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Tytuł:
Дефиниция понятия «межнациональное примирение»
Definition of the concept of “interethnic reconciliation”
Autorzy:
GENYK, Mykola
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517637.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Przyrodniczo-Humanistyczny w Siedlcach
Tematy:
reconciliation
positive peace
peace building
peace process
peace study
Opis:
The policy of interethnic reconciliation characterizes postwar history of the 20th century and underlies the Euro integration process. The achievement of interethnic reconciliation is considered to be an important element of maintenance of stability and security in the modern world. Working out of this matter is characteristic feature of present state of science, public conscience guided by respect for universal values, European integration and globalization. Although the process is very significant there’s no definition of this matter in majority of encyclopedias and dictionaries that was caused by a relative novelty of the discipline of the peace studies. Interethnic reconciliation is a necessary component of successful peace building that can be encouraged by state structures but should be carried out through institutions of civil society and that consists in lasting transition process from negative (unstable, fragile) peace to positive one (just, lasting and enduring peace), in establishment of reciprocal dialogue, in consent and acceptance of peace settlement terms, in deep reconsideration of bilateral relations, a renunciation of revanche, overcoming of historical myths and negative stereotypes, mutual forgiveness, peace culture education, working out of cooperation projects and having for an object elimination of reasons being at the bottom of confrontation as well as prevention of recurring conflicts. Completion of formation of nations, democratic regime and community of civilizational values are important preconditions for the achievement of interethnic reconciliation.
Źródło:
Historia i Świat; 2016, 5; 263-276
2299-2464
Pojawia się w:
Historia i Świat
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Inspiracje współczesnego myślenia o wychowaniu dla pokoju (Komeński, Kant, Montessori)
Autorzy:
Agnieszka, Piejka,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/892382.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
peace
education for peace
Opis:
The article presents the philosophies of John Amos Comenius, Immanuel Kant and Maria Montessori. It focuses on problem areas that are particularly inspiring for modern thinking about peace and education for peace and points out a broad definition of peace provided by each of the above philosophers. Their theories go far beyond identifying peace with the absence of war and they consider peace to be a process that requires building and strengthening as well as the participation of all people, not only politicians. From this perspective, peace building becomes an important educational task. The basic goal is to ensure that individuals have the feeling of authorship and responsibility for peaceful coexistence among people. Only a combination of peace-reinforcing political initiatives with daily activities supported by education and aimed at promoting peace provides real chances to make the world a better place.
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny; 2015, 60(1 (235)); 75-96
0023-5938
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Inspiracje współczesnego myślenia o wychowaniu dla pokoju (Komeński, Kant, Montessori)
Autorzy:
Piejka, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1789880.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
peace
education for peace
Opis:
The article presents the philosophies of John Amos Comenius, Immanuel Kant and Maria Montessori. It focuses on problem areas that are particularly inspiring for modern thinking about peace and education for peace and points out a broad definition of peace provided by each of the above philosophers. Their theories go far beyond identifying peace with the absence of war and they consider peace to be a process that requires building and strengthening as well as the participation of all people, not only politicians. From this perspective, peace building becomes an important educational task. The basic goal is to ensure that individuals have the feeling of authorship and responsibility for peaceful coexistence among people. Only a combination of peace-reinforcing political initiatives with daily activities supported by education and aimed at promoting peace provides real chances to make the world a better place.
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny; 2015, 60(1 (235)); 75-96
0023-5938
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Right to Peace in the Polish Legal System: Considerations de lege lata
Autorzy:
Babula, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594881.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
right to peace
freedom
peace
Opis:
Nowadays peace became scarce. Expanding conflicts, terrorist attacks and the uncertainty so common to today's times put in question the value that was won after many years of war. The Constitution is free from regulations treating directly about peace. There are only few references to it. Perhaps, peace is a luxury for which we have to fight, and neither a right that must be protected nor freedom which we can/should use. Maybe it is not supposed to be talked about the right to peace, but about some kind of a privilege. Therefore, it would be necessary to admit, that there is a mistake done already in the subject of this paper. This area seems also to be interesting especially, when moving the optics and focusing on the actions and declarations of heads of states while implementing the common political objectives that are at odds with objectives of other/opposite countries. The word war is used like a substitute for terms ‘peace, freedom and prosperity’, or even worse, like a way to it.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2017, 1 (46); 186-198
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Spokój wewnętrzny – wyznacznik bezpieczeństwa zbiorowego
INNER PEACE – A DETERMINANT OF COLLECTIVE SAFETY
Autorzy:
Żywczok, Alicja
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/418531.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Akademia Marynarki Wojennej. Wydział Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych
Tematy:
PEACE
INNER PEACE
FEELING SAFE
CULTURE OF PEACE
PEACEFUL UPBRINGING
Opis:
This thesis is a result of a careful thought on what peace is and what its essential features, aims and necessary conditions are. I have proposed a notion that inner peace of individuals making up a given community (especially of leadership elites) is conducive to collective safety, while significant disturbance of the inner peace of a certain group of individuals results in a global unrest, often on an international scale. In an attempt to approach the subject in a comprehensive manner I justified that inner peace of individuals leads to global inner and outer peace. I also conducted lexical analyses aimed at identifying identical, synonymous and antonymous terms with the word, „peace”. I indicated the main reasons for war and the conditions for keeping peace, emphasizing the significance of pedagogics in the prophylaxis of war and in the spreading of the culture of peace. I also proposed a classification of philosophical and pedagogical attitudes of intellectuals devoting their efforts to the concept of peace throughout the history of humankind and in the world of today. I presented argumentation confirming the assumption that the culture of peace results from a certain upbringing process based on a democratic existence of parents with their child. My praxeological propositions include the educational and prophylactic function of biographies of individuals commonly recognized as promoters of peace. I also provided an outline of the upbringing programs aimed at children and the youth, and serving the role of strengthening peace and public safety.
