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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 225
Tytuł:
Tropy. Korzenie paradygmatu poszlakowego
The trails - the roots of the circumstantial paradigm
Autorzy:
Ginzburg, Carlo
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/691260.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Copernicus Center Press
Tematy:
circumstantial paradigm
reasoning
circumstantial reasoning
trace reasoning
Morelli method
rationalism
irrationalism
Opis:
The circumstantial reasoning is a common and widely used way of acquiring inferences based on a very limited number of premises. This paradigm emerged as an epistemological model at the end of the 19th century but has not yet received any systematic theoretical treatment. The paradigm became famous as the 'Morelli method' utilized by the historians of art to identify the authorship of various pieces of art, paintings in particular. The method allows the identification based on the investigation of certain features that are unnoticeable to the majority of observers. The same procedure seems to be operational among hunters who are capable of reconstructing the behavior as well as the species of an animal with the help of residual traces left in the surroundings. Also, it has its importance in medicine. The trace reasoning is essentially different in its methodology from that of the contemporary natural sciences within the Galilean paradigm. The difference consists in the radical importance of an individual as an individual as opposed to common regularities in nature studied by the natural sciences. Thus the circumstantial reasoning bears distinctively anthropocentric character. The theoretical analysis of this kind of reasoning may be helpful to overcome the tension between rationalism and irrationalism.
Źródło:
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce; 2006, 39; 8-65
0867-8286
2451-0602
Pojawia się w:
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Henkin semantics for reasoning with natural language
Autorzy:
Hahn, M.
Richter, F.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/103815.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Podstaw Informatyki PAN
Tematy:
Henkin semantics
reasoning
reducing higher-order reasoning
first-order reasoning
Opis:
The frequency of intensional and non-first-order definable operators in natural languages constitutes a challenge for automated reasoning with the kind of logical translations that are deemed adequate by formal semanticists. Whereas linguists employ expressive higher-order logics in their theories of meaning, the most successful logical reasoning strategies with natural language to date rely on sophisticated first-order theorem provers and model builders. In order to bridge the fundamental mathematical gap between linguistic theory and computational practice, we present a general translation from a higher-order logic frequently employed in the linguistics literature, two-sorted Type Theory, to first-order logic under Henkin semantics. We investigate alternative formulations of the translation, discuss their properties, and evaluate the availability of linguistically relevant inferences with standard theorem provers in a test suite of inference problems stated in English. The results of the experiment indicate that translation from higher-order logic to first-order logic under Henkin semantics is a promising strategy for automated reasoning with natural languages.
Źródło:
Journal of Language Modelling; 2015, 3, 2; 513-568
2299-856X
2299-8470
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Language Modelling
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Stereotypes inhibition in syllogistic reasoning. Changes related to age and time measurement repetition during study
Autorzy:
Zając-Lamparska, Ludmiła
Trempała, Janusz
Mrówka, Aleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1178413.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy
Tematy:
age stereotypes
cognitive ageing
dual-reasoning theory
syllogistic reasoning
Opis:
The aim of this study was to verify the hypothesis saying that older people on average achieve a lower level of performance than younger at solving syllogisms which contain stereotypical knowledge about aging, and to decide whether the nature of the changes taking place during the test (under the influence of exercise) corresponds to a greater extent to the assumptions of the disuse hypothesis (greater gradient of improvement in elderly subjects), or to the assumptions about age-related decline of developmental plasticity (gradient greater of improvement in the young). Generalizing the empirical findings, we can say that, compared with younger people a slowdown in the syllogistic reasoning does not characterize cognitive functioning of people in late adulthood. They can solve syllogisms just as quickly as younger subjects. However, they respond more slowly when the tasks are subject to stereotypical content and less accurately when the conclusions of syllogisms are false. The analysis of differences and patterns of changes in the speed and correctness of responses during the test of syllogistic reasoning in the age groups leads to ambiguous statements about the expected influence of the age of life in the improvement of performance of tasks under the influence of measurement repetition (practice). We came to the conclusion that in the search for a model of study, which separates from each other the effects of age (macro-developmental changes) and repetition of measurements during the test (micro-developmental changes) probably more useful is a flowchart of tasks’ exposure and comparison of the changes/differences related to age and measurement time. Thus, such studies require an increase of the number of measurements/tasks during the test.
