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Wyszukujesz frazę "Marine" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Correlation between the Ship Grounding Accident and the Ship Traffic – A Case Study Based on the Statistics of the Gulf of Finland
Autorzy:
Mazaheri, A.
Montewka, J.
Kujala, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116685.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
marine traffic
Ships Accident Statistic
marine accidents
Opis:
Ship traffic is one of the factors that is presented in almost all of the existing grounding models, and is considered as one of the affecting factors on the likelihood of grounding accident. This effect in grounding accident is mostly accepted by the experts as a common sense or simply by just generalizing the ship‐ship collision cases to grounding accidents. There is no available research on the actual causal link between the ship traffic and grounding accident in the literature. In this paper, authors have utilized the statistical analysis on historical grounding accident data in the Gulf of Finland between the years 1989 and 2010 and the AIS data of the same area in year 2010, as the source of ship traffic data, to investigate the possible existence of any correlation between the ship traffic and the grounding accident. The results show that for the studied area (Gulf of Finland) there is no correlation between the traffic density and the grounding accident. However, the possibility of the existence of minor relation between the traffic distribution and grounding accident is shown by the result. This finding, however, needs further investigation for more clarification.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2013, 7, 1; 119-124
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Congested Marine Traffic Environment – An Application Using Marine Traffic Simulation System
Autorzy:
Hasegawa, K.
Yamazaki, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117344.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
marine traffic
Congested Marine Traffic
Strait of Singapore
Opis:
Difficulty of sailing is quite subjective matter. It depends on various factors. Using Marine Traffic Simulation System (MTSS) developed by Osaka University this challenging subject is discussed. In this system realistic traffic flow including collision avoidance manoeuvres can be reproduced in a given area. Simulation is done for southward of Tokyo Bay, Strait of Singapore and off‐Shanghai area changing traffic volume from 5 or 50 to 150 or 200% of the present volume. As a result, strong proportional relation between near‐miss ratio and traffic density per hour per sailed area is found, independent on traffic volume, area size and configuration. The quantitative evaluation index of the difficulty of sailing, here called risk rate of the area is defined using thus defined traffic density and near‐miss ratio.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2013, 7, 2; 179-184
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Coastal and marine issues and their relation to ecosystem survey
Autorzy:
Elentably, A.
Fisher, K.
Holger, S.
Alghanmi, A.
Alhrbi, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2211600.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
maritime ecosystem survay
ecosystem
ecosystem survey
marine resources
marine ecosystem
coastal ecosystem
sustainable coastal development
marine environment
Opis:
Protecting and preserving the environment and marine resources is a constant concern of countries. The seas and oceans face increasing threats to their flora and fauna from pollution, both from land and sea sources. Overexploitation of marine resources and overfishing pose serious threats to biodiversity and the balance of marine ecosystems. Especially for countries that rely on fisheries resources to feed their populations in closed or semi-closed seas. It is unusual to highlight overfishing by ships, as coastal states' resources do not allow for effective safety controls and as a result, there are a number of severely depleted fisheries worldwide. It is therefore vital that conservation and management measures for straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks continue and increase, as it is a resource that has transcended many national jurisdictions. According to the priorities of the current research project, which include alignment and adaptation to the regulations of the Saudi marine environment, the research group of the current marine ecosystem project tries to analyze the variables contained in maritime transport and shipping and to measure the impact of these variables on the marine ecosystem, by focusing on four national priority areas: 1) reliable and long-term seafood supply; 2) thriving coastal ecosystems; 3) sustainable coastal development; and 4) risk resilience in coastal communities. Prioritizing coastal issues and gathering desired outcomes from.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2022, 16, 3; 449--454
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Distribution of the international marine traffic air pollutant emissions in the port of split
Autorzy:
Mihanović, L.
Lalić, B.
Bratić, K.
