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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 33
Tytuł:
Investigation of the stator inductances of the expanded Park model and an approach on parameter identification using the evolution strategy
Autorzy:
Schmuelling, Ch.
Kreischer, Ch.
Gołebiowski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/141147.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
evolution strategy
FEM
Park equations
Park theory
synchronous machines
transients
Opis:
Commonly, the Park model is used to calculate transients or steady-state operations of synchronous machines. The expanded Park theory derives the Park equations from the phase-domain model of the synchronous machine by the use of transformations. Thereby, several hypothesis are made, which are under investigation in this article in respect to the main inductances of two different types of synchronous machines. It is shown, that the derivation of the Park equations from the phase-domain model does not lead to constant inductances, as it is usually assumed for these equations. Nevertheless the Park model is the most common analytic model of synchronous machines. Therefore, in the second part of this article a method using the evolution strategy is shown to obtain the parameters of the Park model.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2016, 65, 3; 585-599
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evaluation of some Accessions of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna Subterranean L. Verdc) for Resistance to Bruchid Infestation, Based on Grain Source and Seed Coat Colour
Autorzy:
Echezona, B.Ch.
Amuji, Ch.
Eze, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/65099.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Opis:
The relative susceptibility of different accessions of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean L. Verdc) to Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) was assessed in a laboratory trial in Nigeria. Treatments were comprised factorial combinations of four grain sources from Nigeria (Enugu, Anambra, Benue and Kogi state) and three predominantly contrasting seed coat colours (black, brown, and milky-colour) laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD). There were four replications of each treatment. Egg depositions by adult C. maculatus were affected by grain sources such that ovipositions on those sourced from the state of Anambra were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those from other sources. Similarly, black coloured grains harboured more insects and eggs compared to other seed coat colours. Accesssions collected from Benue and/or those with a milky-coloured seed coat showed some levels of oviposition deterrence. However, the interaction of grain source and seed coat colour was not significant based on oviposition, adult emergence, and mortality counts. Grain sources and seed coat colour were, therefore, important traits to be considered while selecting ideotypes for resistance to C. maculatus.
Źródło:
Journal of Plant Protection Research; 2013, 53, 3
1427-4345
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Plant Protection Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Tracking control and robustness study of shifting process
Autorzy:
Zhao, X.
Guan, Ch.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/223502.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
heavy vehicles
automatic transmission
shift quality
PID tracking control
Monte Carlo method
pojazdy ciężkie
skrzynia automatyczna
zmiana wytrzymałości
proces kontroli
metoda Monte Carlo
Opis:
Heavy dump vehicles are usually working with big load changes and bad work environment, thus change the friction performance of transmission clutches, as well as great affect the shift quality seriously, which influence the vehicle performance. Many researchers developed a lot to design a useful automatic transmission control system. Using PID tracking control and Monte Carlo method, the controller based on an dynamic model was set up to analyze the shifting process of automatic transmission and its robustness in this paper. The shift process was divided into four stages, low-gear phase, torque phase, inertia phase and high-gear phase. The model presents the process from the first gear to the second gear when the torque has big change. Since the jerk and the friction work of clutch are both related to the speed of clutch which was easier to control, it was chose as the target to control the oil pressure for satisfying the requirement of shift quality. The simulation software, Maplesim and Simulink, were used to build the vehicle model and shifting controller for simulation under different working conditions, and the maximum jerk was changed from 34 m/s3 to 12 m/s3 after the optimization. In this paper the Monte Carlo has been used to quantize and evaluate the robustness of the closed-loop system for the friction coefficients and output torque of turbine variation leading by the friction feature parameters and throttle angle changed. Monte Carlo method was used to analyze the effectiveness and robustness of PID controller, which proves that it has good control effect when the throttle is ongoing minor fluctuations. When the throttle is full opening, a quadratic optimal controller based on disturbance is designed by the method of multi-objective optimization. When it changes within 20 percent, PID controller was designed under the guidance of tracking thoughts. The results also show that the controller could still obtain better effect when the friction coefficient ranged from -40 % to 40 % as well as engine torque changed from -20 % to 20 %, which indicates the robustness of controller.