Źródło:
Polskie Forum Psychologiczne; 2013, XVIII, 4; 469-485
1642-1043
Pojawia się w:
Polskie Forum Psychologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Quality of deductive Reasoning in Inferring Words from Context: Comparison of the Performance of Standard and Talented 9–10 Year Old Pupils
Autorzy:
Kovalčíková, Iveta
Ropovik, Ivan
Ferjencik, Jan
Bobakova, Monika
Slavkovská, Miriam
Filičková, Marta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/507139.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie
Tematy:
deductive reasoning
hypothetical reasoning
deductive inference
decoding words in context.
Opis:
The primary intention of the presented paper is to contribute to the understanding of 1. what deductive-hypothetical reasoning is and 2. what deductive inference is, manifested in the ability to decode and learn words from context. The WCT - WORD CONTEXT TEST (D-KEFS; Delis, Kaplan & Kramer, 2001) was used for measuring the two dependent variables (level of hypothetical thinking and ability to infer the meaning of words from context). This test is a separate part of the Delis Kaplan Executive Function System test battery (D-KEFS; Delis, Kaplan & Kramer, 2001). On the basis of the results obtained in the process of the administration of the tool on a sample of 9–10 year-old pupils attending standard schools and pupils educated in classes for the gifted, we explore the level of hypothetical-deductive thinking in both groups of pupils. We use the obtained data to make the following analysis of the relationship between a pupil’s intelligence and: a) level of hypothetical reasoning; and b) level of ability to infer the meaning of words from context among standard pupils; analysis of differences in: a) level of hypothetical reasoning; and b) level of ability to infer the meaning of words in context between gifted pupils and standard pupils.
Źródło:
Journal of Preschool and Elementary School Education; 2014, 6; 41 - 66
2084-7998
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Preschool and Elementary School Education
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reasoning algorithm for a creative decision support system integrating inference and machine learning
Autorzy:
Wilk-Kolodziejczyk, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/305355.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
reasoning algorithm
inferential theory of learning
decision support
rule induction
logic of plausible reasoning
Opis:
In this paper a reasoning algorithm for a creative decision support system is proposed. It allows to integrate inference and machine learning algorithms. Execution of learning algorithm is automatic because it is formalized as aplying a complex inference rule, which generates intrinsically new knowledge using the facts stored already in the knowledge base as training data. This new knowledge may be used in the same inference chain to derive a decision. Such a solution makes the reasoning process more creative and allows to continue resoning in cases when the knowledge base does not have appropriate knowledge explicit encoded. In the paper appropriate knowledge representation and infeence model are proposed. Experimental verification is performed on a decision support system in a casting domain.
Źródło:
Computer Science; 2017, 18 (3); 317-338
1508-2806
2300-7036
Pojawia się w:
Computer Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Concept of a Knowledge Base to Aid in Cost Estimating of Sports Facilities
Autorzy:
Radziejowska, Aleksandra
Zima, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/683547.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
CBR, reasoning based on cases, costing
Opis:
Background. Reasoning based on cases is one of the heuristic techniques which is used in making right decisions in complex situations. Inference systems typically use previously acquired knowledge which is the basis for creating tools to represent and process information. So far, there has been a wide variety of solutions developed to make inference in conditions of incomplete knowledge, but this process appears in very few studies related to civil engineering.Research aims. This article will provide a concept of the model of knowledge base and a method of describing sports facilities. The cost estimation model will be based on the prices of the integrated works which, being based on the indicated system, will allow to create the module supporting cost and tender calculations. Methodology. The authors present the main assumptions of the concept of estimating the costs of sports facilities with the use of the system of inference on the basis of cases (CBR – Case-Based Reasoning).Key findings. The indicated method is designed to improve the accuracy of estimating the costs of planned sports investments and improve the decision-making process at the planning stage.
Źródło:
International Journal of Contemporary Management; 2015, 14, 3
2449-8920
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Contemporary Management
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
How Does One Learn? Is There a Method?
Autorzy:
Hilcenko, Christine
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2042846.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-11-05
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski
Tematy:
knowledge
learning
rationality
reflection
intuition
reasoning
Opis:
The definition of learning is to gain or acquire knowledge of or skill in (something) by study, experience, or being taught. We discuss here the different methods of learning in traditional and modern societies. We conclude that what we have learned to date is negligible compare to what remains to learn.
Źródło:
Journal of Education, Technology and Computer Science; 2020, 11, 1(31); 61-63
2719-6550
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Education, Technology and Computer Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Expert system approach in designing knowladge-based controller
Autorzy:
Ptasznik, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1813975.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
nonlinear control
expert systems
reasoning
Al
Opis:
In this article the knowledge-based control approach will be proposed for nonlinear systems. Firstly some basic concepts from the artificial intelligence will be defined, then the expert system design process will be introduced and finally a practical example will be discussed. The principle of this method is to support the controller with the human-like reasoning to determine the appropriate control mode and to estimate unknown parameters. Note that this is the heuristic approach, hence neither optimal steering, nor stability is guaranteed.
