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Tytuł:
Le “Auree norme” del GDLI. Quando le norme redazionali diventano grammaticali
The “Golden Rules” of GDLI: When Style Sheet Becomes Grammar
Autorzy:
Corino Rovano, Silvia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/446509.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-06-20
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
grammatica
dizionario
lessico
regole
italiano
grammar
dictionary
lexicon
rules
Italian
Opis:
Tutte le redazioni di dizionari prevedono delle regole di edizione. Ogni collaboratore, infatti, deve attenersi allo stile previsto dalla pubblicazione. Così chiunque intenda partecipare al lavoro redazionale, viene di solito provvista di un fascicolo più o meno consistente che contiene le norme per scrivere i lemmi. Naturalmente anche i redattori del GDLI vennero forniti di questo tipo di materiale. Ogni collaboratore riceveva un sottile libretto dal titolo Auree norme cui doveva attenersi. Tuttavia, ad un esame attento di questo fascicolo, le indicazioni previste dal GDLI appaiono più ricche ed articolate. Infatti, non contengono soltanto un insieme di regole formali e di indicazioni tipografiche, ma hanno un respiro molto più ampio. Il redattore si trova di fronte ad una serie di regole relative all’ortografia e alla grammatica. La presente ricerca intende individuare le norme di interesse grammaticale e alcuni elementi di morfologia e sintassi emersi durante la discussione della redazione.
All dictionary editors have editorial rules. In fact, every collaborator must follow the style foreseen by the publication. To this end, every person who intends to participate in the editorial work is usually provided with a more or less consistent style sheet that contains the rules for writing the lemmas. The editors of the GDLI were also provided with this type of material. Each collaborator, in fact, received a thin booklet entitled “Auree norme”, or “Golden rules”, that he had to follow. However, upon a careful examination of this precious file, the indications provided by the GDLI appear richer and more articulated than the usual set of editorial norms. In fact, they do not only contain a set of formal and typographical rules, but they have a much wider perspective: the editor is faced with a series of indications concerning spelling and grammar. The present research aims to identify the norms of grammatical interest and some elements of morphology and syntax that emerged during the discussion of the editing process of these dictionaries.
Źródło:
Italica Wratislaviensia; 2018, 9.1; 51-69
2084-4514
Pojawia się w:
Italica Wratislaviensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Stabilność fiskalna w warunkach kryzysu gospodarczego a konstytucyjne reguły fiskalne – ujęcie prawnofinansowe
The Fiscal Sustainability in the Economic Crisis and the Constitutional Fiscal Rules – Legal and Financial Perspective
Autorzy:
Rabiej, Ewelina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27177686.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
stabilność fiskalna
reguły fiskalne
kryzys gospodarczy
COVID-19
fiscal sustainability
fiscal rules
economic crisis
Opis:
The aim of the article is to analyse selected theoretical and practical aspects of fiscal sustainability and the conditions of economic crisis, in the constitutional and financial context. The legal regulations on the stabilisation of state finances and the constitutional fiscal rules are presented. The values of fiscal indicators in the EU countries in the years 2019–2022 have been compared. The research shows that, despite the increasing legal regulations and progressive constitutionalisation of fiscal rules, intensive intervention measures taken to counteract the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have led to fiscal destabilisation.
Celem artykułu jest analiza wybranych teoretycznych oraz praktycznych aspektów stabilności fiskalnej w warunkach kryzysu gospodarczego, w kontekście konstytucyjnym oraz finansowym. Przedstawiono regulacje prawne stabilizacji finansów państwa oraz konstytucyjne reguły fiskalne. Zestawiono wartości wskaźników fiskalnych w państwach UE w latach 2019–2022. Z badań wynika, że mimo coraz szerszych regulacji prawnych i postępującej konstytucjonalizacji reguł fiskalnych, intensywne działania interwencyjne, podjęte w celu przeciwdziałania gospodarczym skutkom pandemii COVID-19, doprowadziły do destabilizacji fiskalnej.