Źródło:
Archives of Transport; 2018, 46, 2; 97-104
0866-9546
2300-8830
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Transport
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mechanical Spectroscopy: Some Applications on Structural Changes and Relaxation Dynamics in Soft Matter
Spektroskopia mechaniczna: niektóre zastosowania do zmian strukturalnych i dynamiki relaksacji w materii miękkiej
Autorzy:
Wu, Q.
Liu, Ch.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/351834.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
polymer segmental dynamics
colloids
granular matter
mechanical spectroscopy
segmentowe relaksacje amorficznych polimerów
koloidy
materia
spektroskopia mechaniczna
Opis:
The general trend in soft matter is to study systems of increasing complexity covering a wide range in time and frequency. Mechanical spectroscopy is a powerful tool for understanding the structure and relaxation dynamics of these materials over a large temperature range and frequency scale. In this work, we collect a few recent applications using low-frequency mechanical spectroscopy for elucidating the structural changes and relaxation dynamics in soft matter, largely based on the author’s group. We illustrate the potential of mechanical spectroscopy with three kinds of soft materials: colloids, polymers and granular systems. Examples include structural changes in colloids, segmental relaxations in amorphous polymers, and resonant dissipation of grain chains in three-dimensional media. The present work shows that mechanical spectroscopy has been applied as a necessary and complementary tool to study the dynamics of such complex systems.
Ogólnym trendem w miękkiej materii jest, aby badać układy o rosnącej złożoności, obejmującej szeroki zakres czasu i częstotliwości. Spektroskopia mechaniczna jest potężnym narzędziem dla zrozumienia struktury i dynamiki relaksacji tych materiałów w szerokim zakresie temperatury i skali częstotliwości. W niniejszej pracy, zebraliśmy kilka ostatnich zastosowań spektroskopii mechanicznej niskiej częstotliwości do poznania zmian strukturalnych i dynamiki relaksacji w miękkiej materii, w dużej mierze opartych na grupie autorów. Opisujemy potencjał spektroskopii mechanicznej w przypadku trzech rodzajów materiałów miękkich: koloidów, polimerów i układów ziarnistych. Przykłady obejmują zmiany strukturalne w koloidach, segmentowe relaksacje amorficznych polimerów, i rezonansowe rozpraszanie łańcuchów ziaren w mediach trójwymiarowych. Niniejsza praca pokazuje, że spektroskopię mechaniczną zastosowano jako niezbędne i uzupełniające narzędzie do badania dynamiki takich systemów złożonych.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2015, 60, 3A; 2077-2083
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Scaphitid ammonites from the Upper Cretaceous of KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Autorzy:
Kennedy, W. J.
Klinger, H. Ch.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/138833.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
scaphitid ammonites
Cretaceous
South Africa
amonity
kreda
Republika Południowej Afryki
Opis:
Scaphitid ammonites are described and illustrated from the Upper Cretaceous of the coastal region of north-eastern South Africa. Scaphites kieslingswaldensis Langenhan and Grundey, 1891, Scaphites manasoaensis Collignon, 1965, and Yezoites concinna sp. nov. occur in the Coniacian part of the St Lucia Formation in northern KwaZulu-Natal. A further Yezoites sp. may also be from this level. Argentoscaphites corrugatus sp. nov. occurs in the Santonian to Lower Campanian Mzamba Formation on the northernmost coast of Eastern Cape Province. Yezoites australis sp. nov. occurs in the Upper Santonian part of the St Lucia and Mzamba formations of these areas, and Scaphites reesidei Collignon, 1969, is recorded from the Lower Campanian part of the Mzamba Formation. The scaphitid assemblage includes species previously described from Western Europe and Madagascar, together with Argentoscaphites, previously known only from Patagonia (and possibly South India). Dimorphism is recognised in Scaphites reesidei, Yezoites concinna sp. nov. and Y. australis sp. nov. Argentoscaphites corrugatus sp. nov. and Yezoites sp. are represented by microconchs only. Dimorphism has not been recognised in Scaphites kieslingswaldensis.
