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Wyszukujesz frazę "Seafarers Training" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Possibilities for providing of professional practices on the training vessel Dar Mlodziezy
Autorzy:
Formela, K.
Muszyńska, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116839.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
professional practices
seafarers training
polish seafarers
training vessel
Gdynia Maritime University (GMU)
crew resource management
cadets
Dar Mlodziezy
Opis:
The article presents possibility of performing trainings on board of the Gdynia Maritime Academy's training ships. It has been described main rules of curriculum of practices, also included requirements of the timeline of the practice which were defined in proper law acts as well as applying of those requirements in accomplishment of practices on board of the ships. Paper presents statistics of the numbers of students trained on board of "Dar Mlodziezy" from the Gdynia Maritime University and from other Maritime Universities and schools. Based on the presented statistics data it has been analyzed possibility of the extension time of the trainings. Such analysis assay results from curriculum of the Maritime Academy in Gdynia and others maritime schools.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2016, 10, 1; 35-40
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Special Subjects Teaching Methods in Marine Engineers’ Vocational Education System
Autorzy:
Skydanchuk, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116561.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Maritime Education and Training (MET)
Marine Engineering
Seafarers Training
Teaching Methods
Vocational Training
Vocational Education System
MET System in Ukraine
Engineers Training
Opis:
World marine engineering sector has been developing rather swiftly since recently. Every year the majority of leading shipping companies raise the level of management & maintenance of their vessels. Therefore the requirements to seafarers are increasing constantly. All these circumstances lead to the fact that every next year marine institutions, having limited time for teaching process, meet rising difficulties in seafarer’s proper training. That goes particularly for the special (technical) subjects, which are being taught to future marine engineers and form the level of their proficiency by the time of the graduation.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2013, 7, 3; 337-340
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Role and Importance of Simulator Instructor
Autorzy:
Ali, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117417.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Maritime Education and Training (MET)
Simulator Instructor
Seafarers Training
Simulator Based Training (SBT)
Ship Experiences
MET Facilities
Training Value of Simulators
IMO Model Course
Opis:
Traditional concept of seafarers’ training was based upon theoretical teaching in class room followed by the practical training onboard ship. This concept underwent profound changes in 80s due economic and practical reasons emanating from new face of the marine industry. Simulator based training had obvious advantages of being economical, safe and redundant. But it had its own implications as well. How perfect a simulator may be, it still was far away from real ship experiences. Instructor became more and more important and he is actually responsible to connect up the simulator experience with real ship experiences through his visualization and does not let the trainee get into a discourse or fall into a game mood. This study examines how the importance of simulator instructor is on the rise and present tools available for the qualification of the simulator instructors need to be augmented with new measures so as to ensure the quality of the simulator based training of the seafarers.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2008, 2, 4; 423-427
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Teaching situation and instructors’ key-competencies at the college of maritime education (CME): evaluation of the marine engineering students
Autorzy:
Victoriano, J. J.
Villaruz, R. T.
Alimen, R. A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2172494.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
maritime education and training
marine engineering students
college of maritime education
teaching situation
instructors' key-competencies
system in Philippines
Seafarers Training
teaching competence of instructors
Opis:
Strength of educational system depends upon the quality pf teachers. Teachers have always been considered as one of the noblest professions. (Naz, 2016). Students are generally influenced by their teachers because they spend most of their time at school (Rahaman, 2010; Rosen, 2010). To teach students according to today’s standards, teachers need to understand subject matter deeply and flexibly so that they can help students create useful cognitive maps, relate one idea to another, and address misconceptions. Teachers need to see how ideas connect across fields and to everyday life. Teachers use suitable strategies and resources to follow instructions according to the needs of the needs of individuals and groups of students. Teachers should guide pupils learning in analyzing. Teachers should provide manifold models and explanations of concepts behaviors and skills. Teachers provide creative and critical thinking, problem solving ability, curiosity. They should know how to use various technological and communication. They should believe in change and flexibility in teaching learning process (Rahaman, 2010; Rosen, 2010).
