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/416485.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-08
Wydawca:
Najwyższa Izba Kontroli
Tematy:
Treaties of Rome
European integration
Eurozone
member states
future of EU
Opis:
The founders of the European Union, while signing the Treaties of Rome on 25th March 1957, foresaw that the construction of the united Europe would be accompanied by internal conflicts and crises. They believed that such temporary difficulties would not stop the integration process, but would rather strengthen the feeling of solidarity. However nowadays, when the emerging problems seem to question the future of the EU, it is not sure whether Europe will overcome them being more united indeed. In his article, the author discusses the most important political conditions that influence the debate on the future of the Union, he presents alternative scenarios of the further development of the European integration process in the perspective of the year 2025, and he attempts to set a potential place of Poland in the changing Europe.
Źródło:
Kontrola Państwowa; 2017, 62, 4 (375); 139-161
0452-5027
Pojawia się w:
Kontrola Państwowa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Participation in The Process of European Integrationas a Means of Cooperation of The Holy Seewith International Organisations
Autorzy:
Wielgosz, Maria Aleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1195147.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
The Holy See
EU
European integration
Holy See and the European Union
Opis:
A dynamic development of politics and international European relations makes the analysis of them considerably more difficult. Current research and analytical interest in it concentrates on the process of so-called European integration. The European Union is an epitome of a specific vision of humanity and a model of a society having a specific attitude towards certain values, in particular: systems of protecting human rights, respect for religious and cultural differences and dynamic economic development. The Holy See is not only a passive onlooker of civilisation changes. Concern for common welfare and peace keeping between particular nations was, is and always will be its priority. That is why it undertakes various forms of cooperation with international organisations. One of them is an eager interest and participation in European integration processes. The key and universal value connecting international organisations and the Holy See is still an inborn human dignity, which unites integration urge of many nations.
Źródło:
Review of European and Comparative Law; 2016, 24, 1; 101-117
2545-384X
Pojawia się w:
Review of European and Comparative Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Metafora w służbie polityki. Aleksander Kwaśniewski o wstąpieniu Polski do NATO i akcesji do Unii Europejskiej
Metaphor at the Service of Politics. Aleksander Kwaśniewski on Poland’s Accession to NATO and the European Union
Autorzy:
Wołoszyn, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2035337.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-27
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
metaphor
North Atlantic Alliance (NATO)
European Union (EU)
European integration
presidential discourse
Opis:
The aim of the article is to analyse selected metaphors used by the President of the Republic of Poland, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, in public appearances during his presidency in from 1995 to 2005. The subject of interest are public appearances in which A. Kwaśniewski talked about the preparation and accession of Poland to one of the most prestigious organisations in the world – the North Atlantic Alliance (NATO) in 1999 and the European Union (EU) in 2004. The author analyses selected metaphors (including: HOME, ROAD, FAMILY), regarding Poland’s accession to these structures, which were used by the president in his speeches. The author discusses how A. Kwaśniewski, who was then the head of state, used metaphors to present his attitude towards the issue of Poland’s integration with North Atlantic Alliance and accession to the European Union and what vision of Poland’s presence in these structures he had.
Źródło:
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza; 2021, 28, 2; 393-413
1233-8672
2450-4939
Pojawia się w:
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Europeizacja partii politycznych reprezentujących interesy nacjonalistyczne.,. regionalne i etnoregionalne w „starej” i „nowej” Europie
Europeanization of political parties that represent nationalistic, regional and ethnoregional interests in the “old” and “new” Europe
Autorzy:
Kosowska-Gąstoł, Beata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/489763.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
Tematy:
ethnoregional parties
nationalistic parties
regional parties
European integration
cooperation of parties in EU
Opis:
The aim of the article is to present how European integration influences nationalistic, regional, and ethnoregional parties (top-down Europeanization) and how these types of national parties influence Europe and what structures they form to influence the decisionmaking process of the European Union (bottom-down Europeanization). The article is divided into three parts. The first part characterizes the phenomenon of Europeanization of political parties. It also attempts at defining nationalistic, regional, and ethnoregional parties. The second part presents the attitude of such parties towards European integration and factors that influence it. The parties were divided into nationalistic parties that represent the domineering nation, and parties of preferential nationalism. The third part of the article discusses institutionalisation of the cooperation of parties of preferential nationalism on the European level, taking into consideration cooperation in the European Parliament (Greens/ EFA fraction) and non-Parliamentarian organization – European Free Alliance (EFA).