Źródło:
Acta Geologica Polonica; 2013, 63, 4; 527-543
0001-5709
Pojawia się w:
Acta Geologica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Plant Oils on the Infestation of Rhyzopertha Dominica (Fab.) in Wheat, Triticum Aestivum Linn.
Autorzy:
Kumawat, K.Ch.
Naga, B.L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/66634.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Opis:
Six oil treatments, viz., Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), Castor (Ricinus communis), Karanj (Pongamia pinnata), mustard (Brassica juncea), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus melanophloia) and Taramira (Eruca sativa) were evaluated at three dose levels (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% v/w) against the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) infesting wheat, Triticum aestivum Linn. An untreated check (the control) was maintained for comparison. The maximum protection was provided by Neem oil at 1.0 per cent (no adult emerged up to 270 days) followed by castor oil and Taramira oil at 1.0 per cent (no adult emerged up to 90 days of treatment). The maximum number of adults were recorded in the grain treated with Eucalyptus oil used at 0.1 per cent (9.3-22.0), Karanj oil at 0.1 per cent (6.0-20.7), and castor oil at 0.1 per cent (2.0-23.0). The maximum grain damage was recorded with use of Eucalyptus oil at 0.1 per cent (28.7-64.7), Karanj oil at 0.1 per cent (18.7-60.0%), and Eucalyptus at 0.5 per cent (18.0-58.0%). No grain damage was recorded in 1.0 per cent Neem oil-treated grain, for up to 270 days. For up to 90 days of treatment, no grain damage was recorded in 1.0 per cent castor oil treated grain, and no grain damage was recorded in 1.0 per cent Tarmira oil treated grain for up to 90 days of treatment. No adverse effect of plant oils was observed on seed viability for up to 270 days of treatments.
Źródło:
Journal of Plant Protection Research; 2013, 53, 3
1427-4345
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Plant Protection Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The effect of winding topologies on the performance of flux-switching permanent magnet machine having different number of rotor poles
Autorzy:
Chijioke Awah, Ch.
Inya Okoro, O.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/140434.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
average torque
copper loss
phase back-EMF
winding topologies
Opis:
Comparison of the electromagnetic performance of a flux-switching permanent magnet (PM) machine having two separate stators as well as different winding topologies is investigated in this paper. Different stator and rotor pole combinations of these machines are also considered. The analysis includes the open-circuit and on-load characteristics of the analyzed machines. It is observed that, the largest fundamental values of electromagnetic torque, for each winding topology, is seen in the 11-rotor-pole and 10-rotor-pole machines having alternate- and all-pole-wound configurations, respectively. Moreover, significant ripple is observed in the waveforms of the even-number rotor pole machines compared to their corresponding odd-number rotor pole counterparts. Overall, the alternate-pole-wound machines essentially have larger torque-density than their equivalent all-pole-wound ones. The investigated machine is also tested for validation.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2018, 67, 4; 845-855
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An extended dynamic thermal model of a permanent magnet excited synchronous motor
Autorzy:
Mbo'o, Ch. P.
Hameyer, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/140883.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
thermal modeling
thermal network
finite element method
iron losses
permanent magnet excited synchronous machine (PMSM)
Opis:
The purpose of this paper is to develop a dynamic thermal model of a permanent magnet excited synchronous motor (PMSM). The model estimates the temperature at specific points of the machine during operation. The model is implemented using thermal network theory, whose parameters are determined by means of analytical approaches. Usually thermal models are initialized and referenced to room temperature. However, this can lead to incorrect results, if the simulations are performed when the electrical machine operates under “warm” conditions. An approach is developed and discussed in this paper, which captures the model in critical states of the machine. The model gives feedback by online measured quantities to estimate the initial temperature. The paper provides an extended dynamic thermal model, which leads to a more accurate and more efficient thermal estimation.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2013, 62, 3; 375-386
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Multi-input multi-output fuzzy logic controller for utility electric vehicle
Autorzy:
Gasbaoui, B.
