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Wyszukujesz frazę "finite" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Numerical analysis of temperature influence on deformation and effort of bimetallic element
Autorzy:
Panowicz, R.
Kucewicz, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/241699.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
finite elements method
bimetallic elements
thermoelasticity
Opis:
Bimetallic elements consist of at least two, connected together, material layers. The materials have different coefficients of thermal expansion. An active layer of bimetallic elements has a greater thermal expansion coefficient, whereas a passive layer has a lower one. Therefore, deformation of bimetallic elements occurs due to a change in temperature. The simplest case of bimetallic elements is a strip, which bends in the shape of an arc. As a consequence of elements deformation, stresses appear in them. An important problem is optimization of each layer of the element to achieve certain characteristics of the system. The elements should work in an elastic domain in the entire operating range. The aim of the paper is to present both numerical and analytical results for three different bimetallic elements. The following pairs of materials are considered: invar – incoloy, steel – brass and aluminium – molybdenum subjected to uniform heating. An influence of temperature and active layer dimensions of the sample on deformation and stresses of each layer was developed. It was found that the stress value is close to zero, on the boundary of each layer, for characteristic deflections of the considered bimetallic elements. The results of numerical analyses were compared with a theoretical solution presented by Timoshenko. Numerical analyses were performed using the Finite Element Method implemented in the commercial software LS-Dyna.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2016, 23, 3; 389-394
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of selected contact algorithms types in terms of their parameters selection
Autorzy:
Panowicz, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245114.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
finite element method
contact
penalty method
Opis:
The analysis of many engineering problems involves not only deformation of the considered system, but occurrence of the interaction between the individual separate elements of the system as well. The occurrence of friction is the most common phenomenon occurring during this interaction. In the case of intense friction, the heat released in this process is also important. In computer methods of mechanics, the process of interaction between bodies is carried out using special algorithms. The most frequently applied are: the penalty method, the barrier method, direct elimination of constraints, the Lagrange multiplier method, the perturbed Lagrangian method, the augmented Lagrangian method, Nitsche method. Owing to its easy implementation process, an approach based on a penalty function is often applied. In this approach, the contact between the bodies can be identified with the presence of the spring between the elements of the bodies in the contact. The stiffness of the spring depends on: material bulk modulus, face area, volume or shell diagonal and a numerically selected scale factor. The article will present the results of analyses that will allow fast and easy selection of its value. In the analyses there were presented the results considering the basic types of contacts: node to surface, surface to surface and surface to surface mortar.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 1; 263-268
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Experimental identification of hyperelastic material parameters for calculations by the finite element method
Autorzy:
Czabanowski, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/950175.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
finite element method
elastomer
experimental identification
Opis:
Elastomer materials are commonly used in manufacture of parts of machines and vehicles. A numerical analysis of these elements is possible with many calculation methods, however, due to such properties as incompressibility, very often large deformations, non-linear constitutive compounds, friction and contact phenomena, an analysis by the fmite element method turns out to be a very complicated task. The purpose of experimental studies which were carried out was to determine parameters of hyperelastic materials used for production of elastomer tracks for industrial vehicles. Experiments were carried out with rubber test samples of the hardness close to the hardness of materials used for manufacture of rubber tracks, lining of the driving wheels and track rollers. These parameters were determined for models of hyperelastic materials (Mooney-Rivlin) used for calculations. The obtained results were comparedby numer ical calculations with the help of the finite element method with a model sample at identical load conditions for various models of a material including a material of linear properties (of the constant Young's modulus). Obtained results of studies and numerical analyses demonstrate only a limited potential of the use of linear models for hyperelastic materials - this use is possible only at small deformations. Obtained results of measurements and analyses can be used for proper modelling of parts made of elastomer materials.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 1; 87-92
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Computer modelling of complex action system of blast wave arising from mine or IED explosion on light armoured vehicle
Autorzy:
Panowicz, R.
Niezgoda, T.
Barnat, W.