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego; 2023, 6(76); 229-245
2082-1212
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
O potrzebie zreformowania mechanizmów odpowiedzialności za naruszenia Zasad Etyki Poselskiej
On the Need to Reform the Mechanisms of Accountability for Violations of the Rules of Ethics of Deputies
Autorzy:
Juchniewicz, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2035949.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-02-28
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Members of Parliament
accountability
rules of ethics of deputies
Deputies’ Ethics Committee
posłowie
odpowiedzialność
zasady etyki poselskiej
Komisja Etyki Poselskiej
Opis:
Considering the poor standards of public life, the existence and functioning of the Deputies’ Ethics Committee constitute essential elements of the Polish parliamentarism. Although not the only one, the principal task of the Deputies’ Ethics Committee is to react to the actions of deputies that violate the rules of ethics of deputies adopted in 1997. After more than 20 years of the Committee’s operation, we can identify areas where there are noticeable dysfunctions, e.g. the composition of the Committee, the mechanism of imposing penalties and their type. With the 2018 amendment to the Standing Orders of the Sejm, a new mechanism was also introduced to hold deputies accountable for actions violating ethical standards occurring during sessions of the chamber as well as on the premises under the authority of the Chancellery of the Sejm, effectively allowing us to speak of a duality of accountability.
Wobec niskich standardów życia publicznego istnienie i działalność Komisji Etyki Poselskiej stanowią niezbędne aspekty polskiego parlamentaryzmu. Głównym, chociaż nie jedynym, zadaniem Komisji Etyki Poselskiej jest reagowanie na działania posłów naruszających przyjęte w 1997 r. Zasady Etyki Poselskiej. Po ponad dwudziestu latach doświadczeń Komisji można wskazać obszary, w których dostrzegalne są dysfunkcje np. skład komisji, mechanizm wymierzania i rodzaj wymierzanych kar. Dokonaną w 2018 r. zmianą regulaminu Sejmu, wprowadzono także nowy mechanizm egzekwowania wobec posłów odpowiedzialności za działania naruszające standardy etyczne mające miejsce podczas posiedzeń izby, jak i na terenie podlegającym Kancelarii Sejmu, co w praktyce pozwala mówić o dualizmie odpowiedzialności.
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego; 2022, 1 (65); 45-55
2082-1212
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Legal and socio-economic problems that arise during the detection of signs of violations of customs rules, and identifying property which has no owner or owner who is unknown by border and fiscal authorities
Autorzy:
Havrik, Roman
Petrechenko, Svitlana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1933926.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
customs control
border control
violation of customs rules
interaction
state border guard
customs
Opis:
In this research paper the author considers the problematic aspects of interaction of bodies (units) of state border protection and customs of the State Customs Service of Ukraine during the detection of signs of violations of customs rules, as well as the indentifying property that has no owner or owner unknown at border crossings. entry-exit checkpoint, in the controlled border area. At the same time, the current state of legal regulation of this issue, the main legislative developments in this area, which took place in connection with the joint order of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine number 849/828, foreign approaches to cooperation between customs and border units. Based on the study, it was concluded that the issues of cooperation between state border guards and customs of the State Customs Service of Ukraine are regulated by the updated Procedure number 849/828, approved by a joint order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine. a number of powers from the administrative-operational group to draw up reports on administrative offenses, to send an act of detection, and on the property of the owner, who is unknown or as has no owner - transfer of property to the relevant department of the State Customs Service of Ukraine, to other officials of state border guards, and also extended the validity of this document not only to cases of violations of customs rules, property whose owner has no owner or whose owner is unknown, detected at checkpoints across the state border of Ukraine, but also for similar cases detected at the checkpoint of entry-exit, in the controlled border area. At the same time, the mentioned Procedure number 849/828 does not solve a number of urgent issues of such interaction, such as: insufficiently effective coordination of work of state border guards and customs of the State Customs Service of Ukraine on ensuring unity of customs and border control, impossibility to send a representative protection of the state border (units of protection of the state border) and customs of the State Customs Service of Ukraine, carrying out separate control in cases when it is necessary to carry out joint control, lack of interest in such interaction, lack of a specific list of reasons when a joint inspection should be conducted, lack of sanctions for failure to conduct a joint inspection in case of detection of goods moving in violation of customs rules and border legislation without sufficient reasons. Therefore, a solution to these problems is proposed.
