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    Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3
    Tytuł:
    Występowanie substancji chloroorganicznych w wodzie po procesie utleniania oraz możliwości ich analizy
    Occurence of chlororganic substances in water after oxidation and their analysis capabilities
    Autorzy:
    Schmidt, R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1819768.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2009
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
    Tematy:
    substancje chloroorganiczne
    woda
    tlen
    utlenianie
    chlororganic substances
    water
    oxidation
    Opis:
    Chromatographic analysis GC makes several problems during optimisation and separation of analysed substances. Programming of temperature increase,temperature of feeder and temperature of detector are the most common problems. Than it is neccesary to take into consideration other factors, which will have significant impact on retention time, selectivity of separation of analysed compounds or retention index. The chosen results of the research into the influence of various oxidants on forms and quantity of the occurrence of THM, MX-THAT and the Purgeable Halogenoacetic acids in drinking water have been presented in this paper. As a result of conducted research the influence of chemical composition of water, a dose and a sort of applied oxidant on the quantity of the formed chlororganic substances has been shown. It also has been shown that these substances are also formed as a result of oxidation with compounds not containing chlorine.According to the form of the occurring chlororganic compounds and their concentrationafter hydrogen dioxide oxidation, various toxic compounds are possible to beformed. They are cancerogenic and mutagenic ones. The concentration of by-products of oxidation depends on the presence anda sort of precursors, a sort of disinfectant, temperature, season, time of contact and reactionof solution. The kinds and quantity of oxidation by-products also depend on a kindof oxidant and the concentration of the catalyst. Such catalysts in natural waters areinorganic compounds. The capabilities of their quantification using gas chromatographyhave also been presented.Analysis of real samples showed high repeatability and accuracy of conducteddeterminations. Such analysis required accurate sample purification and comparison ofthree extractants because of high concentration of high molecular substances (fulvic acids).
    Źródło:
    Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska; 2009, Tom 11; 837-848
    1506-218X
    Pojawia się w:
    Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Walidacja metod analitycznych chemicznych i mikrobiologicznych
    Validation of chemical and microbiological analytic methods
    Autorzy:
    Schmidt, R.
    Michna, D.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1826088.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2007
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
    Tematy:
    analiza chemiczna
    zanieczyszczenie środowiska
    walidacja
    pomiary analityczne
    Opis:
    Jednym z podstawowych kierunków rozwojowych analityki i monitoringu zanieczyszczeń środowiska jest dążenie do oznaczania coraz mniejszych stężeń składnika w próbkach o złożonej matrycy. Tego typu zadanie jest wielkim wyzwaniem dla analityków i wymaga zwrócenia uwagi na kontrolę i zapewnienie jakości wyników badań [4÷6, 17, 19, 20]. Dokładność oznaczeń można osiągnąć stosując proces walidacji metody analitycznej z różnymi matrycami [3, 7, 22, 23, 28]. Walidacja metody jest procesem ustalenia czy charakterystyki techniczne metody analitycznej są odpowiednie do zamierzonego celu. Dla uzyskania najbardziej wiarygodnych wyników należy przeanalizować metodykę badawczą, w tym procedurę przygotowywania i pobierania próbek. Ważność metody można zweryfikować tylko poprzez badania międzylaboratoryjne [5, 11, 13, 14, 18, 29, 30, 37]. W skład procedury oszacowania jakości wchodzą zazwyczaj następujące elementy: kontrola i ocena dokładności uzyskiwanych wyników poprzez okresowe analizowanie próbek kontrolnych, ocena dokładności metody poprzez: analizę próbek certyfikowanych materiałów odniesienia, porównanie uzyskanych wyników z wynikami uzyskanymi dla tej samej próbki przy zastosowaniu metody odniesienia, wykonanie analiz próbek po dodaniu do nich wzorca, przeprowadzenie porównawczych badań miedzylaboratoryjnych, stosowanie kart kontrolnych, stosowanie odpowiedniego systemu rewizji (auditingu). Ponieważ brak jest dokładnej metodyki przeprowadzenia procesu walidacji metody badawczej dlatego celem pracy jest przedstawienie możliwości przeprowadzenia walidacji z zastosowaniem zarówno metod chemicznych jak i mikrobiologicznych.