Sybilski, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247669.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
explosion
finite element method
light armoured vehicle
Opis:
In this paper the results of computer simulation of blast wave action arising from mine or IED explosion on wheeled light armoured vehicle will be presented. In the last years the NATO STANG 4569 international standard has been prepared. It describes the test standards concerning the ballistic resistance of vehicles not only to missiles but also to fragments and pressure wave arising from mine or IED explosion. In accordance with this standard the explosive charge is placed under ground surface (independently to the charge position in relation to the vehicle-under the wheel or under the vehicle centre). This case is of frequent occurrence during the different stabilization missions conducted by our troops both in Iraq and in Afghanistan. In the calculations the possibility of coupling between the medium described with the aid of Eulerian equations and the medium described with the aid of Lagrange equations has been used. The coupling enables the complex description of the issue. The detonation process has been described approximately of detonation optics and the behaviour of detonation of explosive device has been described with the aid of JWL equation in common use. Such approach to the subject is sufficient to resolve mast engineer problems. The vehicle has been described with the aid of Lagrange elements with corresponding material properties. The effect of high masses has been taken into account, in particular the effect of engine on behaviour of the object. The adequate coupling of the mediums above- mentioned has been very difficult during the numerical work, but additional taking the ground in consideration has improved considerably the quality of the results obtained which are nearer of the real results.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 4; 385-390
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of selected parameters of the fragmentation warhead on its effectiveness
Autorzy:
Panowicz, R.
Konarzewski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242782.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
directed fragmentation warheads
dynamics
finite element method
Opis:
The aim of the paper is to present the results of research on the influence of fragmentation warhead selected parameters on spreading capabilities. Fragmentation warhead is used to combat shaped charges and consists of metallic cover, explosive material and fragmentation liner. Fragmentation liner is built from metal balls or cylinders embedded in the resin. The explosives, initiated by a igniter, causes driving the liner in a few milliseconds up to about 900 m/s. The liner, as well as the case, fragments into many parts during this dynamic load. Geometric parameters of the fragmentation warhead affect the fragments velocity, their mass or geometric dimensions which are the most important parameters determining effectiveness of the warhead. In order properly to describe behaviour of fragmentation warhead arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) and fluid-structure interaction (FSI) approach was used. In this method, the fragmentation liner is modelled using Lagrange description while the resin, the explosive charge and the surrounding air are modelled using Euler description. A three dimensional model of directed fragmen-tation warhead along with the fragmentation liner was prepared in MSC.Patran software and the dynamic phenomena analysis used a nonlinear finite element method implemented in the LS-DYNA program.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 3; 193-200
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of the detonation initiation point position influence on the cylindrical fragmentation warhead effectiveness
Autorzy:
Panowicz, R.
Konarzewski, M.
Trypolin, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243709.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
finite elements method
dynamics
directed fragmentation warheads
Opis:
The article presents results of the numerical analyses of the fragmentation warhead, which is one of the key elements of the missile used to combat anti-tank missiles. The fragmentation warhead is composed of such elements as outer casing, inner casing, explosive material and fragmentation liner. The fragmentation liner is built from steel spheres or cylinders embedded in epoxy resin. As a result of the explosive material detonation the pressure wave is generated, which affects the liner, causes its fragmentation, and drives each splinter. In order to perform numerical analyses the model of the cylindrical fragmentation warhead with a diameter of 80 millimetres and a length of 100 mm was prepared. The fragmentation liner consists of steel spheres with a diameter of 5 mm. It was assumed in simulation that the detonating material is the plastic explosive C4. The influence of the position of the explosive charge detonation initiation point of the fragmentation warhead on its effectiveness was studied. Effectiveness was evaluated by measuring the maximum speed obtained by the fragments and their spatial distribution. A three-dimensional model of the studied system has been prepared using the MSC Patran software and the numerical analyses were performed using the finite element method with explicit scheme of the time integration implemented in the LS-Dyna solver. To model gas domain Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method was used and interaction between gas and solid body was modelled with FSI coupling.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2016, 23, 1; 263-270
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evaluation of impact of the deflector shape on effectiveness of weakening the blast wave originating from a mine or IED
Autorzy:
Panowicz, R.