Źródło:
Reality of Politics; 2020, 14; 45-57
2082-3959
Pojawia się w:
Reality of Politics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wartość dowodowa oraz możliwość przesłuchania osób starszych, chorych i zaburzonych psychicznie
Autorzy:
Jagiełło, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2231129.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-06-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Interrogation
sick person mentally
evidence value
evidence
rules of interrogation
Opis:
Examining persons with psychic disturbances is characteristic of particular rules. Different also an attitude should be examining which one should adapt to these specific conditions. Examining should be marked among others cares in the choice of words, with the deliberation, or the lack of the irony. Also showing interest is essential, understandings, and in addition serious treating the interviewed person. Applying no conventional scheme for his accomplishment isn’t possible, whereas this way made statements constitute rightful evidence in a criminal trial.
Źródło:
Themis Polska Nova; 2014, 1(6); 165-174
2084-4522
Pojawia się w:
Themis Polska Nova
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
“Right to Truth” and Memory Laws: General Rules and Practical Implications
Autorzy:
Baranowska, Grażyna
Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594538.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
right to truth
memory laws
Ukraine
Polska
Russia
Opis:
The “right to truth” relates to the obligation of the state to provide information about the circumstances surrounding serious violations of human rights. Despite its increasing recognition, the concept raises questions as to its scope and implementation as well as its existence as a free-standing right. Similarly, “memory laws” relate to the way states deal with their past. However, there are certain „memory laws” that, while officially serving as a guarantee for accessing historical truth, lead to its deformation. As a result, an “alternative” truth, based on the will of the legislators, is being imposed. In this article, the authors elaborate on the general nature of the new legal phenomenon of the „right to truth”, as a tool of transitional justice, in particular in the context of both providing and abusing historical truth by the legislators, through the instrument of “memory laws”.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2018, 1 (47); 97-109
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zasady polityki Unii Europejskiej w walce z międzynarodowym terroryzmem
The Rules of the European Union Policy In the Fight Against International Terrorism
Autorzy:
Wojnicz, Luiza
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2159242.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-03-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Opis:
Regulations and records relating to the fight against terrorism are scattered in many documents of the EU. After their statement they form a kind of set the acquis terrorisme, as a part of acquis communautaire in the fight against terrorism. The author tried to identify the first principles which are implemented in force in the fight against international terrorism. Aspects of serving as a kind of context to clarify the rules are: cooperation at the external borders, which are rules adopted in the functioning of the Schengen area, judicial cooperation in criminal matters, the principle of combating terrorism in foreign policy.
Źródło:
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne; 2013, 37; 176-193
1505-2192
Pojawia się w:
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Władza parlamentów narodowych w zakresie stanowienia i interpretowania zasad Unii Europejskiej. Analiza funkcjonalna
The power of national parliaments to make and interpret European Union rules. Functional analysis
Autorzy:
Czachór, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/50969971.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-03-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
power
parliaments
making and interpreting rules
system
władza
parlamenty
stanowienie i interpretowania zasad
Opis:
The scientific aim of the article is to identify the principles relating to the power of national parliaments in the European Union system. The research problem is the analysis of the process of establishing and interpreting rules by national parliaments, examined using functional analysis. The research argument here is based on the theoretical perspective of neorealism and refers to the rules of competence influencing the further functioning of the European Union. In terms of research results, the article answers questions about the consequences of strengthening the competences of national parliaments in terms of setting and interpreting the principles of the European Union. The originality and relevance of the problem contained in the article is based on the empirical belief that the expanding power of national parliaments in the EU directly affects the quality and legitimacy of the decision-making process by the EU institutions.
