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Wyszukujesz frazę "STRESS" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Lactic acid bacteria stress response to preservation processes in the beverage and juice industry
Autorzy:
Bucka-Kolendo, Joanna
Sokołowska, Barbara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1038586.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
Lactic acid bacteria
LAB
stress factors
stress response
cross-protection
Opis:
In this review we summarize stress factors that affect the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and cause different molecular stress responses. LAB belong to a group of bacteria that is very widespread in food and beverages. They are present, and desired, in fermented products like yogurts, cheese, vegetables, meat or wine. In most of them, LAB are providing positive sensory and nutritive features. However, as harmless and desired microbes in one product, LAB can cause spoilage and a bad taste of others, especially in juices and beverages. LAB are resistant to many stress factors which allows them to survive in harsh environments. The most common stress factors they have to deal with are: heat, cold, acidity, NaCl and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). Their ability to survive depends on their skills to cope with stress factors. Under stress conditions, LAB activate mechanisms that allow them to adjust to the new conditions, which can influence their viability and technological properties. This ability to adapt to different stress conditions may come from the cross-protection systems they have, as resistance to one factor may help them to deal with the other stress effectors. LAB are highly valuable for the food industry and that is why it is important to understand their stress response mechanisms.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2017, 64, 3; 459-464
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of stress on the life span of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Autorzy:
Święciło, Agata
Krawiec, Zdzisława
Wawryn, Jarosław
Bartosz, Grzegorz
Biliński, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1044359.pdf
Data publikacji:
2000
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
aging
osmotic stress
superoxide dismutase
catalase
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
heat shock
oxidative stress
Opis:
A correlation is known to exist in yeast and other organisms between the cellular resistance to stress and the life span. The aim of this study was to examine whether stress treatment does affect the generative life span of yeast cells. Both heat shock (38°C, 30 min) and osmotic stress (0.3 M NaCl, 1 h) applied cyclically were found to increase the mean and maximum life span of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both effects were more pronounced in superoxide dismutase-deficient yeast strains (up to 50% prolongation of mean life span and up to 30% prolongation of maximum life span) than in their wild-type counterparts. These data point to the importance of the antioxidant barrier in the stress-induced prolongation of yeast life span.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2000, 47, 2; 355-364
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Immunoinflammatory responses in gastrointestinal tract injury and recovery
Autorzy:
Verma, Garima
Marella, Akranth
Shaquiquzzaman, Md
Alam, Md
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1039566.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
inflammation
infection
oxidative stress
Opis:
Inflammation is a non-specific immune response to infection, irritation or other injury, the key features being redness, warmth, swelling and pain. A number of mediators are released which alter the resistance of mucosa to injury induced by noxious substances. Oxidative stress is a unifying mechanism of injury in many types of disease processes, including gastrointestinal diseases. It has been defined as an imbalance in the activity of pro and antioxidants. Pro-oxidants favour free radical formation while antioxidants inhibit or retard the same. A number of markers of oxidative stress have been identified. This review provides an overview of various mediators of inflammation and oxidative stress, and diverse approaches for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal inflammation.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2013, 60, 2; 143-149
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Comparing the rate of growth and metabolic efficiency of yeast experiencing environmental stress or genetic damage
Autorzy:
Sendra, Kacper
Jakubowska, Agata
Korona, Ryszard
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1039463.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
fitness cost
growth rate
metabolic efficiency
environmental stress
chemical stress
gene deletion
Opis:
Physical stresses, toxic substances, and mutations can cause marked decline in the rate of growth (RG). We report that the efficiency of growth (EG), i.e. converting glucose into biomass, responds less profoundly. It remains nearly unaffected for some physical and chemical stresses, but decreases substantially for others, specifically those affecting membrane integrity or ion homeostasis. Mutations (gene deletions) can heavily reduce RG, but much less EG. Moreover, there is no apparent relation between the function of deleted gene and EG. Generally, assays of EG appear as more laborious, less precise, and less informative than those of RG.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2013, 60, 4; 665-669
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reactive oxygen species as second messengers? Induction of the expression of yeast catalase T gene by heat and hyperosmotic stress does not require oxygen.