Nowak, J.
Konarzewski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244439.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
finite elements method
simulation
military vehicles
deflector
Opis:
The situations which our forces faced during various stabilization military missions showed that light armored vehicles are not secure enough in the case of the mine or improvised explosive devices explosion. Nowadays, the primary way of protection against this type of threat is application of a V-shape bottom in the vehicle. Such a configuration of the bottom allows dissipation of explosion energy whereby the impulse, which is transmitted to the construction – the vehicle bottom or frame, has a much lower value than in the case where the bottom is flat. In the literature it is possible to find the results of model tests on an experimental laboratory test stand. These studies show that the value of the impulse which is transmitted to the structure depends on the shape of the deflector, actually on its angle. Assuming the above condition, there were performed numerical analyses of the values of the impulse transmitted to the construction for deflectors with different angles and for a variety of loads masses. The aim of the numerical analyses was to find the optimal angle of the deflector for the considered situation. In this model, the optimal value of the angle is that in which the considered value of the impulse transmitted to the construction reaches the minimum value. For this purpose, there was made a finite element model of deflector corresponding to the conditions of the experiment. The shell elements were used in this model. The model was loaded with a pressure impulse derived from the detonation of an explosive. The blast wave interaction with the structure was modeled using the fluid structure interaction. The numerical analyses were based on the finite element method with the explicit time integration method implemented in the LS-DYNA program.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 2; 329-334
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Numerical analysis of residual stress distribution in riveted lap joint under tension
Autorzy:
Wronicz, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245195.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
joint
rivet
fatigue
residual stress
finite element
Opis:
Riveted joints are a common location of fatigue cracks in aircraft metal structures. Fatigue life of such joints as well as a place of cracks nucleation is strongly influence by a stress distribution in sheets, which is a result of residual stresses (mainly after riveting) and stresses induced by external loads. Stress distribution in two-row lap joint was investigated with the use of Finite Element Method. The joint consist of two 1.5 mm sheets and two protruding rivets with diameter equal to 4 mm, made of 2024 T3 (sheets) and 2117 T4 (rivets) aluminium alloys. The simulations covered a riveting process and tensile stages. The 3D models of joint with the universal rivets and with the brazier, rivets with a compensator were prepared. Elastoplastic material properties as well as geometric nonlinearity and contact phenomena were included. The results of simulations show that the residual stress distribution after release of tensile loading varies significantly from the distribution after riveting only. This fact should therefore be taken into account in a fatigue life estimation of such joints performed based on a FE calculation. The paper presents also the influence of the analysed rivet geometry on the stress distribution at the sheets faying surfaces.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2018, 25, 4; 455-462
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Numerical analysis of a shell with a main shaped charge warhead stroke into a bar armour with square section
Autorzy:
Niezgoda, T.
Panowicz, R.
Sybilski, K.
Barnat, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247419.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
mechanics
finite elements method
bar armor
RPG
Opis:
Recent operations of Polish troops within the framework of peacemaking missions' uncovered weak points of the equipment used there. It turned out that one of the most significant threats is a shell equipped with a main shaped charge warhead used by partisan detachments. These can break even 900mm of shell-proof steel so it is very difflcult to protect anything from the shells. One of the ways of protection from high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warheads is using bar armours. This paper focuses on analysis of a shell with PG-7G main shaped charge warhead stroke into a bar armor with a square section. This work presents a short description of the analyzed object. Moreover, there is a principle of operation of a shell with the speciflcation of the most trouble elements from the point ofview of high velocity partial stream creation. In addition, the paper indicates steps of a numerical model construction together with geometry simplifications and initial-marginal conditions. On the basis of the results the researchers evaluated the extent of destruction of shell key elements. Furthermore, the work indicates drawings with deformed parts and presents stresses maps of these elements. The summary states to what extent PG-7G shell stroke into the armor made of bars with a square section influences reduction of operation efficacy of this type of firearm. Calculations were conducted in LS-Dyna system, which is used for oscillation analyses with a finite elements method. In order to solve the motion equation the researchers used an ordinary integration method used for i.e. analyses of highly non-linear oscillation phenomena.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 3; 327-332
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Numerical analysis of the influence of the deflector stiffness and geometry on its effectiveness
Autorzy:
Panowicz, R.