Celem naukowym artykułu jest identyfikacja zasad odnoszących się do władzy parlamentów narodowych w systemie Unii Europejskiej. Problemem badawczym jest natomiast analiza procesu stanowienia oraz interpretowania zasad przez parlamenty narodowe, badanych przy użyciu analizy funkcjonalnej. Wywód naukowy opiera się tu na perspektywie teoretycznej neorealizmu i odnosi się do reguł kompetencyjnych wpływających na dalsze funkcjonowanie Unii Europejskiej. W zakresie wyników badawczych artykuł odpowiada na pytania dotyczące konsekwencji wzmacniania kompetencji parlamentów narodowych w zakresie stanowienia i interpretowania zasad funkcjonowania Unii Europejskiej. Oryginalność i aktualność problemu zawartego w artykule oparta jest na empirycznym przekonaniu, że rozszerzająca się władza parlamentów narodowych w UE wpływa bezpośrednio na jakość i legitymizację procesu podejmowania decyzji przez instytucje UE.
Źródło:
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne; 2024, 81; 197-208
1505-2192
Pojawia się w:
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An Analysis of the Institutional Practices and Pedagogical Actions in Sport of People with Disabilities
Autorzy:
Niedbalski, Jakub
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1997046.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-06-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
sport
disability
educational practices
rituals
institutional rules and principles
Opis:
The purpose of the conducted research was to analyze the processual dimension of the transformations of a disabled person’s life which take place under the influence of experiences related to practicing sport. Therefore, the article attempts to discuss the issues related to the influence of sport institutions responsible for the organization of sport practiced by physically disabled individuals in their care. In the article, I try to prove the similarity of the sport structure with the educational system structure where, apart from the strictly educational functions, there are also socialization processes taking place, diverse in terms of measures and results. The basis for the realization of the purpose mentioned above was the personal experiences of the researched individuals. Hence, the research exploits qualitative data collected during participant observations and in-depth free interviews conducted among the disabled practicing sports. Analysis and interpretation of the research material was performed in accordance with the procedures of grounded theory. The article has been prepared as a consequence of research carried out between 2012 and 2015 among the society of the disabled who practice professional sports. The studies are related to the characteristics of a sports career of the disabled, which, regarding its specificity, is deeply rooted in institutionalized initiation practices regarding inclusion, continuance and the maintenance of the main action, i.e., practicing sport.
Źródło:
Kultura i Edukacja; 2017, 2(116); 177-195
1230-266X
Pojawia się w:
Kultura i Edukacja
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ograniczenie zasady działania sądu z urzędu i jego wpływ na wyrokowanie
Autorzy:
Sobczak, Jacek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2225755.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
adversarial principle
criminal proceedings
reform of the criminal process
court
prosecutor
rules of evidence
Opis:
The adversarial principle is merely the name of a specific type of organizing process, not a specific Directive of criminal proceedings. The adversarial principle is uniformly recognized as non-codified directive, according to which the criminal process is conducted in the form of equal sides dispute before the impartial court. The adversarial principle in criminal proceedings is something other than adversarial in civil proceedings. The adversarial principle was exposed in the course of work on the revision of the Code of criminal proceedings. The creators of the reform emphasized that Article 167 § 1 of the Code of criminal proceedings differently than it did before, sets out the rules of proof, giving this task in the hands of the parties, leaving only the court admissibility of evidence, and reducing the possibility of taking evidence by the court to exceptional cases justified special circumstances. The creators of the reform emphasized that Article 167 § 1 of the Code of criminal proceedings differently than it did before, sets out the rules of taking of evidence, giving this process to the parties, leaving only the admissibility of evidence to the court, and reducing the possibility of taking evidence by the court to exceptional cases justified by special circumstances. Will be changed the rules for transfer of the court materials from preliminary proceedings. Another important issue is the systematization of the list of evidence, in accordance with the modified Article 333 § 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and solutions for planning of court hearings. May cause discussions restriction the possibility of taking the initiative of the evidence by the court. The changes enforce proactive stance of the accused, even though he should be able to take advantage of the „right to silence”. Militate against the principle of adversarial problems brought to light on the background of the appeal proceedings. You can express its concern that the adversarial principle in the present approach will detrimental to the presumption of innocence, leading to a model of „proceedings for the rich”. These changes will force to remodel the psyche of judges who feel guilty persons determining cases of dispute run by the parties, not the players involved who have the task of replacing the prosecutor.