Autorzy:
Krawiec, Zdzisława
Biliński, Tomasz
Schüller, Christoph
Ruis, Helmut
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1044432.pdf
Data publikacji:
2000
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
yeast.
osmotic stress
thermotolerance
catalase T
oxygen
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
stress response
heat shock
Opis:
It is shown that oxygen is not absolutely needed for stress-induced synthesis of catalase T in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast cells develop heat resistance after exposure to elevated temperatures in anoxia. The levels of catalase activity and thermotolerance are comparable to those in aerobically stressed cells. While these results obviously do not exclude a stress signaling role of reactive oxygen species in some systems, as postulated by other authors, they suggest that the question of the obligatory requirement for reactive oxygen species in other stress signaling systems should be rigorously re-investigated.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2000, 47, 1; 201-207
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Redox properties and prooxidant cytotoxicity of a neuroleptic agent 6,7-dinitrodihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX)
Autorzy:
Šarlauskas, Jonas
Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė, Aušra
Misevičienė, Lina
Krikštopaitis, Kastis
Anusevičius, Žilvinas
Čėnas, Narimantas
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1039581.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
flavoenzymes
cytotoxicity
DNQX
oxidative stress
Opis:
In order to characterize the possible mechanism(s) of cytotoxicity of a neuroleptic agent 6,7-dinitrodihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) we examined the redox properties of DNQX, and its mononitro- (NQX) and denitro- (QX) derivatives. The irreversible electrochemical reduction of the nitro groups of DNQX was characterized by the reduction peak potentials (Ep,7) of -0.43 V and -0.72 V vs. Ag/AgCl at pH 7.0, whereas NQX was reduced at Ep,7 = -0.67 V. The reactivities of DNQX and NQX towards the single-electron transferring enzymes NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase and NADPH:adrenodoxin reductase/adrenodoxin complex were similar to those of model nitrobenzenes with the single-electron reduction potential (E17) values of -0.29 V - -0.42 V. DNQX and NQX also acted as substrates for two-electron transferring mammalian NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (DT-diaphorase). The cytotoxicity of DNQX in bovine leukemia virus-transformed lamb kidney fibroblasts (line FLK) was prevented by antioxidants and an inhibitor of NQO1, dicoumarol, and was enhanced by the prooxidant alkylating agent 1,3-bis(2-chloromethyl)-1-nitrosourea. A comparison with model nitrobenzene compounds shows that the cytotoxicity of DNQX and NQX reasonably agrees with the ease of their electrochemical reduction, and/or their reactivities towards the used enzymatic single-electron reducing systems. Thus, our data imply that the cytotoxicity of DNQX in FLK cells is exerted mainly through oxidative stress.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2013, 60, 2; 227-231
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Correlation between mammalian cell cytotoxicity of flavonoids and the redox potential of phenoxyl radical/phenol couple
Autorzy:
Marozienė, Audronė
Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė, Aušra
Vidžiūnaitė, Regina
Čėnas, Narimantas
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1039753.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
cytotoxicity
antioxidants
flavonoids
oxidative stress
Opis:
Flavonoids exhibit prooxidant cytotoxicity in mammalian cells due to the formation of free radicals and oxidation products possessing quinone or quinomethide structure. However, it is unclear how the cytotoxicity of flavonoids depends on the ease of their single-electron oxidation in aqueous medium, i.e., the redox potential of the phenoxyl radical/phenol couple. We verified the previously calculated redox potentials for several flavonoids according to their rates of reduction of cytochrome c and ferricyanide, and proposed experimentally-based values of redox potentials for myricetin, fisetin, morin, kaempferol, galangin, and naringenin. We found that the cytotoxicity of flavonoids (n=10) in bovine leukemia virus-transformed lamb kidney fibroblasts (line FLK) and murine hepatoma (line MH-22a) increases with a decrease in their redox potential of the phenoxyl radical/phenol couple and an increase in their lipophilicity. Their cytotoxicity was decreased by antioxidants and inhibitors of cytochromes P-450, α-naphthoflavone and isoniazide, and increased by an inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase, 3,5-dinitrocatechol. It shows that although the prooxidant action of flavonoids may be the main factor in their cytotoxicity, the hydroxylation and oxidative demethylation by cytochromes P-450 and O-methylation by catechol-O-methyltransferase can significantly modulate the cytotoxicity of the parent compounds.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2012, 59, 2; 299-306
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dependence of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae post-reproductive lifespan on the reproductive potential
Autorzy:
Zadrag-Tecza, Renata
Molon, Mateusz
Mamczur, Jan
Bilinski, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1039620.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
aging
lifespan
oxidative stress
yeast
Opis:
The lifespan of budding yeast cells is divided into two stages: reproductive and post-reproductive. The post-reproductive stage of the yeast's lifespan has never been characterized before. We have analyzed the influence of various mutations on the post-reproductive (PRLS) and replicative (RLS) lifespans. The results indicate that PRLS demonstrates an inverse relationship with RLS. The observed lack of differences in the total lifespan (TLS) (expressed in units of time) of strains differing up to five times in RLS (expressed in the number of daughters formed) suggests the necessity of revision of opinions concerning the use of yeast as a model organism of gerontology.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2013, 60, 1; 111-115
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Enzymatic redox reactions of the explosive 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF): implications for its toxic action.