Źródło:
Prace Naukowe Instytutu Maszyn, Napędów i Pomiarów Elektrycznych Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Studia i Materiały; 2013, 69, 33; 540--549
1733-0718
Pojawia się w:
Prace Naukowe Instytutu Maszyn, Napędów i Pomiarów Elektrycznych Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Studia i Materiały
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Język, logika a rozumowanie – teoria reguł czy modele umysłowe?
Language, logic and reasoning - rules theory or mental models
Autorzy:
Białek, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2139494.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
reasoning
logic
mental models
rules theory
Opis:
In present research there was shown the issue of connection between reasoning and logical competence. The point of view of rules theory and mental models theory concerning discussed range of problems was presented and subsequently the prediction of rules theory was verified. The results of the survey conducted on 70 people: 37 students of philosophy and 33 students of other courses at University of Lodz let us reject rules theory as a predictive to the proceedings of reasoning process and induce to accept an alternative theory explaining the proceedings of the discussed process. The adduced research proved that the level of logical competence does not differentiate the surveyed with respect to the level of reasoning’s correctness and it does not influence the constancy of selection of the reasoning’s patterns.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica; 2008, 12; 45-54
2353-4842
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rozumowanie przez analogie oparte na materiale geometrycznym u uczniów niewidomych
Analogical reasoning based on geometric material in blind pupils
Autorzy:
Kucharczyk, Izabella
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1371475.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-01-07
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
analogical reasoning
blind pupils
geometric analogies
Opis:
Analogical reasoning constitutes one of the ways the blind get to know the world; it enriches information and influences thinking. The purpose of the article is the presentation of results of research on reasoning using geometric analogies in blind pupils aged 10, 12 and 14. The study encompassed a group of 63 blind pupils and 63 seeing pupils. The study used the twelve series B matrices from the Progressive Matrices of John C. Raven. A detailed analysis of the dependencies between the variables permitted the determination of differences between groups of pupils in terms of reasoning using geometric analogies.
Źródło:
Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej; 2018, 21; 227-245
2300-391X
Pojawia się w:
Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Moral orientation from the psychological perspective − an aspect of moral reasoning
Autorzy:
Babinčák, Peter
Križalkovičová, Dominika
Ráczová, Beáta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2148577.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Instytut Studiów Międzynarodowych i Edukacji Humanum
Tematy:
moral orientation
moral reasoning
psychological perspective
Opis:
The issue of morality does not represent a dominant topic of the current psychological research, although the interest of predominantly social psychologist in understanding the processes that are behind reasoning of people with respect to moral issues and explaining moral or immoral behaviour can not be denied. The submitted study presents a brief introduction of basic psychological concepts dealing with morality emphasizing the specific notion of moral orientation. The orientation to justice or to care when solving moral dilemmas is known in literature under the term the moral orientation. Gilligan can see the cause of differences in moral orientation in gender differences acquired during the process of socialization. A psychological approach provides many useful explanation of how thinking of people with respect to moral issues is pursued. The actual psychology of morality is mainly based on cognitivistic theories coming out of conceptions of Piaget and Kohlberg. They interconnected approaches isolated and focused on intentions by that time and emphasized importance of a constitutional conditioning of moral judgment. The attention was aimed to judgment processes having an adequate level of cognitive development as an indispensable (even if not sufficient) condition. An important contribution of cognitivists is based also on a rich professional discussion that they invoked. Supporters of cognitivistic scheme “neo-kohlbergians” or its criticisers revise and amend the basic Kohlberg`s model in such aspects as relativizing of a primary role of cognitions as a sole aspect of the moral decision making, emphasize the significance of concept, situations, type of solved dilemma, influence of conventions, point out the differences in solving hypothetical dilemmas and dilemmas of everyday life etc.