Źródło:
Themis Polska Nova; 2014, 2(7); 27-43
2084-4522
Pojawia się w:
Themis Polska Nova
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Emotional Culture as a Context of Education: Why Emotional Culture is Important for Pedagogy?
Autorzy:
Przybylska, Irena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1931993.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
feeling rules
semiotic concept of culture
emotional education
emotional culture
social control
Opis:
In the article, I search for the connection between emotions culture and education by examining the affective reproduction of culture. Building on the tradition of Émile Durkheim, in the works by Arlie Russell Hochschild and Steven Gordon the concept of emotional culture is (re)constructed. Emotional culture is understood as the specific complex of emotion vocabularies, feeling rules, and beliefs about emotions. Emotions and their meaning provide a socio-psychological mechanism that controls/develops individuals and groups. In the text, it is argued that the concept of emotional culture adds a distinctive conceptual tool for studying different educational contexts and environments. To examine this argument, the article is divided into three parts. First, an overview of the concepts and theories that underlie the term of emotional culture is given. In the second part, the concept is analyzed in the light of modern cultural studies. The article closes by pointing out pedagogical implications, especially those connected with emotional education.
Źródło:
Kultura i Edukacja; 2021, 4(134); 89-104
1230-266X
Pojawia się w:
Kultura i Edukacja
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ewolucja społeczności międzynarodowej w nowej dynamice stosunków międzynarodowych
Evolution of International Society in the New Dynamics of International Relations
Autorzy:
Bryc, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2170104.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-04-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
evolution of society
international society
political transformations
globalization
norms
values
rules
Opis:
In the classical meaning, the international society consisting of sovereign states plays a role of an international environment in the international system. Taking into consideration the dynamic transformation in the world politics after the Cold War, globalization, the strengthened international interdependence in its vertical, as well as horizontal realms, and the institutionalization of international social and political spheres fuels the discussion about the future of the international society, its inner structural changes, common norms, values, and rules. The thesis of the paper is the claim that the changes in international state-society reflecting the dynamic of world politics and the global trends do change the character of the international society, but do not change its essence. A growing and seemingly lasting process is strengthening the role of culture and identity in shaping the new structure of the international society.
Źródło:
Kultura i Edukacja; 2014, 2(102); 45-63
1230-266X
Pojawia się w:
Kultura i Edukacja
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Płynna gramatyka. Wybrane problemy metodologii i dydaktyki gramatyki języka włoskiego
Liquid Grammar: Some Problems Regarding the Methodology and Didactics of Italian Grammar
Autorzy:
Słapek, Daniel
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/446296.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Italian grammar
grammar rules
grammar didactics
gramatyka języka włoskiego
reguły gramatyczne
dydaktyka gramatyki
Opis:
Italian grammar today is still subject to change and reinterpretation. In this article, I attempt to introduce some problems regarding Italian grammar from the point of view of the methodology of grammar didactics. It is not, therefore, a study of the standard Italian language; rather, it is mainly a reflection on the creation of grammar rules and their explication in grammar textbooks that are dedicated primarily to foreigners. The problems that students of Italian grammar may encounter are the following, among others: the presentation of outdated grammar structures (the differences between standard grammar and actual language practice); a lack of explicitly expressed rules for various language problems; a lack of discussion about grammatical differences that result due to sociolinguistic variations; and a lack of appropriate comments for some grammar issues, which cause difficulties for foreigners. I seek to suggest some methodological solutions and to define the features of grammar (textbooks) on an academic level that could help to overcome—at least partially—similar problems. All questions that I discuss in the present text are illustrated with examples taken from popular academic grammar textbooks written by Polish and Italian linguists.