Stazić, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2063980.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Port of Split
Adriatic Sea
marine traffic
air pollutant emission
marine pollution
Opis:
The paper describes the initial part of the research into the impact of the Port of Split marine traffic on the environment and the city. The Port of Split is situated in the middle of the Adriatic Sea and it is one of busiest marine traffic regions in the Mediterranean. The Port consists of six geographically separated basins, two of them for smaller vessels, other four for the international marine traffic. The paper presents type and size of vessels in basins, engine size, stay in Port and finally quantity of the international marine traffic air pollutant emission per each basin. The distribution of the international marine traffic and its air pollutant emission pinpoint exactly main sources of the emissions in the area around the city and its dependency on various factors linked to the vessels, showing that the city is encircled by with multiple pollution sources.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2021, 15, 3; 611--614
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Implementation of marine spatial planning instruments for sustainable marine governance in Poland
Autorzy:
Pyć, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116886.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
spatial abilities at sea
marine spatial planning (MSP)
spatial planning
marine governance
sustainable marine governance
MSP instruments
Polish Maritime Administration
maritime administration
Opis:
Marine spatial planning (MSP) is a process of managing human activities in the marine and coastal environment in order to achieve sustainable development goals. Amendments regarding marine spatial planning within the Polish marine areas introduced to Polish law in 2015 constitute grounds for drawing up maritime spatial plans for marine areas. This paper presents a few general comments on the marine spatial planning in Poland in the context of implementation of the Directive establishing a framework for maritime spatial planning (MSP Directive) in Europe. The MSP Directive plays an important role in the development of marine spatial planning by promoting MSP instruments. Marine spatial plans are the basic instruments of marine spatial planning. The MSP Directive requires all coastal Member States of the European Union to prepare cross-sectoral maritime spatial plans by 2021. Development of the first maritime spatial plan for Polish marine areas was started in 2013. The MSP legal basis are included in the Marine Areas of the Republic of Poland and Maritime Administration Act of 1991 amended in 2015, which defines the legal situation of the marine areas of the Republic of Poland, the coastal area, the sea ports and harbours, and the rules for the use of these areas, as well as the maritime administration authorities and their competences.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2019, 13, 2; 311-316
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Responding to spills of marine distillate fuels
Autorzy:
Halonen, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24201430.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
oil spill response
marine gas oil
usability testing
fuel Oii
marine oil spill
shipborne oil pollution
Marine diesel oil
oil spill recovery
Opis:
The current spill response capability in Finland is built to respond to oil spills caused by heavy fuel oils and the most transported oil cargoes. However, the implementation of the Sulphur Directive in 2015 changed the fuel profiles of the ships: prior to the new regulation ships operating in the Baltic Sea mainly used heavy fuel oil (HFO), whereas now ships use marine gas oil (MGO DMA) or marine diesel (MDO DMB) known as marine distillate fuels. This paper reviews the effectiveness of the current recovery techniques in responding to spills of marine distillate fuels based on the oil recovery field tests. The results indicate that conventional recovery techniques are only partially applicable to marine distillate fuels, which calls for a reassessment of the marine oil spill response capability and further research. The use and availability of low-carbon marine fuels will continue to increase as emission regulations become more stringent. This will require a continuous assessment of the oil recovery capabilities and the adaptation of spill response preparedness accordingly.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2023, 17, 3; 675--683
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Positive Implications for the Application of the International Ship & Port Facility Security and its Reflects on Saudi’s Ports
Autorzy:
Elentably, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116534.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
ISPS Code
International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Saudi Marine Ports
Marine Industry Development
Maritime Administration
Safety Assurance Measures
Marine Transport
maritime policy
Opis:
The research paper summed up on the requirements of the application code security and safety of ships and ports (ISPS) and the technical aspects necessary for the application by the Saudi marine Ports. The requirements of the international code of safety and security of ships and ports such as: - Additional tasks to be undertaken by port management - Activities and tasks that will port authorities - The impact of the elements of the maritime transport - Application and amendments to the deck - Government requirements - Special requirements for the management of ships - Application optimized for the requirements of the code ,Also interested in the research paper the mechanism of how to put these requirements into effect and the positive impact associated with the application. And also the requirements of the bridge on the ship ,beside clarification of the interconnections between the parties to the transfer process, such as administration of the commercial maritime fleet operations, control to the owners and how the administrative process for the crew to apply the appropriate code on the deck of ships and mutual relations with the insurance and chartering operations as well as the role of the port facility, to arrived How can the ports of Saudi Arabia to benefit from the positive application of code requirements and to enable these requirements with the parties to the process of maritime transport.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2014, 8, 2; 255-266
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Surveillance Unattended Foliage Penetrating Radar for Border Control and Homeland Protection
Autorzy:
Amato, F.
Farina, A.
Fiorini, M.
