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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 21
Tytuł:
PRIORITIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF FISCAL STABILITY PROGRAMMES IN FRANCE AND GERMANY
Autorzy:
Hybka, Małgorzata Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/659944.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
public debt
public revenue
public expenditure
France
Germany
fiscal stability programmes
Opis:
Restoring public finance sustainability in the European Union after the recent financial crisis requires the application of diversified fiscal policy measures. These measures are indicated in fiscal stability programmes designed by the European Union Member States. This article discusses such programmes implemented in France and Germany. The author presents scale, sources and implications of public sector debt in these countries, analyses structure of revenues and expenditures and examines objectives, reform agendas, selected means and expected outcomes defined in these programmes.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 2014, 1, 299
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ewolucja doktryny ekonomicznej SPD
Evolution of Economic Concepts of the Socio-Democratic Party of Germany
Autorzy:
Poborski, Mieczysław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/907396.pdf
Data publikacji:
1982
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Opis:
The article consists of two parts. In the first part — on the basis of the official documents of the Socio-Democratic Party of Germany — the author performs an analysis of the evolution of the economic concepts of this party to be partly supplemented in the second part by the analysis of views of the leading theoretician of the Socio-Democratic Party of Germany — K. Schiller. The analysis of the documents of this party, starting with the radical slogans of K. Schumacher in the initial manifesto ,,Sozialismus — eine Gegenwarstaufgabe", reveals a distinctly rightist trend, which already brought fruit in „Grundsatzprogram" published in 1959 to find its culminating point in „Orientierungsrahmen" approved by the party congress in Mannheim in 1975. The evolution of this party consists in — as the author concludes — constant deviation from the Marxism and orientation at pragmatism and pluralism in the Weltanschauung. The model analysis contained in the already mentioned K. Schiller's work on „Sozialismus und Wettbewerb" seems to be theoretically more prolific. It may provide a certain inspiration — although certainly not a guideline — for discussions carried here at present on the Polish model of socialism, and this at least may justify the advisability of preparing this article.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 1982, 22
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Aspekt sektoralny zmian strukturalnych w gospodarce Niemiec
Structural Aspects of Structural Changes in Germany’s Economy
Autorzy:
Dąbrowski, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/904675.pdf
Data publikacji:
1997
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Opis:
The economic practice shows that development processes in particular economies are characterized by constant structural changes both within particular regions and sectors. It proves that structural changes are not only an inseparable element accompanying economic growth but quite often a condition of positive changes in the economy taking place in its growth process. There exists a number of theoretical conceptions explaining causes of structural changes both in the sectorial and regional approach. In this article an attempt was made to present a three-sectorial hypothesis of structural changes on the basis of empirical data concerning the Federal Republic of Germany. The performed analysis shows that in the development process of Germany’s economy there took place an evolution not only in the economy structure in its intersectorial aspect but also in the structure of particular sectors. The changes discussed in the article are a typical phenomenon for most highly developed countries. Their characteristic feature is the fact that these processes both as regards their scope and sequence of their stages display many similarities in most countries. The growing or the declining role of paticular sectors within the economy is characterized by numerous causalities, with the most important of them being a mutual correlation between particular stages and level of development attained by a given country. The analysis of structural changes on the example of Germany leads to the conclusion that the Germany experience, as well as the experience of other Western countries, can be helpful in forecasting these processes in Poland.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 1997, 142
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
System partycypacji robotniczej w Republice Federalnej Niemiec
System of Workers Participation in the Federal Republic of Germany
Autorzy:
Rudolf, Stanisław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/906007.pdf
Data publikacji:
1984
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Opis:
In the entire period following the Second World War, and especially in the seventies there took place a marked progress in development of industrial democracy in the FRG. This refers mainly to representative forms of this democracy. Workers participation is carried out through factory committees composed of representatives of the whole body of workers, and representatives of employees in supervisory councils and on company boards. With the exception of the metallurgical and coalmining industries where the position of employees and shareholders' representatives is more or loss equalized, in the remaining industries employers occupy by far the most predominant position. Trade unions are situated outside the company but their influence inside the company and, first of all, indirect influence is quite considerable. One of drawbacks in the participation system in the FRG is absence of possibilities for participation of individual employees in making decisions, which causes their dissatisfaction with the existing system.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 1984, 36
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przeciwdziałanie bezrobociu w Republice Federalnej Niemiec
The Counteracting of Unemployment in The Federal Republic of Germany
Autorzy:
Kryńska, Elżbieta
Dąbrowski, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/907455.pdf