Źródło:
Colloquium; 2012, 4, 4; 171-188
2081-3813
2658-0365
Pojawia się w:
Colloquium
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wolność w prawdzie jako jeden z filarów pokoju. Rozważania w kontekście nauczania Jana XXIII, Pawła VI, Jana Pawła II
Freedom in truth as one of the pillars of peace. Deliberations in the context ot the teachings of John XXIII, Paul VI and John Paul II
Autorzy:
Radziszewska-Szczepanik, Danuta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2167994.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-12
Wydawca:
Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Elbląskiej w Elblągu
Tematy:
freedom
truth
peace
pillars of peace
self-determination
Opis:
Fifty years after Pope John XXIII issued his Pacem in Terris (11.04.1963), the question of peace remains as relevant as ever. Despite the changed historical, political, geographic and social contexts of contemporary conflicts and tensions, true peace is still rather a wish than reality. The present article covers the following issues: – Objections typically raised in discussions on the problem of peace (the topic has been exhausted to a point of becoming a banality; it is an unattainable ideal, a utopian concept ignoring the ‘confrontational nature’ of the human being) and the overcoming of these objections; – The essence of peace (respect for inviolable human rights) and its pillars (truth, justice, love, freedom); – Freedom as dependence on oneself (‘self-determination’); the necessary relationship between freedom and truth; false forms of freedom and their consequences. The analyses undertaken in the article lead to the following conclusion: it is only ‘freedom in truth’ that deserves the name of authentic freedom and olny when understood this way can freedom constitute a strong pillar of peace. In isolation from the truth about the human being, freedom degenerates – in an individual’s life it evolves into lawlessness and in the political life it takes the form of violence employed by those more powerful.
Źródło:
Studia Elbląskie; 2013, 14; 429-443
1507-9058
Pojawia się w:
Studia Elbląskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The right to peace in the most recent documents of the Catholic Magisterium
Autorzy:
Chirico, Adriana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/452026.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki Euroregionalnej im. Alcide De Gasperi w Józefowie
Tematy:
peace
brotherhood
human rights
culture of peace
humanism
Opis:
The close coincidence between the 50 years of the Council and the 50 years of the Encyclical “Pacem in Terris” by John XXIII is significantly representative of the particular kind of journey undertaken by the Catholic Church, which insists on the very topic of peace. With its reflections and its concrete work on this crucial issue of human history and contemporary history in particular, the Church stands as one of the most active subjects of the scenario of today’s world engaged in the construction of theoretical and practical scenarios of peaceful coexistence among peoples. This is particularly evident considering the topics which the last two Popes Benedict XVI and Francis cared and taught about. Particularly, the central idea of the first message of Pope Francis for the International Day of Peace (January 1st 2014) talks about the brotherhood that, as the essential dimension of man as rational being, is an essential dimension for the building of a just society and of a solid and long lasting peace. This observation leads to the contemporary and delicate matter of the relationships between North and South, to the raising occurrence of immigration, to the problem of the relationship and balance between cultures and different worlds. As in this field, and more widely in the one of the acceptance and solidarity, the work of the Church seems particularly intense, and the Pope’s judgment is of a great importance. According to the Pope, the relational difficulties of men in a time of multiculturalism are born of a cultural matter and of a particular vision of the reality. The new ideologies – according to Francis – characterized by widespread individualism, egocentrism and materialistic consumerism, weaken the social bounds. Francis considers the principle of brotherhood (that is the evangelical concept quite different from the most generic concept of solidarity) as a concrete articulation of the opportunity to build peaceful human relationships. The brotherhood is a condition for concrete and political human works to reach the social justice, to defeat poverty, to set economical systems based on new economical models and lifestyles, to check fears and wars, to defeat corruption and crime, to help preserving the natural resources. The way of peace today – according to Pope Francis’ specific interpretation – is bound to the development of links of brotherly relations, mutuality and forgiveness: these concepts are not really moralistic but they are set out according to a precise way of growth of the contemporary society. This vision of dignity of man as a condition of harmonic social development, based on mutuality and global peace, comprises an in-depth analysis of the topics of social doctrine already confronted by Benedict XVI, whose reflections on the topic of peace among men and Countries, have been widely dealt with. Pope Ratzinger’s approach cares about the human being with his vital – material and spiritual – needs thus explaining his particular persistence on economical and social topics linked to today’s economical and financial crisis, as it appears clear in the message for the International Day of Peace of the year 2013. The economical growth cannot be pursued by penalizing “the social functions of the State