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2022, 16, 2; 241--250
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fleet Officer’s Seminars as a part of lifelong learning process
Autorzy:
Belev, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116302.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Maritime Education and Training (MET)
STCW Convention
Fleet Officer’s Meetings (FOM)
lifelong learning process
Fleet Officer’s Seminars (FOS)
safe manning
Safe Manning Certificate
seafarers training
Opis:
Going back to the beginning of 90-ies of last century before the present STCW-78/95 Convention was established the shipping industry relied on Maritime Education and Training Institutions for well-educated and trained seafarers. Every shipowner simply employed seafarers that his ships needed and the relevant Minimum Safe Manning Certificate required. Generally speaking MET Institutions were the only Institutions responsible for initial and following education and training of seafarers. The last decade in the shipping industry has been marked by plenty changes and quick development in different directions. One of the directions is improving the quality of seafarer’s education and training, knowledge and skills as well. The obligatory competences in STCW-78/95 Convention are not enough for shipowners and they try to extend the education process outside the Convention’s requirements and recommendations. It is a well known and more and more spread practice for Shipowners to organize and perform meetings with officers and engineers working on board their vessels. Such meetings get publicity as Fleet Officer’s Meetings (FOM) or Fleet Officer’s Seminars (FOS). The meetings or seminars are performed at least on a yearly basis but it is the Owner’s decision to establish the agenda and the scope of the topics. The usefulness of the above mentioned events is visible enough and it is easy to understand that the applied efforts are not time wasted. The question is whether the companies can perform such kind of training and whether their lecturers and instructors, who are usually part of the office staff, are ready to deliver their experience at an acceptable level. It has to be highlighted that it is not a rule that good professionals as Masters and Engineers are always good lecturers and trainers. This article describes the summary results of the authors’ experience in participating as a fleet officer and as an assessor in fleet officers’ seminars. The article makes a SWAT analysis of such events and shares experience as a conclusion. The author gives his personal collaboration to the lifelong learning process in the shipping industry. The article makes an attempt to open the door to the co-operation between the shipping industry and MET Institutions at a higher level after the seafarers’ graduation in their MET Institutions.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2016, 10, 4; 561-564
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mental health surveillance tools for sea workers
Autorzy:
Dramski, M.
Koivisto, H.
Gregorič, T.
de Melo Rodríguez, G.
Chronopoulos, A.
Ziarati, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2172469.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
mental health
mental health survillance
sea workers
e-Learning
Maritime Education and Training
training of seafarers
Opis:
This article presents the results of the works of the PROMETHEAS project, which focuses on the mental health of sea workers. This project is carried out at the Maritime University of Szczecin and brings together a consortium of various maritime institutions from Slovenia, Greece, Spain, Finland and Great Britain. PROMETHEAS aims to provide tools for assessing the mental health of sea workers that can be used by professionals and stakeholders alike. The most important ones will include an application for mobile systems (Android, iOS) and an online and offline e-learning course.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2022, 16, 1; 121--124
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Expectations of maritime university students of future work on a ship
Autorzy:
Kłopotek, N.
Dmowski, P.
Szkieł, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24811494.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
maritime education
training of seafarers
the kano model
expectations of maritime students
requirements of seafarers
working on board
shipowner companies
personnel management
Opis:
The main goal of education at a maritime university is to provide students with knowledge and practical skills necessary for future work on a ship. To receive the diploma of merchant navy officer, students are required to complete a 12-month maritime internship. During the internship, as well as during the entire course of studies, students' expectations regarding their future professional work are developed, related to, among others, working and living conditions on a ship, employment conditions and cooperation with the shipowner. These expectations determine the students’ subsequent choices towards a given shipowner as a potential employer, as well as their decisions about further professional development in this field. From the point of view of operational management, it is therefore important for the shipowner to know the requirements that must be met in order to have a motivated and competent staff. This article aims to classify the requirements for students relative to their future work on a ship based on assessing the impact of the requirement fulfilment level against the level of their satisfaction. The results obtained made it possible to indicate those requirements regarding working conditions, the fulfilment of which should be treated by shipowners as a priority, because they determine the students’ satisfaction to the highest degree.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2023, 17, 3; 702--706
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ship as a social space for adaptation: perception of the phenomenon by young seafarers
Autorzy:
Kalvaitiene, G.
Senčila, V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116626.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Maritime Education and Training (MET)
young seafarers
perception of the phenomenon
training of seafarers
social space
maritime labour convention
MET System in Lithuania
ship's crew
Opis:
Training of seafarers is traditionally focusing merely on the ‘occupational’ aspect. Competent seafarers have always been defined as people who have good professional, navigational or engineering skills. However, practice shows that these skills alone are often not enough to solve complex situations at sea. This article attempts to look at life and work at sea as a multidimensional phenomenon. The personal reaction to the social field challenges is unique for every person because of his ideas, feelings, behaviour, needs, moral values and physical attributes. The aim of the presented article is to describe a theoretical research model, which reflects the interaction of young seafarers and a social space on board a ship, and to determine the adaptation and well-being support measures used by young seafarers on board.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2019, 13, 3; 635-640
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Finding a Balance: Companies and New Seafarers Generation Needs and Expectations
Autorzy:
Sencila, V.