Data publikacji:
1999
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Opis:
Pursuing an active economic policy by the state is a common phenomenon in the contemporary world. The role played by the state in the economy, the scope and instruments o f economic policies in particular countries tend to vary according to the accepted economic doctrine, internal and external conditions, and the ensuing goals. The present article discusses several chosen concepts of unemployment reduction in Germany from the viewpoint of possibilities of using them in the Polish labour market. The emphasis laid on the unemployment reduction concepts is due to their significance as prerequisites for formulating the goals and instruments of the labour market policy both in Germany and in Poland. A part of the presented strategies and instruments accompaying them are well known in Poland both from the theory as a canon knowledge about instruments of the labour market policy and, to a smaller extent, from the employment policy practice. Drawing attention to these concepts we perceive wider application possibilities of the proposed solutions in conditions of the transforming economies in Central Europe including the Polish labour market.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 1999, 149
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Strukturalne problemy bezrobocia w Republice Federalnej Niemiec
Structural Problems of Unemployment in the Federal Republic of Germany
Autorzy:
Szukalski, Stanisław M
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/905146.pdf
Data publikacji:
1985
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Opis:
The analysis performed in this article is focused on size and structure of unemployment in the Federal Republic of Germany since 1973 till the early eighties. The author stresses the fact that although a sharp growth in unemployment in the period under survey should be attributed to deterioration of the business situation and changes in conditions of functioning of the FRG's economy generated by increase in prices of fuels and energy as well as raw materials, some factors indicate that unemployment in this country assumes characteristics of structural unemployment. This is confirmed by analysis of unemployment structure performed with regard to the unemployed age criterion, period of unemployment, its structure according to economic sectors, branches and professions of the unemployed. The author also points at causes of the structural deficit of jobs placing the main emphasis on a drop in investment propensity observed in the FRG's economy in the seventies.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 1985, 56
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wspomaganie sektora małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw w Niemczech ze środków publicznych
Public Support to SMEs Sector in Germany
Autorzy:
Fila, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/905435.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Opis:
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) act a very important role in the German economy. Their good condition is related to the fact, that for many years government has been putting much effort to stabilise and strengthen their position. Support for the SME in Germany is particular and is a result of cooperation on many levels of public institutions represented by the country government (federation), land governments and local authorities. On the country level, the support mainly involves low-percentage credits given by public institutions, and also financing advisory, courses for employees and access to information. The support on the land and local levels, besides the financial aspect, relies on development of infrastructure. Since the union of East and West Germany, also the enterprises from the eastern lands have been benefiting from this support. The SME support solutions applied in the eastern lands are worth analysing, since they could be very well applied to improve the position of SMEs in Poland.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 2007, 203
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Charakterystyka systemu kształcenia w Republice Federalnej Niemiec
Characteristics of Education System in the Federal Republic of Germany
Autorzy:
Sadowska-Kowalska, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/906437.pdf
Data publikacji:
1993
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Opis:
The article contains a description of the education system in the FRG. The analysis has encompassed general secondary schools, system of professional training in companies (the so-called "dual system"), vocational schools, techni* cai universities, and university studies. The main attention has been focussed on possibilities of transfer from one education level to another and difficulties existing in this field.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 1993, 130
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rachunek kosztów w Niemczech u schyłku XX wieku
Cost Accounting in Germany at the End of 20th Century
Autorzy:
Sobańska, Irena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/905031.pdf
Data publikacji:
1997
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Opis:
This paper investigates the impact of high technology and growing competition on global markets on the structure and level of costs in Germany and other developed countries. Changes in the structure in the occurrence of such new phenomena as:a) rise in the level of indirect costs of manufacturing and the proportion of total costs they comprise; b) drop in the level and proportion of direct manufacturing costs; c) increasingly steep rise in the level of fixed costs; d) increased proportion of long-term costs, the level of which is not related to the volume of production (e.g. costs of education and training, research and development). In view of the tendencies set out above the currently applied models of cost accounting have become inadequate for depicting cost-creating processes in modern enterprises. Full (absorption) costing and direct costing are being criticized strongly in Germany and English- speaking countries and work has been undertaken on the development of new costing models. This paper presents new tendencies in accounting research in Germany in the 1990s, includign Horvath and Mayer’s (1989) system of cost accounting for elementary processes and logistics costing by Weber (1987).