Abdelkader, Ch.
Adellah, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/141051.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
pojazd elektryczny
modulacja wektora przestrzennego
sterowanie rozmyte
electric vehicle
electronic differential
space vector modulation
fuzzy logic control
multi-input multi-output fuzzy logic control
Opis:
Currently commercialization of electric vehicle (EV) is based to minimize the time of starting and acceleration. To undergo this problem multi-input multi-output fuzzy logic controller (MIMO-FLC) affect on propelled traction system forming MMS process was proposed. This paper introduces a MIMO-FLC applied on speeds of electric vehicle, the electric drive consists of two directing wheels and two rear propulsion wheels equipped with two light weight induction motors. The EV is powered by two motors of 37 kilowatts each one, delivering a 476 Nm total torque. Its high torque (476Nm) is instantly available to ensure responsive acceleration performance in built-up areas. Acceleration and steering are ensured by an electronic differential system which maintains robust control for all cases of vehicle behavior on the road. It also allows controlling independently every driving wheel to turn at different speeds in any curve. Direct torque control based on space vector modulation (DTC-SVM) is proposed to achieve the tow rear driving wheel control. The MIMO-FLC control technique is simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK environment. The simulation results have proved that the MIMO-FLC method decreases the transient oscillations and assure efficiency comportment in all type of road constraints, straight, slope, descent and curved road compared to the single input single output fuzzy controller (SISO-FLC).
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2011, 60, 3; 239-256
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Simple three-level neutral point voltage balance control strategy based on SVPWM
Autorzy:
Bo, G.
Shanmei, Ch.
Yi, Q.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/141238.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
space vector
neutral point voltage
voltage offset
PWM
Opis:
The unbalance of the neutral point voltage is an inherent problem of three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter, the effect of neutral point voltage balancing which is caused by voltage vector is analyzed, and the relationship of the voltage offset and neutral point voltage is studied in this paper. This paper proposes a novel neutral point balance strategy for three-level NPC inverter based on space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). A voltage offset is added to the modulation wave, and a closed-loop neutral point voltage balance control system is designed. In the control system, the dwelling time of synthesis voltage vectors for SVPWM is varied to solve the problem of the unbalance of the neutral point voltage, the sequence of the voltage vectors maintains unchanging. Simulation and experimental results show the neutral point voltage balancing control strategy based on SVPWM is effective.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2013, 62, 1; 15-23
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Applicability of Park transformation for the analysis of transient performance during subsynchronous resonances
Autorzy:
Kreischer, Ch.
Kulig, S.
Göbel, C.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/140498.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
subsynchronous resonances
parameter identification
equivalent circuit
standstill frequency response test
three phase short circuit test
evolutionary strategy
Opis:
Long transmission lines have to be compensated to enhance the transport of active power. But a wrong design of the compensation may lead to subsynchronous resonances (SSR). For studies often park equivalent circuits are used. The parameters of the models are often determined analytically or by a three-phase short-circuit test. Models with this parameters give good results for frequencies of 50 Hz and 100 Hz resp. 60 Hz and 120 Hz. But SSR occurs at lower frequencies what arises the question of the reliability of the used models. Therefore in this publication a novel method for the determination of Park equivalent circuit parameters is presented. Herein the parameters are determined form time functions of the currents and the electromagnetic moment of the machine calculated by transient finite-element simulations. This parameters are used for network simulations and compared with the finite-element calculations. Compared to the parameters derived by a three-phase short-circuit a significant better accuracy of simulation results can be achieved by the presented method.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2013, 62, 3; 401-415
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Design and analysis of the ferrite air-gapped cores for a resonant inductor
Autorzy:
Zheng, J.