Kalvaitiene, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116506.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
seafarers problems
new seafarers generation
Maritime Education and Training (MET)
MET system in Latvia
MET system in Lithuania
maritime career
seafarers needs
seafarers expectations
Opis:
MET institution’s mission is not only preparing young people for maritime career at sea, forming their professional competences, but also providing help in their career management. For this reason, it is important to know new seafarers’ generation needs and career ambitions, as well as expectations from employers’ point of view. Mutual understanding would help to find a balance between expectations of both and adequately manage changes. Results of research, conducted by surveying 4th year full-time students studying at the Lithuanian Maritime Academy and experts from shipping and crewing companies in Lithuania and Latvia regarding desirable contract conditions and seafarers’ personal and/or professional characteristics, important for successful career, are presented in the article.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2018, 12, 2; 285-290
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Women Leaders in Shipping as Role Models for Women Seafarers
Autorzy:
Dragomir, C.
Baylon, A. M.
Azirh, N. T.
Leon, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117013.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
woman seafarers
seafarers problems
women leaders
women leaders in shipping
gender issues in shipping
Maritime Education and Training (MET)
IAMU
maritime career
Opis:
This article presents a part of the qualitative research results from the GECAMET international academic study on gender issues in shipping. One of the aims of GECAMET research represents the understanding of human factors considering gender equality and cultural awareness issues met in the shipping industry. In this paper are published qualitative results obtained through 47 structured online interviews of women seafarers made in the period 201‐2018. The target group of respondents was formed by women leaders in the shipping sector which are current seafarers with careers on board ship. Other data collected involved leaders defined as ex-seafarers working in managerial positions working on shore. Results of the interviews provide an excellent source of inspirational leadership. Data obtained is useful for women seafarers that need models and motivational aid to join maritime education and maritime careers, and to surpass any future challenges. Data is also helpful for shipping organizations and MET to improve equal and adequate access to women to seafarer careers on board ship. The research was possible with the support of the International Association of Maritime Universities (IAMU) and the Nippon Foundation in Japan.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2018, 12, 2; 279-284
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Compliance with legal aspects of the applying of e-Learning in the training of seafarers
Autorzy:
Sokolov, S. S.
Kovalnogova, N. M.
Mitrofanova, A. V.
Stepanov, V. A.
Gorobtsov, A. P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116321.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
legal aspects
e-Learning
e-Learning in the training of seafarers
STCW
Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping
Maritime Education and Training (MET)
MET system in Russia
applying of e-Learning
Opis:
The article examines applicability of the world experience of e-learning and distance education technologies structure to STCW recommendations and national legal requirements of the Russian Federation. There are comprehensive comparative analysis of a distance learning system and STCW recommendations. There are some results of the distance education system LMS “FARWATER” test period for the benefits of seafarers vocational education and the Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping (Admiral Makarov SUMIS) where the LMS “FARWATER” was designed.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2017, 11, 3; 457-460
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigation of the Changes in Perceived Sleep Quality and Quantity among Maritime Students in Relation to Long Term Sea Training
Autorzy:
Yılmaz, H.
Başar, E.
Ayar, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117450.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
seafarers problems
perceived sleep quality
perceived sleep quantity
maritime students
lon term sea training
sea training
Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
MET system in Turkey
Opis:
Maritime students spend a certain period of their training on board, depending on their qualifications. Deck officer candidates (deck cadets) must perform an open sea internship on commercial vessels for one year. Deck officers are among to member of crew with important responsibilities to cooperate with the Master during voyage including being involved in navigation and port watches as well as maintenance of the ship and its safety equipment. Deck cadets perform their practical training between academic education periods according to general practice in Turkey. They can be subjected to unusual working hours and rest periods during the mission on the ship. Considering the importance of adequate sleep for productivity, vigilance, sustaining attention and even over-all health and well-being, it is not only sleep quantity but sleep quality is critical. The aim of this study was to investigate of the effect of the long-term onboard training (aprox. 7 months) on the sleep quantity and quality of the maritime students. Data regarding sleep quantity and perceptive quality among the subjects were obtained by using Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). PSQI is a scale providing information on type and violence of sleep disorders and the quality of sleep during the past month. A total of 60 maritime students were asked to fill PSQI before and after onboard training. Demographical information such as age, gender, weight, height and information regarding the internship were also obtained. Of the students 43.3% rated as poor sleeper before the internship and this ratio increased to 73.3% after the internship. A prominent decrease in sleep quality was determined. Sleep duration did not change significantly. This study showed a significant negative effect of onboard training on sleep quality among participants and they did not recover within a month after returning from the sea which indicates potential long term consequencies.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2018, 12, 2; 291-298
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Current challenges in professional education and training of seafarers at management levels on oil tankers
Autorzy:
Pavić, V.