Gallone, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117644.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
marine traffic
Homeland Protection
Border Control
Opis:
The increasing request for safety, security and environment protection at local and national level reveal the deficiency of the traditional surveillance and control centers to satisfy the needs and requirements of modern border control systems for homeland protection where land border is expected to be monitored as well as the maritime one. This is, for instance, the case of any land border affected by hidden immigration and/or illegal traffics as well as any small areas such as critical infrastructures or military/ civilian posts in forest or jungle environment characterized by vegetation. In such challenging environment, logistics constraints strongly recommend to have very low power devices able to operate months or years without maintenance. A such scenario should be the perfect place for implementing an Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS) network making use FOliage PENetration (FOPEN) radar for border control. The paper aims to present the basic characteristics and preliminary results of a Surveillance Unattended FOPEN (SUF) radar suitable for detecting moving targets, people or vehicles, in dense forest environment.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2013, 7, 2; 193-196
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
New Development of Ships Routeing in Chinese Navigable Waterways
Autorzy:
Hui, M.
Zhaolin, W.
Zhengjiang, Liu
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116736.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Ships Routeing
Chinese Navigable Waterways
Marine Traffic Engineering (MTE)
vessel traffic service (VTS)
Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS)
Marine Traffic
Marine Traffic Safety
Safety of Navigation
Opis:
After entering 21 century Chinese waterborne transportation keep high speed development, mmarine traffic order and marine traffic safety become more important issues. In order to enhance marine traffic safety and efficiency, ships routeing systems were implemented in important navigable waters in recent years. After implementation of these ships routeing systems, evaluations on the effects are carried and prove that these ships routeing systems have got obvious effects both on safety and economic efficiency.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2008, 2, 2; 127-130
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
End-user and stakeholder views on selected risk assessment tools for marine oil spill preparedness and response, including future research and development needs
Autorzy:
Goerlandt, F.
Laine, V.
Bal-Beşikçi, E.
Baldauf, M.
Al-Quhali, M. A.
Koldenhof, Y.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116532.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
oil spill
risk assessment
marine oil spill
oil spill response
risk assessment tools
Pollution Preparedness and Response (PPR)
Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM)
marine environment
Opis:
Risks in the maritime domain have various sources, of which the transportation of oil and other noxious products is one of key concern to industry and public stakeholders. Operational or accidental releases of oil or other pollutants from ships or offshore facilities into the marine environment can have disastrous effects on the marine ecosystems, while also leading to very significant economical losses. Therefore, national states have implemented various mechanisms for preventing and responding to pollution in the maritime domain, with activities which are often embedded in regional cooperation frameworks clustered around certain sea areas. To support collaborative, harmonized, and risk-informed oil spill Pollution Preparedness and Response (PPR) planning for response authorities, the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM), together with its research partners, and with extensive end-user and stakeholder inputs, have developed the OpenRisk Toolbox. This toolbox includes several risk assessment tools and techniques, which can assist in providing answers to a range of PPR risk management questions in a range of organizational contexts. To better understand and ensure the applicability and usefulness of the OpenRisk Toolbox, a workshop was organized where some of these tools were tested. Selected end user and stakeholder views on the perceived usefulness of the tools were collected and analyzed. Another workshop focused on further development needs to implement the tools in organizational practices. This paper first presents the OpenRisk Toolbox, then describes the settings of the workshops. Finally, a summary of the end-user and stakeholder views on the tested tools, and on future development needs, is given.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2019, 13, 1; 213-220
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
e-Maritime: An Enabling Framework for Knowledge Transfer and Innovative Information Services Development Across the Waterborne Transport Sector
Autorzy:
Graff, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116732.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
e-Maritime
Knowledge Transfer
Information Services Development
Waterborne Transport
Sea Transportation
Marine Stewardship
Marine Transportation
e-Navigation
Opis:
The economic and social impact of the waterborne sectors in Europe cannot be overstated, employing directly more than 3 million people and generating a turnover of about €250 billion representing more than 1% of the EU’s GDP. In order to maintain its leadership and competitiveness, Europe must take advantage of new market opportunities and address these challenges by means of focused research, development and innovation. In recent years the impact of digital technology and relevance of geospatial information has been increasingly felt across the whole maritime community bridging waterborne and coastal activities. The challenge for the maritime and marine science communities is to accelerate the transformation of the maritime sector into one that is able to exploit market-led opportunities and create high value added outputs that fully embraces technological and scientific advances. e-Maritime offers itself as the enabling framework.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2009, 3, 2; 213-217
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ice Conditions and Human Factors in Marine Accidents at the Arctic
Autorzy:
Marchenko, N.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117217.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Ice Conditions
Human Factor
Arctic Navigation
Marine Accidents
Hydrometeorological Aspect
Accident Data Base
Accident
Marine Accidents Classification
Opis:
All activities in the Arctic are conducted near the limit of technological opportunities and human abilities. But the drain of resources in the areas convenient for development obliges us to look at this severe polar region. The main objectives of the PetroArctic project (offshore and coastal technology for petroleum production and transport from arctic water) as a part of PETROMAX and MarSafe project (Marine Safety Management) are to obtain and provide information for safety of Arctic operation such as hydrocarbons production and transport from Polar seas. One of the tasks is a collection of ice pilot experiences from the people involved in the Arctic activities to learn how they felt in these conditions, how they solved difficult tasks and managed the ice. Items of special interest are connected to lost vessels and other marine accidents. Appreciable amount of written documentation and interviews have been processed and organized into a data base of marine accidents in Russian Arctic since 1900. It includes a set of maps where the locations of the accidents are shown with a description of the accidents (date, geographical environment, vessel type, what happened and how the people acted, etc). This paper includes the map for Kara Sea and descriptions of several accidents in the eastern part of Arctic as example of different situations, as well as the principles of the data base construction and accidents classification.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2009, 3, 4; 409-414
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Construction of the Ship’s Technical Failure Model to Assess its Navigational Safety
Autorzy:
Gucma, L.