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 1997, 145
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Development of Retailing Institutions in the Federal Republ ic of Germany
Rozwój instytucji handlu detalicznego w Republice Federalnej Niemiec
Autorzy:
Neugebauer, Jens
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/906556.pdf
Data publikacji:
1988
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Opis:
Handel detaliczny w RFN charakteryzuje znaczne zróżnicowanie. Przeprowadzono typologię tych instytucji, uwzględniając kilka jej kryteriów m.in.: świadczone usługi, organizację, strukturę nakładów i zatrudnionych czynników produkcji oraz powiązania z otoczeniem. Omówiono rozwój i strategię handlu indywidualnego za równo, sklepów branżowych, jak i specjalistycznych, różne rodzaje sklepów samoobsługowych, domy towarowe i handlowe, domy wysyłkowe, handel dyskontowy, łańcuchowy i spółdzielczość. Następnie przedstawiono różne formy integracji znajdujące wyraz w rozwiązaniach przestrzennych. Wskazano na kierunki rozwoju różnych form instytucjonalnych, a także ich znaczenie w ogólnej sprzedaży. Wreszcie przedstawiono wskaźniki charakteryzujące porównawczo efektywność czynników produkcji zatrudnionych w różnych typach handlu detalicznego w latach 1980-1983.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 1988, 85
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Koncepcja regionalnej polityki strukturalnej w Republice Federalnej Niemiec
The Concept of Regional Structural Policy of the Federal Republic of Germany
Autorzy:
Dąbrowski, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/904505.pdf
Data publikacji:
1995
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Opis:
The article contains a presentation of the main elements of the concept of regional structural policy of the Federal Republic of Germany. A point of departure for the analysis is a defnition of role and place of the regional structural policy within economic sciences. It allows to determine its role and scope, goals of particular entities and applied instruments. The regional structural policy holds a permanent place in the German economic thought as a part o f the economic policy pursued by the State. A specific character of the federal state implies special regulations concerning the problem of subjectiveness. Goals of the regional structural policy ensue from the pyramid of goals accepted within the framework of social market economy doctrine. The instruments applied have been subordinated to these goals. Both the theoretical experiments and the economic practice in Germany point a t the necessity of conducting a regional structural policy by the State irrespective of various discussions on the scope of state intervention in the economy.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 1995, 137
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polityka kształcenia jako środek przeciwdziałający bezrobociu. Z doświadczeń RFN
Education Policy as a Means Counteracting Unemployment - Experience of West Germany
Autorzy:
Sadowska-Kowalska, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/904536.pdf
Data publikacji:
1995
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Opis:
The measures of counteracting unemployment among youth are a part of a general set of measures aimed at counteracting unemployment in the whole economy. A specific measure of the fight against unemployment of young people is the education policy, including preparation for a job. Between the school and the work young people meet barriers, which they have to overcome. The first threshold is a transition from general secondary schools to the system of vocational training (acquiring occupational qualifications), and the second threshold is a transition from the vocational training system to the employment system (getting jobs). In overcoming both obstacles, assistance can be provided by the education policy and the employment policy owing to measures remaining at their disposal. The areas of operation of the education and the employment policies are shown in Fig 2. The instruments applied in West Germany, which allow to coordinate the instruments remaining at the disposal of both these policies have been presented in the article in two groups: as institutional tools and as specific tools of the education policy. The latter have been analyzed in four groups: general tools in relation to young people who have not completed vocational education, in the process of vocational training and in relation to its graduates, and to the system of higher education and its graduates. The process of transformation has encompassed also the education system. An example here could be the economy of the former GDR. On this example there is discussed the role of instruments of the education policy in the process of changes.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 1995, 135
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kształcenie dorosłych w Niemczech w zakresie działania Federalnego Urzędu Pracy
Training of Adults in Germany - a Programme of the Federal Employment Bureau
Autorzy:
Sadowska-Kowalska, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/905117.pdf
Data publikacji:
1998
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Opis:
The Federal Employment Bureau is not directly involved in professional training but it supports such training with its subsidies. It supports professional training through provision of information, counselling, funds (covering costs of training), subsistence and adaptation alowances. The assistance of the Federal Employment Bureau in the field of professional training covers both unemployed and employed persons, qualified and unqualified work force, persons with high job prospects and those encountering difficulties on the labour market. However, the main emphasis has been placed on groups of people especially threatened on the labour market, and particularly on jobless persons, those directly threatened by unemployment, and unqualified persons, i.e. potentially threatened. The article analyzes various types of assistance making allowances for specific problems existing on the labour market in „old” and „new” federal lands. The performed analysis aimed at presenting professional training as an instrument of the employment policy in The Federal Republic oF Germany.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 1998, 147
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Socjaldemokracja a katolicyzm społeczny (na przykładzie Socjaldemokratycznej Partii Austrii i Niemiec)
Social Democratic Party and Social Catholicism (Case Study of the Social Democratic Parties of Austria and Germany)
Autorzy:
Spychalski, Gedymin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/907456.pdf
Data publikacji:
1989
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Opis:
The main idea of this report is the finding of some ideological convergence between the thought of the post-war Social Democratic parties in the West (discussed here on the example of the social Democratic parties of Austria and Germany) and the social Catnolicism. It is often pointed out that majority of representaives of the Social Domocratic Party have no doubt that properly developing socialism cannot develop without religion (there is often mentioned not only the Catholic religion but - more generally Christian religion).
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 1985, 49
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rola Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau we wspieraniu finansowania małej i średniej przedsiębiorczości w Niemczech
The Role of Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau in Supporting of Financing Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Germany
Autorzy:
Michalska, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/906978.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Opis:
Innovationness is a factor conditioning survival and development of enterprises in market economy. Small and medium sized enterprises are usualy more open to initiating innovations, thanks to ability to quickly react to market changes. Udertaking such innovations requires large capital. The major obstacle to making innovations is the need to have a sufficent self capital and unwillingness of commercial banks to give credit to this group of enterprises. A way of solving the problems mentioned above is for the government to provide protection for such enterprises, of which Germany can be an example. Thanks to wide range of credit offers, Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau successfuly supports the small and medium sized enterprise sector in Germany.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 2002, 161
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 21

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