Tominac-Coslovich, S.
Kostović, N.
Mišlov, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24202893.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Maritime Education and Training
practical skills
human error
STCW
oil tankers
management level
seafarers skills & competences
seafarer additional trainings
Opis:
Maritime education and training (MET) are under constant pressure from the maritime industry, characterized by extremely rapid development. Due to the high risk in the transport and handling of crude oil, seafarers employed on oil tankers are required to have skills and competencies well above the minimum education standards set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW). Therefore, tanker companies should provide additional training for their employees to ensure the fundamental goals of zero‐accident rates and reduce human error to a minimum. This especially applies to seafarers at the management level, who must have the competence and knowledge to operate oil tankers at the highest professional level. This paper examines the current challenges in education and the required competencies of seafarers at management levels concerning the rapid growth and development of the tanker industry. In addition, some shortcomings regarding the current form of education and training have been considered, and recommendations for the future upgrade of the education and training system for seafarers at the management level are provided.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2023, 17, 3; 695--700
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Occupational Issues and Expectations of Turkish Deck Cadets
Autorzy:
Yıldız, S.
Uğurlu, O.
Yüksekyıldız, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116025.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
maritime education and training (MET)
seafarers in Turkey
Turkish Deck Cadets
deck cadets
STCW 2010 Manila Amendments
STCW convention
International Labour Organization (ILO)
MLC 2006 convention
Opis:
Seafaring is one of the world's most difficult professions. Seafarers have to face with many negative factors while they are at sea. These negative factors, makes the seafaring profession difficult to be preferred. Fatigue, stress, heavy weather conditions and lack of communication are some of these factors that affect seafarer’s occupational continuity and also make contribution to occurrence of marine accidents. Cadet is one of the seafarers who will be a navigation officer and captain in the near future. That’s why cadets have a significant role in maritime industry. Theoretical and practical training of cadets is very important. Purpose of this study was to examine deck cadets’ training conditions and difficulties they have to face with during their training period. In order to identify these difficulties, render their lives during trainings easier, and establish their expectations, questionnaire conducted with 618 deck cadets. Interviews were carried out with 3 trainers and 10 maritime companies that have substantial shares in Turkey’s maritime trade. As a result of this study identified factors that increase fatigue mostly, reduction measures have been exposed and have tried to offer solutions. This study is an advisory to improve the occupational continuity of cadets in the profession.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2016, 10, 3; 403-408
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Determination of Parameters to Model Seafarers’ Supply in Latvia
Autorzy:
Gailitis, R.
Fjodorova, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116496.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Maritime Education and Training (MET)
MET System in Latvia
Model Seafarers’ Supply
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
Package Error Rate (PER)
Determination of Parameters
Merchant Fleet
Inland Shipping
Opis:
Shortage of seafarers is important topic as maritime industry plays a key role for economy of the European Union. According to the latest assessment of economic value of shipping industry in 2012, the EU shipping industry is estimated to have directly contributed €56 billion to GDP, employed 590,000 people, and generated tax revenues of €6 billion. During recent years increasing attention is paid to the education and training of seafarers as the seafarers and their knowledge are essential to sustainable development of the maritime cluster, as indicated in the maritime strategy of European Union. Indicative estimates suggest there were almost 38,000 students/cadets in maritime academy – type training across the EU and Norway in 2012, a 11% increase from 2004. Understanding of current trends in the pool of seafarers is prerequisite for successful implementation of the strategy. Main obstacle for assessment of effectiveness is lack of possibilities to monitor contribution from maritime education institutions to current state of European seafarers’ pool. The aim of this article is to show parameters which should be taken into account to model seafarers’ supply in future. The parameters are discussed on the basis of information from the Seamen Registry of Maritime Administration of Latvia.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2014, 8, 2; 245-252
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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