Konarzewski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242497.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
ballistic pendulum
dynamics
finite element method
ConWep
Opis:
The aim of the paper is to present the results of numerical analyses of designed classical system for measuring impact of the pressure wave originating from the detonation of explosive charge. In the paper, authors present classical ballistic pendulum in the form of the 1-meter length, HEB220, double T beam, which was suspended on the four parallel steel cables. On the front part of the pendulum, steel deflector was attached, whose aim was to disperse the energy. A few variants of used deflector were prepared, differing in the deflector geometry and thickness of the used material. In the next step, presented system was loaded with use of pressure wave, originating from detonation of 50 grams explosive charge. In order to properly describe the detonation process ConWep method was used. In this method, on the basis of preset geometric and mass parameters, together with TNT equivalent, the pressure pulse is determined. A three dimensional model of classical ballistic pendulum was prepared in MSC Patran software and numerical analyses were performed using LS-Dyna software. As the result of numerical analyses, the maximum deflection of the pendulum was determined for each case. Based on obtained results the influence of deflector geometry and stiffness on energy absorbing was identified and presented in the form of graphs.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 3; 321-328
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Introduction to numerical analysis of directed fragmentation warheads
Autorzy:
Panowicz, R.
Nowak, J.
Konarzewski, M.
Niezgoda, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243275.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
finite elements method
dynamic
directed fragmentation warheads
Opis:
The aim of the paper is to presents one of the possible approaches to the numerical analysis of the behaviour of directed fragmentation war heads. These kinds of warheads consists of: metallic or composite cover, explosive material and a driven and fragmentation liner. The explosives are initiated by a booster causes driving the liner in a few milliseconds up to about 900 m/s. The liner fragments into many parts during this intensive and dynamic load. The fragments move in a cone which dimensions depend on the warheads shape and mechanical parameters of others warheads parts. All of the warheads elements are selected to meet the assumed parameters. The fragments velocity, their mass or geometric dimensions and cone angle are the most important parameters of the warheads fragments. Such a warhead, in the initial phase of the liner driving can be numerically modelled in the field of the continuum damage mechanics. Such a description is presented in other papers. This approach in a further phase of driving cause the increases of inaccuracies. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of ALE and FSI approach to describe the behaviour of the fragmentation warheads. A three-dimensional numerical model of the directed fragmentation warheads was made in the MSC Patran, and the dynamic phenomena analysis used a nonlinear finite element method implemented in the LS-Dyna program.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 4; 319-325
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Numerical analyses of the V-shaped deflector effectiveness
Autorzy:
Panowicz, R.
Konarzewski, M.
Trypolin, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244346.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
ballistic pendulum
dynamics
finite element method
ConWep
Opis:
One of the most effective ways to protect mobile objects from the effects of the pressure wave originating from the detonation of a landmine or an explosive charge is to use a special design of the bottom of the protected vehicle. Such structure, called the deflector, in most cases has the shape of the V letter. Article presents the study of effectiveness of the V-shaped deflector. Authors prepared numerical model of a ballistic pendulum consisting of the 1 meter long HEB220 H-beam, suspended using four parallel steel ropes. In the front part of the beam, deflector was mounted. The test component was loaded with pressure wave coming from the detonation of an explosive charge. The article presents an analysis of the ability of the deflector to disperse and/or absorption of energy, depending on the type of the used explosive material and its mass. Studies have been done on the basis of numerical analysis performed with use of the finite element method with explicit integration over time scheme, implemented in the LS-Dyna software. For generation of the pressure wave originating from the detonation of explosive charge ConWep algorithm was used. It uses the predefined by the user geometric and mass parameters, and TNT equivalent to the generation of a pressure pulses.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2016, 23, 2; 269-274
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of the influence of the finite elements mesh density on the determined shaped charge jet parameters
Autorzy:
Panowicz, R.