Reguły gramatyczne języka włoskiego wciąż podlegają zmianom i reinterpretacjom. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu omówienie wybranych problemów języka włoskiego z puntku widzenia metodologii nauczania gramatyki. Nie jest to studium nad normą językową, lecz raczej refleksja nad tworzeniem reguł gramatycznych i ich eksplikacją w podręcznikach gramatyki opisowej języka włoskiego pisanych z myślą o obcokrajowcach. Problemy, jakie napotkać mogą czytelnicy gramatyk włoskich, to m.in.: przywoływanie reguł przestarzałych lub brak omówienia nowych, dopuszczalnych form gramatycznych (a zatem rozbieżności między normą gramatyczną a uzusem językowym), brak eksplicytnie wyrażonych reguł dla wybranych problemów językowych, brak omówienia różnic gramatycznych ze względu na społeczne odmiany języka, czy też brak stosownych komentarzy dla problemów gramatycznych sprawiających trudności obcokrajowcom. Spróbuję zaproponować pewne rozwiązania metodologiczne oraz nakreślić cechy gramatyki (podręcznika) na poziomie akademickim, które podobne problemy – przynajmniej w pewnym stopniu – pomogą przezwyciężyć. Omawiane w tekście kwestie zilustrowane są przykładami zaczerpniętymi z popularnych akademickich gramatyk języka włoskiego autorstwa polskich i włoskich językoznawców.
Źródło:
Italica Wratislaviensia; 2016, 7; 231-247
2084-4514
Pojawia się w:
Italica Wratislaviensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Il tipo "macchina da scrivere": tra norma, competenza grammaticale e sintassi storica
"Macchina da scrivere": Between Grammar Rule, Grammatical Competence, and Historical Syntax
Autorzy:
Mastrantonio, Davide
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/446354.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-06-20
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
grammatica normativa
competenza grammaticale
sintassi storica
allineamenti morfosintattici
modalità deontica
grammar rules
grammatical competence
historical syntax
morphosyntactic alignment
deontic modality
Opis:
In questo contributo affrontiamo i costrutti formati da “nome + da + infinito”, p. es. macchina da scrivere, macchina da cucire e altri. Nel corso del Novecento, espressioni come quelle appena menzionate sono state giudicate sbagliate da una certa tradizione grammaticale; al loro posto, secondo questi grammatici, si sarebbero dovuti usare i costrutti concorrenti formati con la preposizione “per”, cioè macchina per scrivere, macchina per cucire ecc. Questa posizione ha influenzato almeno una generazione di discenti ed è stata contestata dagli storici della lingua, i quali hanno mostrato che le forme con la preposizione “da” sono ben attestate fin dall’italiano antico, p. es. tavolo da giocare, armi da combattere, pancha da sedere, cane da combattere. Ciò che finora non è stato fatto è cercare una spiegazione in termini linguistici di questa apparente contraddizione. La soluzione può essere trovata prendendo in considerazione una rianalisi sintattica che si è verificata nel passaggio dall’italiano antico all’italiano contemporaneo. Tale rianalisi interessa il fenomeno della transitività: mentre nell’italiano antico il ruolo sintattico del nome che regge “da + infinito” non aveva nessuna rilevanza nella formazione del costrutto, nell’italiano contemporaneo tale nome deve corrispondere al complemento diretto del verbo all’infinito (p. es. libro da leggere, cf. leggere il libro, ma *coltello da tagliare, cf. *tagliare il coltello). Forme come macchina da scrivere sono sopravvissute alla restrizione in quanto polirematizzate, pertanto avvertite come unità non separabili.