Autorzy:
Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė, Aušra
Šarlauskas, Jonas
Misevièienė, Lina
Anusevièius, Žilvinas
Marozienė, Audronė
Čėnas, Narimantas
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1041528.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
cytotoxicity
nitroaromatic explosives
oxidative stress
Opis:
With an aim to understand the toxicity mechanisms of the explosive 4,6-dinitro- benzofuroxan (DNBF), we studied its single-electron reduction by NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase and ferredoxin:NADP+ reductase, and two- electron reduction by DT-diaphorase and Enterobacter cloacae nitroreductase. The enzymatic reactivities of DNBF and another explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) were similar, except for the much lower reactivity of DNBF towards nitroreductase. DNBF was less cytotoxic in FLK cells than TNT. However, their action shared the same mechanisms, oxidative stress and activation by DT-diaphorase. The lower cytotoxicity of DNBF may be explained by the negative electrostatic charge of its adduct with water which may impede cellular membrane penetration, and by the formation of its less reactive adducts with intracellular reduced glutathione.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2004, 51, 4; 1081-1086
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of aging and oxidative/genotoxic stress on poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 activity in rat brain
Autorzy:
Strosznajder, Robert
Jesko, Henryk
Adamczyk, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1041342.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
aging
poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation
brain
p53 protein
PARP-1
genotoxic stress
oxidative stress
Opis:
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1, EC 2.4.2.30), a DNA-bound enzyme, plays a key role in genome stability, but after overactivation can also be responsible for cell death. The aim of the present study was to investigate PARP-1 activity in the hippocampus, brain cortex, striatum and cerebellum in adult (4 months) and aged (24 months) specific pathogen free Wistar rats and to correlate it with PARP-1 protein level and p53 expression. Moreover, the response of PARP-1 in adult and aged hippocampus to oxidative/genotoxic stress was evaluated. Our data indicated a statistically significant enhancement of PARP-1 activity in aged hippocampus and cerebral cortex comparing to adults without statistically significant changes in PARP-1 protein level. The expression of p53 mRNA was elevated in all aged brain parts with the exception of the cerebral cortex. Our data suggest that enhancement of PARP-1 activity and p53 expression in aged brain may indicate higher DNA damage. Our data also indicate that during excessive oxidative/genotoxic stress there is no response of PARP-1 activity in aged hippocampus in contrast to a significant enhancement of PARP-1 activity in adults which may have important consequences for the physiology and pathology of the brain.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2005, 52, 4; 909-914
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cytotoxicity of anticancer aziridinyl-substituted benzoquinones in primary mice splenocytes
Autorzy:
Miliukienė, Valė
Nivinskas, Henrikas
Čėnas, Narimantas
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1039227.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
aziridinyl-substituted quinones
cytotoxicity
oxidative stress
Opis:
The anticancer activity of aziridinyl-quinones is mainly attributed to their NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1)-catalyzed two-electron reduction into DNA-alkylating products. However, little is known about their cytotoxicity in primary cells, which may be important in understanding their side effects. We found that the cytotoxicity of aziridinyl-unsubstituted quinones (n = 12) in mice splenocytes with a low amount of NQO1, 4 nmol × mg-1 × min-1, was caused mainly by the oxidative stress. Aziridinyl-benzoquinones (n = 6) including a novel anticancer agent RH1 were more cytotoxic than aziridinyl-unsubstituted ones with the similar redox properties, and their cytotoxicity was not decreased by an inhibitor of NQO1, dicumarol. The possible reasons for their enhanced cytotoxicity are discussed.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2014, 61, 4; 833-836
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Neuroprotective effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in rat model of Alzheimers disease
Autorzy:
Aly, Hanan
Metwally, Fateheya
Ahmed, Hanaa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1039841.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
dehydroepiandrosterone
Alzheimer's disease
apoptosis
oxidative stress
Opis:
The current study was undertaken to elucidate a possible neuroprotective role of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) against the development of Alzheimer's disease in experimental rat model. Alzheimer's disease was produced in young female ovariectomized rats by intraperitoneal administration of AlCl3 (4.2 mg/kg body weight) daily for 12 weeks. Half of these animals also received orally DHEA (250 mg/kg body weight, three times weekly) for 18 weeks. Control groups of animals received either DHAE alone, or no DHEA, or were not ovariectomized. After such treatment the animals were analyzed for oxidative stress biomarkers such as hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, antiapoptotic marker Bcl-2 and brain derived neurotrophic factor. Also brain cholinergic markers (acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine) were determined. The results revealed significant increase in oxidative stress parameters associated with significant decrease in the antioxidant enzyme activities in Al-intoxicated ovariectomized rats. Significant depletion in brain Bcl-2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were also detected. Moreover, significant elevations in brain acetylcholinesterase activity accompanied with significant reduction in acetylcholine level were recorded. Significant amelioration in all investigated parameters was detected as a result of treatment of Al-intoxicated ovariectomized rats with DHEA. These results were confirmed by histological examination of brain sections. These results clearly indicate a neuroprotective effect of DHEA against Alzheimer's disease.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2011, 58, 4; 513-520