Wang, Ch.
Xia, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/949922.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
three-air-gapped
electromagnetic and thermal field
finite element method
resonant inductor
Opis:
In this paper, a three-air-gapped structure of a ferrite core for a resonant inductor is proposed. The electromagnetic and thermal field models are built using a 3D finite element method. Compared with the conventional signal-air-gapped structure of a ferrite core, the simulation and analysis results show that the proposed three-air-gapped ferrite core resonant inductor can reduce eddy-current loss and decrease temperature rise. In addition, the optimal position of air-gapped is presented.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2018, 67, 3; 579--589
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Trente ans d’étude des langages du politique (1980-2010): Mots. Les langages du politique (numéro spécial) (Anna Dutka-Mańkowska)
Autorzy:
Bacot, P.
Coulomb-Gully, M.
Honoré, J.-P.
Le Bart, Ch.
Oger, C.
(coord.), Plantin Ch.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/702238.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny; 2011, 1
0023-5911
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A robust predictive actuator fault-tolerant control scheme for Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems
Autorzy:
Witczak, P.
Witczak, M.
Korbicz, J.
Aubrun, Ch.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/199920.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
fault diagnosis
fault identification
robust control
robust invariant set
predictive control
fault-tolerant control
diagnostyka błędu
identyfikacja błędów
diagnostyka predykcyjna
kontrola tolerancji błędu
Opis:
The paper deals with the problem of robust predictive fault-tolerant control for nonlinear discrete-time systems described by the Takagi-Sugeno models. The proposed approach is based on a triple stage procedure, i.e. it starts from fault estimation while the fault is compensated with a robust controller. The robust controller is designed without taking into account the input constraints related with the actuator saturation that may change due to its faulty behaviour. Thus, to check the compensation feasibility, the robust invariant set is developed, which takes into account the input constraints. If the current state does not belong to the robust invariant set, then suitable predictive control actions are performed in order to enhance the invariant set. This appealing phenomenon makes it possible to enlarge the domain of attraction, which makes the proposed approach an efficient solution for the fault-tolerant control. The final part of the paper shows an illustrative example regarding the application of the proposed approach to the twin-rotor system.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences; 2015, 63, 4; 977-987
0239-7528
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Phase Transformation And Mechanical Properties Of Ti-12.1Mo-1Fe Alloy With Nano-Sized Precipitation
Przemiany fazowe i właściwości mechaniczne stopu Ti-12.1Mo-1Fe z nanometrycznymi wydzieleniami
Autorzy:
Lee, D.-G.
Seo, J.
Li, Ch.
Lee, Y.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/352551.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
age hardening
Omega phase
Ti-Mo-Fe alloy
precipitation
hartowanie
faza omega
stop Ti-Mo-Fe
wydzielenia
Opis:
Microstructural characterization and aging hardening behaviors of a new designed Ti-12.1Mo-1Fe alloy during solution treatment and aging were investigated in the present study. It is well known that when β-Ti alloys are generally under solution treatment or aging, α phases and ω phases appear or disappear dependent on heat treatment temperature and holding time. It is very necessary to understand the phase transformation phenomenon and to control the microstructure because these phases can control the drastic changes of the mechanical and physical properties of these alloys. According to the calculated [Mo]eq value and the microstructural observation, the β-transus temperature was about 780°. After the solution treatment, this alloy was composed of the β-phase and the microstructure mainly consisted of the equiaxed β grains with the average size of 25 μm. ω phases which were precipitated during aging process, played a more important role to the hardening effect than α phases. The highest hardness value of Ti-12.1Mo-1Fe alloy showed in the condition of the aging temperature of 450°. The hardening due to ω-phase precipitation can lead to a high hardness about 480 Hv but the coarse α-phase result in hardness below 300 Hv.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2015, 60, 2B; 1393-1396
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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