Gralak, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116693.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Navigational Safety
Ship's Technical Failure
Marine Accidents
Human Factor
Safety Analysis
Steering Gear
Main Engine
Marine Simulator
Opis:
The ship technical failures contribution in overall number of navigational accidents are significantly smaller than those caused by human factor but in safety analysis they cannot be neglected. The paper presents methodology of modeling the technical failures of ships with respect of most important ship systems such as main engine, power generators and steering gear. The repair time is also taken into account. The data for simulation was obtained from analysis of ships statistical data of polish owners. The model could be used mostly in assessment with projecting phase of ship appliances, simulating owner’s economical analysis or generating random events in marine simulators.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2008, 2, 2; 173-176
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Basin-Wide Maritime Awareness From Multi-Source Ship Reporting Data
Autorzy:
Greidanus, H.
Alvarez, M.
Eriksen, T. K.
Argentieri, P.
Cokacar, T.
Pesaresi, A.
Falchetti, S.
Nappo, D.
Mazzarella, F.
Alessandrini, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116214.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
marine traffic
Ship Reporting
Maritime Situational Picture
Opis:
A system was set up to ingest automatic ship position reports (terrestrial and satellite AIS, LRIT) and fuse these into a Maritime Situational Picture, tracking the ships within an ocean basin‐wide area of interest in real time. Trial runs were made over several months, collecting reporting data from a number of different sources, over the Gulf of Aden and the Western Indian Ocean. Also satellite radar surveillance was carried out in order to sample the presence of non‐reporting ships. The trial showed that satellite AIS is a powerful tool for basin‐wide ship traffic monitoring; that multiple AIS satellites are needed for sufficient completeness and update rate; and that coastal AIS and LRIT still provide essential complements to the satellite AIS data. The radar survey showed that about half of the radar‐detected ships are not seen in the reporting data. The ultimate purpose of this work is to support the countries around the Horn of Africa in the fight against piracy and to help build their capacity to deliver maritime security and safety.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2013, 7, 2; 185-192
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Experimental Analysis of Podded Propulsor on Naval Vessel
Autorzy:
Abdul-Ghani, M.P.
Yaakob, O.
Ismail, N.
Kader, A.S.A.
Ahmad-Sabki, A. F.
Singaraveloo, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116528.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Naval Vessel
Podded Propulsor
Marine Technology Centre
Opis:
This paper describes the effect of pod propulsor attachment to the existing Naval Vessel hull form which was designed for conventional propulsor in aspects of resistance and motion characteristics. These investigations were carried out on a 3.0 m model by experimental works in the towing tank 120m x 4m x 2.5m at the Marine Technology Centre (MTC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). The basis ship chosen for this study is Sealift class type MPCSS (Multi Purpose Command Support Ship). In this study, the design for the new pod propulsor is based on a proven design and scaled down to suit this type of hullform accordingly. This paper describes the resistance comparison between bare and podded hulls in calm water as well in waves. The seakeeping test for hull with and without pod in regular waves at service speed of 16.8 knots were carried out at wavelength to model length ratio, Lw/Lm between 0.2 and 1.2. The outcomes from this experimental works on hull with and without pod were compared.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2014, 8, 1; 153-156
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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