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Generation of reactive oxygen species by a sufficient, insufficient and varicose vein wall
Autorzy:
Krzyściak, Wirginia
Kózka, Mariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1039956.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
varicose vein
superoxide dismutase
oxidative stress
Opis:
Despite numerous theories, the etiology and pathogenesis of primary varicose veins remain unclear. The etiology of chronic venous diseases (CVDs) known as chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is related to leukocyte trapping. Leukocyte trapping involves trapping of white cells in vessel walls followed by their activation and translocation outside the vessel. Release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from trapped white cells has been documented. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) directly inhibits the generation of free radicals and compounds that are produced during oxidation by ROS, such as malonyldialdehyde (MDA). The aim of this study was to determine the involvement of free radicals in the etiology of venous changes. The following material was used for the study: fragments of sufficient or insufficient venous system and varices from 31 patients diagnosed with chronic venous disease in the 2nd or 3rd degree, according to clinical state, etiology, anatomy and pathophysiology (CEAP), which were qualified for surgical procedure. The levels of oxidative stress markers strongly correlated with lesions observed by USG in insufficient and varicose veins. In both a higher concentration of MDA was observed, which is a sign of lipid peroxidation. Antioxidative mechanisms, SOD activity and total antioxidative power expressed as FRAP were inversely proportional to MDA concentration. In insufficient and varicose veins both FRAP and SOD activities were significantly lower than in normal veins. The severity of clinical changes was inversely dependent on the efficiency of scavenging of ROS, which additionally proves the participation of free radicals in pathogenesis of CVDs.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2011, 58, 1; 89-94
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Response of Acanthamoeba castellanii mitochondria to oxidative stress
Autorzy:
Trocha, Lidia
Stobienia, Olgierd
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1040871.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
Acanthamoeba castellanii
hydroperoxide
mitochondria
oxidative stress
Opis:
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of oxidative stress caused by hydroperoxide (H2O2) in the presence of iron ions (Fe2+) on mitochondria of the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii. We used isolated mitochondria of A. castellanii and exposed them to four levels of H2O2 concentration: 0.5, 5, 15, and 25 mM. We measured basic energetics of mitochondria: oxygen consumption in phosphorylation state (state 3) and resting state (state 4), respiratory coefficient rates (RC), ADP/O ratios, membrane potential (ΔΨm), ability to accumulate Ca2+ , and cytochrome c release. Our results show that the increasing concentrations of H2O2 stimulates respiration in states 3 and 4. The highest concentration of H2O2 caused a 3-fold increase in respiration in state 3 compared to the control. Respiratory coefficients and ADP/O ratios decreased with increasing stress conditions. Membrane potential significantly collapsed with increasing hydroperoxide concentration. The ability to accumulate Ca2+ also decreased with the increasing stress treatment. The lowest stress treatment (0.5 mM H2O2) significantly decreased oxygen consumption in state 3 and 4, RC, and membrane potential. The ADP/O ratio decreased significantly under 5 mM H2O2 treatment, while Ca2+ accumulation rate decreased significantly at 15 mM H2O2. We also observed cytochrome c release under increasing stress conditions. However, this release was not linear. These results indicate that as low as 0.5 mM H2O2 with Fe2+ damage the basic energetics of mitochondria of the unicellular eukaryotic organism Acanthamoeba castellanii.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2007, 54, 4; 797-803
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Stress granules (SG) and processing bodies (PB) in viral infections
Autorzy:
Malinowska, Magdalena
Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej, Paulina
Tokarz-Deptuła, Beata
Deptuła, Wiesław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1038793.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
stress granules
processing bodies
viral infection
Opis:
During reaction to stress caused by viral infection, RNA granules are formed in order to protect mRNA. Stress granules (SG) and processing bodies (PB) provide cell homeostasis and mRNA stability. They are formed, for example, during polio virus and MRV (mammalian orthoreovirus) infections. Some viruses, such as influenza virus and HTLV-1 (Human T-lymphotropic virus 1), block the formation of granules. In addition, there are viruses like West Nile Virus, Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) or human Herpes viruses, which influence the functioning of the granules.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2016, 63, 2; 183-188
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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