Konarzewski, M.
Borkowski, J.
Milewski, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244994.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
charge jet
finite element method
Euler method
Opis:
Article presents results of numerical analyses of the finite elements mesh density influence on the shaped charge jet stream formation process and its selected parameters. Authors considered classical shaped charge, which consists of the plastic explosive material, copper liner and aluminium case. To properly described, material properties of the liner and case of the shaped charge, the Johnson-Cook material model was used. Detonation process was described using burn model approach. Behaviour of the detonation process products was described by commonly used John-Wilkins-Lee equation of state. Due to the nature of the presented phenomenon, in which we are dealing with large strains and strain rates, for its modelling authors utilized Euler description, implemented in the LS-Dyna software. In these method material flows by the finite elements and mesh is not deformed. Such approach allows for modelling phenomena where large and very large deformations occur. Unfortunately, it can result in a destabilizing of the systems energy balance. In order to minimize dissipation processes, in calculations was used second order scheme because of the spatial variables and time. Analyses were performed in axially symmetric setup, which was possible due to the symmetry of the analysed system. Influence of the finite elements size on the process of jet stream formation and its selected parameters was analysed.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 3; 329-335
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
LS-Dyna contact procedure analysis for selected mechanical systems
Autorzy:
Małachowski, J.
Bukala, J.
Damaziak, K.
Tomaszewski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245543.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
contact
finite element method
LS-DYNA
shaft
sleeve
Opis:
Finite Element Method is one of the most frequently used computational schemes in numerical analyses. A contact phenomenon is an essential issue when modelling the physical interaction between two or more bodies. Depending on the used software, the various contact algorithms are applied. In the paper, the authors present the results of evaluation of different contact methods implemented in LS-Dyna CAE software. The most common problem arising during contact modelling is the occurrence of penetration between the coupling elements, which leads to an increase of contact forces and, consequently, a local deformation of finite elements. In the introduction, a theoretical background related to mathematical aspects of contact modelling is presented, in particular search methods for contact surfaces and the penalty forces calculating method. Subsequently, a contact analysis for different variants of interaction of the elements is presented. In the first analysed case, shaft- sleeve interaction, in both rotation and translation, is presented. The variable factors in this case were a number of interacting finite elements and the type of a contact algorithm. The second case focused on the interaction forces resulting from the interaction between two sliding bodies in the harmonic motion. A sliding body was pressed against the plane using an increasing force. A variable factor in this case was the type of the implemented contact algorithm.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 1; 193-202
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Selected aspects of modelling a phenomena occurring with very large strain rates on the example of the shaped charge jet stream forming process and explosive formed projectiles
Autorzy:
Panowicz, R.
Konarzewski, M.
Borkowski, J.
Milewski, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245630.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
charge jet
EFP
finite element method
Euler method
Opis:
During the process of the shaped charge jet stream formation and creation of the explosive formed projectiles, we have to deal with strain rates reaching level of 107 1/s and strains larger than in other dynamic phenomena. Therefore, the correct numerical analyses of such problems are especially demanding, both in terms of preparation of the numerical model and time needed for obtaining the solution. For their execution, both meshfree and Euler description based computational methods are used. Due to very large deformations and associated with them numerical analyses errors, computational methods based on the Lagrange description are not used. Description of the materials behaviour has to take into account influence of the strain rate in wide range of parameters. In most cases, it is realized by using in computational analyses Johnson-Cook or Steiberg-Green constitutive models. These models provide an accurate description of the material parameters not only in the wide range of strain rates, but also in large scope of strains and temperatures. Article presents results of the numerical analyses concerning the influence of selected numerical and geometric parameters of the system on the process of shaped charge jet stream formation and creation of explosive formed projectile.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 3; 187-192
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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