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica; 2013, 11; 55-86
2081-3333
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
New generation trade agreements as an economic challenge for the European Union and its Member States – the case of CETA
Autorzy:
Magdalena, Śliwińska,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/894720.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-08-14
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
new-generation trade agreements
CETA
economic integration
EU
European integration
umowy handlowe nowej generacji
integracja gospodarcza
UE
integracja europejska
Opis:
Tzw. umowy handlowe nowej generacji, takie jak podpisane przez Unię Europejską i Kanadę porozumienie CETA obejmują nie tylko liberalizację handlu towarami i utworzenie strefy wolnego handlu, ale również wiele innych obszarów. Należą do nich m.in.: liberalizacja rynku usług, w tym usług o charakterze publicznym, wzajemne uznawanie kwalifikacji zawodowych, deregulacja i liberalizacja rynków finansowych, zacieśnienie współpracy w ramach ochrony własności intelektualnej, czy wzajemna ochrona inwestycji. Z rozważań przeprowadzonych w niniejszej pracy wynika, że analiza konsekwencji tego typu umów powinna być przeprowadzana nie tylko na poziomie całego ugrupowania integracyjnego jakim jest UE, ale też z punktu widzenia pojedynczych państw członkowskich, których poziom rozwoju gospodarczego oraz struktury gospodarek znacznie się od siebie różnią. Jest to istotne dla odpowiedniego przygotowania się do wejścia w życie takiego porozumienia, stworzenia warunków do pełnego wykorzystania wynikających z niego szans i dostosowania się do nowej, specyficznej dla danego państwa sytuacji rynkowej oraz uniknięcia największych możliwych zagrożeń.
Źródło:
Przegląd Europejski; 2018, 4; 141-158
1641-2478
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Europejski
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ funduszy unijnych na zróżnicowanie dochodów w Polsce – przykład dopłat bezpośrednich i rent strukturalnych
The Impact of European Funds on Income Inequality in Poland – the Example of Direct Payments and Structural Pensions
Autorzy:
Graca-Gelert, Patrycja
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/549233.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
Gini
nierówności
UE
integracja europejska
fundusze unijne
inequality
EU
European integration
European funds
Opis:
Zwiększony napływ funduszy unijnych do Polski oddziaływał na nierówności dochodów gospodarstw domowych na bardzo wielu płaszczyznach. Dokładne zbadanie wpływu środków pomocowych na zróżnicowanie dochodów jest bardzo złożonym problemem badawczym. Po pierwsze, występują trudności z przypisaniem beneficjentów funduszy konkretnym osobom, gospodarstwom lub grupom w rozkładzie dochodów. Po drugie, środki pomocowe z UE mogą oddziaływać dwojako na podział dochodów – bezpośrednio i pośrednio, co zwiększa złożoność analizy. Po trzecie, fundusze oddziałują na zróżnicowanie dochodów poprzez wiele kanałów, a wpływ ten jest często rozłożony w czasie. Niniejsze opracowanie ma na celu: 1) nakreślenie ogólnych ram oddziaływania funduszy unijnych na zróżnicowanie dochodów w Polsce oraz 2) ilościowe oszacowanie wpływu dwóch rodzajów funduszy – dopłat bezpośrednich oraz rent strukturalnych – na zróżnicowanie dochodów gospodarstw domowych w Polsce w okresie 2005–2010. Do badania wykorzystano jednostkowe nieidentyfikowalne dane z badań budżetów gospodarstw domowych GUS. Analiza empiryczna wpływu dopłat bezpośrednich oraz rent strukturalnych na nierówności dochodów w Polsce prowadzi do wniosku, iż oba te źródła dochodów łącznie powodowały zmniejszenie się zróżnicowania dochodów w porównaniu ze scenariuszem, w którym te kategorie zostałyby pominięte. Bardziej szczegółowa analiza pokazuje jednak, że spadek rozpiętości docho-dów był jedynie efektem rent strukturalnych, dopłaty bezpośrednie natomiast oddziaływały w kierunku zwiększania rozpiętości dochodowych gospodarstw domowych, co wynikało prawdopodobnie stąd, że ich beneficjentami byli przeważnie wielkoobszarowi rolnicy.
The increased inflow of EU-funds influenced income inequality in Poland through various channels. A precise estimation of this impact is a very complex research problem. First, it is often not possible to identify the funds’ beneficiaries (persons, households, groups) in the income distri-bution. Second, European funds may influence income inequality in a direct or (and) indirect way, which makes the analysis of this impact more complex. Third, European funds influence income inequality through many channels and this impact is often spread over time. This survey is aimed at 1) framing the very general aspects of the influence of European funds on income inequality in Poland and 2) estimating the impact of direct payments and struc-tural pensions on income inequality in Poland in the period 2005–2010. The data used to carry out the calculations come from the Polish CSO household budget surveys. The analysis revealed that the joint effect of direct payments and structural pensions on in-come inequality in Poland was negative throughout the analyzed period, i.e. these categories of funds caused inequality to decrease. A more detailed analysis shows that the decrease in income disparities was due to structural pensions. Direct payments led to an increase in income inequality, which resulted most probably from the fact that their beneficiaries were mainly richer income groups – large landowners.
Źródło:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy; 2014, 38; 180-190
1898-5084
2658-0780
Pojawia się w:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 35

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