    One of the basic developmental directions of the environment pollution analytics and monitoring is aspiration to determination more and more small concentrations of components in samples with complex matrix. This type of problem is great challenge for analysts and requires turning attention to control and assurance of the quality of investigations results. Accuracy of analysis may be reached by applying process of the validation of the analytic method with various matrices. Validation of method is the process of settlement if technical profile of analytic methods are suitable for the intended aim. In order to obtain the most reliable results research methodology, including procedure of preparing and taking the samples, should be analysed. Validity of method may be verified only by interlaboratory investigations. Procedure of quality estimation usually consists of following elements: o control and evaluation of gained results accuracy by periodical analysing of control samples, o evaluation of method accuracy by: analysis of samples of certified reference materials, comparison of gained results with results obtained for the same sample using reference method, analyse of samples after addition of standard, execution of comparative interlaboratory analyses, application of supervisory cards, application of suitable system of inspection (auditing). Three parameters are inseparably connected with validation of analytic method: o limit of detection (LOD), recommended bottom level of this parameter value is triple value of standard deviation for given method, o reliable detection limit (RDL) - its value should be at least six-time value of standard deviation, o limit of quantitation (LOQ) that is value recognized as the smallest reliable (on the level of probability at least 99%) result of determination using given method. Its value should be between 9 and 10s (s - standard deviation). Validation of chemical and microbiological methods includes testing essential characteristic features of the method. Laboratory, in order to fulfil suitable criteria, should set up, apply, keep and develop quality system, proper for the range of its activity with regard to all undertaken activities and kinds of investigations. Quality system in the laboratory should be suitable for kind and quantity of executed investigations. During samples analysis data should be validated. This process includes both documentation and control of inviolability and idnetifibility of data.
    Źródło:
    Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska; 2007, Tom 9; 239-257
    1506-218X
    Pojawia się w:
    Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wpływ modyfikacji zeolitów na ich właściwości fizykochemiczne
    Impact of zeolites modification on their physicochemical properties
    Autorzy:
    Świderska-Dąbrowska, R.
    Schmidt, R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1819297.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
    Tematy:
    ion exchange
    natural clinoptilolite
    removal
    cations
    metals
    Cr3+
    cu2+
    pb2+
    Fe3+
    Opis:
    Zeolites are crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicates of alkali and alkaline earth metals (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba), in which the pore size is 0.3-1.2 nm and depends on the structure of the zeolite. They consist of tetrahedrons of [AlO4]-5- and [SiO4]4-, which make ordered crystal lattice of rings, channels and chambers. Variable degree of oxidation of silicon (IV) and aluminum (III) causes their electronegative character. The size of the charge may determine the adsorption, ion exchange and catalytic capacities of zeolite. The structure made of ring tetrahedron units contains open tunnels, making zeolites also molecular sieves. Zeolites are mostly used for adsorption of ammonium ions from aqueous solutions, removal of radioactive elements and heavy metals, and recent studies suggest the possibility of application of zeolites for removal of chloroorganic compounds and oily pollutants. The most widely used zeolite in practice for water and wastewater treatment is clinoptilolite, which is characterized by large ion exchange and adsorption capacity. Authors of many works explain the adsorption process with ion exchange. But when interpreting the results the authors do not consider that the zeolites have also tunnels that make them also molecular sieves. As a result of ion adsorption on clinoptilolite in hydrogen or sodium form, pH of the solution decreases, resulting in possible formation of electropositive, electronegative complexes and dissociated ions which make up aquaions, increasing or decreasing the effectiveness of their removal. During usage of modified zeolites for the adsorption of ions from aqueous solutions, many accompanying processes take place, such as precipitation, coprecipitation and catalytic adsorption. The influence of the physicochemical properties of natural zeolite and zeolite in the hydrogen form on an aqueous solution in the process of washing out is presented in the paper. Presented results clear prove that the decisive factor affecting the quality of the aqueous solution after the washing out process is initial pH of the solution. Depending on method of modification, physicochemical properties of zeolites can vary considerably. Transformation of natural zeolite into the hydrogen form increases its acidity and physical and chemical resistance. Modification of zeolite with HCl may also increase the content of pure zeolite by dissolution of other, non-zeolite materials. Zeolite H has a greater content of of silicon and aluminum compounds in relation to total mass which is a result of introduction of protons into the zeolite. This is confirmed by lower content of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals (sodium, calcium and potassium) in ZH. Exchange of ions of sodium, potassium, calcium for protons is a result of modification of ZN with HCl. Examination of washing out process showed that there is a small migration of impurities (Fe and Ca) from ZH as compared to ZN. At the same time increase of iron content in the solution increases its turbidity. And also turbidity depends on the initial pH of the solution. It's highest value was observed when the initial pH was equal to 6. Significant increase of turbidity as a function of pH is mainly caused by abrasion of zeolite grains in the process of shaking and by formation of precipitable complexes of iron and calcium. The paper presents also the results of zeta potential measurements. potential of H zeolite in the investigated range of pH has a much higher absolute values compared to ZN and vary in the range from -20 mV to -30 mV. H zeolite has a higher electrostatic activity than natural zeolite. Potential creating ions such as H+ and OH- have decisive influence on the zeolite surface charge.
    Źródło:
    Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska; 2012, Tom 14; 460-470
    1506-218X
    Pojawia się w:
    Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3

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