Źródło:
Humanum. Międzynarodowe Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne; 2008, 2(2); 91-98
1898-8431
Pojawia się w:
Humanum. Międzynarodowe Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Moral orientation from the psychological perspective -- an aspect of moral reasoning
Autorzy:
Babinčák, Peter
Križalkovičová, Dominika
Ráczová, Beáta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2141797.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Instytut Studiów Międzynarodowych i Edukacji Humanum
Tematy:
moral orientation
moral reasoning
psychological perspective
Opis:
The issue of morality does not represent a dominant topic of the current psychological research, although the interest of predominantly social psychologist in understanding the processes that are behind reasoning of people with respect to moral issues and explaining moral or immoral behaviour can not be denied. The submitted study presents a brief introduction of basic psychological concepts dealing with morality emphasizing the specific notion of moral orientation. The orientation to justice or to care when solving moral dilemmas is known in literature under the term the moral orientation. Gilligan can see the cause of differences in moral orientation in gender differences acquired during the process of socialization. A psychological approach provides many useful explanation of how thinking of people with respect to moral issues is pursued. The actual psychology of morality is mainly based on cognitivistic theories coming out of conceptions of Piaget and Kohlberg. They interconnected approaches isolated and focused on intentions by that time and emphasized importance of a constitutional conditioning of moral judgment. The attention was aimed to judgment processes having an adequate level of cognitive development as an indispensable (even if not sufficient) condition. An important contribution of cognitivists is based also on a rich professional discussion that they invoked. Supporters of cognitivistic scheme “neokohlbergians” or its criticisers revise and amend the basic Kohlberg`s model in such aspects as relativizing of a primary role of cognitions as a sole aspect of the moral decision making, emphasize the significance of concept, situations, type of solved dilemma, influence of conventions, point out the differences in solving hypothetical dilemmas and dilemmas of everyday life etc.
Źródło:
Humanum. Międzynarodowe Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne; 2009, 3(3); 365-374
1898-8431
Pojawia się w:
Humanum. Międzynarodowe Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of students’ solutions to geometry questions forming a bundle
Autorzy:
Czajkowska, Monika
Zambrowska, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/748904.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne
Tematy:
geometry
mathematical reasoning
upper secondary school
Opis:
One of the main goals of mathematical education is to develop the skills for problem solving as well as skills that help carry out mathematical reasoning and argumentation.Geometric problems play here a special role. These require the person solving them to act with an inquiry attitude and a ‘specific vision’. The ‘specific vision’ is the ability one can manipulate with geometric objects in ones’ mind and perceive, separate and focus on the important information only. However, it is not enough to “see” it is also necessary to know how to interpret what is being seen. Although many researchers have dealt with the problem and many establishments have been made in this scope, the question of how to develop the skills of the “specific vision” stays still open.Herein article presents the research results which aimed at, among others, verification to what degree the combination of geometry problems formed into a bundle helps the secondary school students ‘notice’ and understand the presented situation and as a consequence to find the answer to few questions about this situation. We wanted to establish whether such an organised educational environment entails students natural thinking over the subsequent bundle of problems solved, or maybe makes them return to questions already solved, or by the usage of knowledge acquired helps students to find the problem solution for the next question or a correction for the committed mistakes. The analysis was based on some results coming from the survey School of Independent Thinking conducted by the Institute for Educational Research in 2011.
Źródło:
Didactica Mathematicae; 2016, 38
2353-0960
Pojawia się w:
Didactica Mathematicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Exploitation Policy in the Aspect of Industry 4.0 Concept – Overview of Selected Research
Autorzy:
Timofiejczuk, A.
Brodny, J.
Loska, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2065017.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
STE GROUP
Tematy:
maintenance
context based reasoning
OEE
taxonomy methods
Opis:
The article is a review of completed research on developed and implemented innovative and technologically advanced technical systems. According to the Industry 4.0 concept they can have a significant impact on the efficiency of production processes and product development. In this perspective, the key aspect seems to be maintenance management of technical systems, realized both in the operate phase as well as during service and repair works. There were discussed research results of authors and developed application solutions supporting decision-making processes, in terms of three main periods of realization of exploitation processes: short, medium and long-term.
Źródło:
Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering; 2018, 1, 1; 353--359
2545-2827
Pojawia się w:
Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Agents modeling experience applied to control of semi-continuous production process
Autorzy:
Rojek, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/305558.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
agent technology
industrial control
case-based reasoning
Opis:
The lack of proper analytical models of some production processes prevents us from obtaining proper values of process parameters by simply computing optimal values. Possible solutions of control problems in such areas of industrial processes can be found using certain methods from the domain of artificial intelligence: neural networks, fuzzy logic, expert systems, or evolutionary algorithms. Presented in this work, a solution to such a control problem is an alternative approach that combines control of the industrial process with learning based on production results. By formulating the main assumptions of the proposed methodology, decision processes of a human operator using his experience are taken into consideration. The researched model of using and gathering experience of human beings is designed with the contribution of agent technology. The presented solution of the control problem coincides with case-based reasoning (CBR) methodology.
Źródło:
Computer Science; 2014, 15 (4); 411-439
1508-2806
2300-7036
Pojawia się w:
Computer Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 225

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