and the webs of solidarity of civil society”, thus violating the social rights and duties, in particular the right to work. For the peace operators a high, even political, profile, is expected: to act for the affirmation of a “new model of development and economy”, that is, of a model of good global governance, bound to the binomial State of right/social State, the two faces of the same coin called humanly sustainable statehood. Thus, Pope Benedict makes his own a fundamental principle of the current international Law of human rights, the principle of interdependency and indivisibility of all person right’s, which means that the right to work, the right to feed, the right to assistance in case of necessity, the right to health, the right to education, are as fundamental as the right to freedom of association. This principle has its root in the ontological, material and spiritual truth of human being. This is the field of humanism that, according to Benedict XVI, must be “a humanism open to the transcendence”, marked by “the ethic of communion and partake” and respectful of “the unavoidable natural moral law written by God in the conscience of each and every man”. The Pope states that the first education to peace is within family, that the article 16th of the Universal Declaration defines as “the fundamental and natural core of society that has the right to be protected from the society and the State”.On the same educational field the Pope assigns a special task to “the cultural, scholastic and academic institutions” to make them undertake, besides the formation of “new generations of leaders”, “the renewal of public, national and international institutions” too. In the multi-thematic vision of Benedict XVI the considerations on freedom of religion have great relevance, which the Pope means as dual freedom: freedom from (for example, from constriction about the choosing of its own religion) and freedom to (witness, teach, etc.). Strictly linked to this passage is the affirmation that “an important cooperation to peace is that judiciary and the administration of justice recognize the right to use the principle of freedom of conscience towards the laws and governmental measures that threaten the human dignity, as abortion and euthanasia”. The widest theological interpretation of the history proposed by Pope Ratzinger gives an overall view to world and time, so that it can set contemporary culture free, mostly the Catholic one, from non-Christian lines of interpretation that have been dominant in the 20th century. Objectives The study has the purpose to go deep through the conceptual and cooperative contribution of the most recent teaching of Catholic Church about human rights, peace, peaceful interstate and intercultural relationships. The research underlines the contribution that the papal Magisterium has given to the building of a more aware sensibility, among peoples and the people in charge of the States, towards the concrete topics linked to the theme of peace. Methods The method pursued in the course of the study is about a systematic illustration of the sources, giving ample space to original the texts. The interpretation of papal documents always considers the published critical literature. The topics carried out are developed for thematic units, to give a better expositive and interpretative clarity.
Źródło:
Journal of Modern Science; 2016, 28, 1; 27-46
1734-2031
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Modern Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
PEACE STUDIES: BASICS AND ISSUES
Autorzy:
Spiegel, Egon
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594675.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
peace studies
war
conflict
non-violence
political violence
peace
Opis:
Although questions of peace are diff erent in context, for specific questions today, we need a science of peace in a universal sense. It is true that sometimes talking about peace is too unspecifi ed and therefore too general. The term peace in its common sense has passed its peak. Instead of talking about peace we prefer talking much more concretely and bindingly for example about (racism and) intercultural learning, (violence in family and) nonviolent education, (exploitation and) fair economic structures, (war and) nonviolent confl ict transformation, (patriarchalism and) gender awareness, (ecological destruction and) animal protection. Developments of differentiation are positive. We can meet questions of peace on different levels of living together and in diff erent parts of our life and therefore in a lot of terms describe special problem areas. Anyway we have to reflect on the universal dimensions as well as the principles of peace. Using the term makes sense furthermore.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2013, 42; 21-33
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pokój Boży w pismach natchnionych Starego Testamentu
Autorzy:
Homerski, Józef
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1178192.pdf
Data publikacji:
1991
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
pokój
salom
peace
Opis:
The „peace of God” does not occur in the books of the Old Testament. Though the idea of the peace of God is very vivid in them. One should not look for it in the semantic field of the word „shalom” but in the context of those hagiographic texts, especially those written by prophets, in which there appears the word „shalom” and in those oracles which deal with the idea of peace, though the very word „peace” does not turn up. The peace of God is God’s gift which man cannot give to himself or work out. This means those spiritual goods thanks to which man (both as an individual and society) is in total harmony with God and creature.