In this paper, we deal with constructions featuring a noun followed by “da + infinitive”, such as macchina da scrivere and macchina da cucire. During the 20th century, such phrases were considered wrong by some grammarians; the rule that grammarians proposed instead was to modify such constructions by replacing the preposition da with the preposition per, as in macchina per scrivere and macchina per cucire. As a matter of fact, this prescription influenced at least one generation of students, as can be seen in posts and discussions found on websites and in grammar questions addressed to linguists. Historical linguists reject such a prescription, showing that constructions with da frequently are found in Old Italian texts, as in tavolo da giocare, armi da combattere, pancha da sedere, and cane da combattere. Until now, there have been no attempts to provide a linguistic explanation of the state of things. The apparent contradiction can be solved if one takes into account a syntactic re-analysis that took place within the transition from Old to Modern Italian: the syntactic role of the name preceding “da + infinitive” has no relevance in Old Italian; on the contrary, in Modern Italian, the name must correspond to the direct object of the infinitive (i.e., libro da leggere, cf. leggere il libro, but *coltello da tagliare, cf. *tagliare il coltello). Phrases like macchina da scrivere were not affected by such a restriction, as they are phrasemes, hence perceived as a unity.
Źródło:
Italica Wratislaviensia; 2018, 9.1; 107-121
2084-4514
Pojawia się w:
Italica Wratislaviensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Scope of Immunity of Members of the Bundestag – A Case Study of a Bundestag Member, Mr. Pofalla
Zakres immunitetu posła do Bundestagu – kazus posła Pofalli
Autorzy:
Bezubik, Kamila M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/940924.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
immunity
Fundamental Law
Bundestag’s Rules of Procedure Federal Constitutional Court
immunitet
Ustawa Zasadnicza
Regulamin Bundestagu
Federalny
Sąd Konstytucyjny
Opis:
Members of the Bundestag enjoy parliamentary immunity under the Basic Law. The mem- ber may be held liable or arrested for an offense punishable by criminal law only if the Bundestag permits it and waives the member’s immunity, unless the member is caught red-handed or on the following day. Since the majority rule also applies here, the deci- sion to waive immunity is decided by the governing majority. This raises the question, especially on the part of members of individual opposition parties, to what principles the Bundestag is subject to when deciding whether or not to waive the immunity of a mem- ber of the Bundestag. The Bundestag’s reservation of permission (Genehmigungsvorbe- halt) to conduct criminal proceedings according with the jurisprudence of the Federal Constitutional Court serves primarily the benefit of the parliament as a whole. The sub- jective rights of members of the Bundestag to certain conduct of the Bundestag cannot be derived directly from the Article 46 (2) of the Basic Law. However, pursuant to the second paragraph of Article 46 in conjunction with the second sentence of the Article 38 (1) of the Basic Law, a member of the Bundestag may demand that the Bundestag, deciding whether or not to waive his or her immunity, not be guided by unreasonable and arbitrary motives.
Posłowie do Bundestagu korzystają z zagwarantowanego w Ustawie Zasadniczej immunitetu parlamentarnego. Za czyn zagrożony karą poseł może zostać pociągnięty do odpowiedzialności albo aresztowany tylko wtedy, gdy Bundestag wyrazi na to zgodę i uchyli immunitet, chyba że zostanie on schwytany w chwili popełnienia czynu lub w ciągu następnego dnia. Ponieważ również w tym przypadku ma zastosowanie zasada większości, decyzja o uchyleniu immunitetu leży w gestii większości rządzącej. Powstaje w związku z tym pytanie, szczególnie po stronie deputowanych poszczególnych partii opozycyjnych, jakim zasadom podlega Bundestag przy podejmowaniu decyzji o ewentualnym uchyleniu immunitetu posła. Przysługujące Bundestagowi zastrzeżenie zezwolenia (Genehmigungsvorbehalt) na przeprowadzenie postępowania karnego, zgodnie z orzecznictwem Federalnego Sądu Konstytucyjnego, służy przede wszystkim parlamentowi jako całości. Z art. 46 ust. 2 Ustawy Zasadniczej nie można wyprowadzić wprost subiektywnych praw posła do określonego zachowania Bundestagu. Może on natomiast, na posta- wie art. 46 ust. 2 w zw. z art. 38 ust. 1 zd. 2 Ustawy Zasadniczej żądać, aby Bundestag podejmując decyzję o uchyleniu immunitetu, nie kierował się niemerytorycznymi i arbitralnymi motywami.
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego; 2019, 6 (52); 141-155
2082-1212
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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