Źródło:
The Biblical Annals; 1991, 38, 1; 5-16
2083-2222
2451-2168
Pojawia się w:
The Biblical Annals
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Peace, War, and Critique
Autorzy:
Mariani, Giorgio
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/35196848.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
peace
war
America
Opis:
This article offers a brief exploration of the contradictory meanings of "war" and "peace", beginning with the ways in which, paradoxically, one term is supposed to engender its opposite. Inspired by sources as diverse as James Madison, Ralph Waldo Emerson, William James, and Judith Butler, the author tries to imagine what it would take to break the war-and-peace continuum.
Źródło:
Review of International American Studies; 2023, 16, 2; 53-66
1991-2773
Pojawia się w:
Review of International American Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Peace Science: Orientation and Reorientation
Autorzy:
Cheng, Liu
Spiegel, Egon
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594382.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
peace
non–violence
peace education
sensitivity
war
transculturality
conflict transformation
Opis:
Peace is non–violence and there is only one way to achieve it: peace as structural and interpersonal non–violence. The daily non–violence is as instructive as the spectacular actions of Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King. Peace education is better based on demonstration what we “can” than to postulate of what we should do. The Peace Studies prefer a resource–oriented approach to education instead of a deficit–oriented. Our central thesis is that the youth is living in a kind of transculturality, the best conditions for peacebuilding. Considering the increasing sensitivity we expected that latest in 2075 we will make the war a taboo. The central key to solve conflicts nonviolently is conflict transformation in trusting a spiritual third power in between the opponents, even secularized people. The peace education has to help us to discover the third in nonviolent activities. There is a lot of difficult issues that the non–violence has to reflect in future, including elimination of the extreme violence, reconciliation, an impact of economy, the peacebuilding’s relevance of structural measures.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2016, 45; 245-256
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Economic overview of the international state-building of Kosovo in the light of liberal peace thesis: Development trends of the economic system of Kosovo, through UNMIK administration, actuality and the future.
Autorzy:
Bashota, Bardhok
Sela, Ylber
Ismaili, Fisnik
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1036388.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Academicus. International Scientific Journal publishing house
Tematy:
kosovo
unmik
peace-building
state-building
liberal peace
economic development
Opis:
In the aftermath of Cold War, the system of United Nations (UN) Peace Missions assumed new proportions, by adjusting the nature of political developments, which characterized the international relations stage in this period. In the peace-keeping agenda of these missions, special focus was given to issues related to “international state-building” in the post-conflict situations, as well as attempts to prevent and manage consequences of the state’s failure. In pursuit of these goals and as part of this agenda, it is believed that liberal western values, especially as part of the “liberal peace thesis”, have become ever more widespread and commonplace. The models of state-building, according to this thesis, include combination of values of liberal democracy and principles of the market economy, as precondition to overall social development, which would contribute to long-term peace. According to this conception According to this conception, it is clear that the transitional process from war to peace and that of state-building, in addition to the political dimensions, also has significant economic dimensions. Therefore, the authors of this study are focused on and aim to analyze and explain the role the economic sector plays in the construction and functioning of the state system in a post-conflict society, as is the case of Kosovo. At the contextual level, the study consists of understanding the role played by UNMIK, as international administration, in the direction of this sector. One part of the study is dedicated to analysing immediate and long-term strategies and approaches of the peacekeeping mission, aimed at reconstruction, i.e. the development of the economic sector from scratch, which would impact directly and indirectly on the creation of an enabling socio-political environment for a lasting peace. But the rest of the study focuses on macroeconomic indicators such as GDP level, monetary policy, as well as import and export situation (trade balance, which realistically reflects the current status of economic development in Kosovo, as well as for measuring the gap between the expected targets and achieved concrete results. This means that these indicators reflect the degree of success or failure of the mission in relation to the fulfillment of this objective. Finally, by analysing the previous and current results, we will try to explain development trends of Kosovo’s economy in the short-term.
Źródło:
Academicus International Scientific Journal; 2014, 10; 55-74
2079-3715
2309-1088
Pojawia się w:
Academicus International Scientific Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Few Remarks on the Conditions for Peace: Reflections on Humanity
Autorzy:
Oniszczuk, Jerzy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28655770.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
Tematy:
peace
pacism
Tiziano Terzani
education for peace
universities
globalisation
postliberalism
Opis:
The article deals with contemporary conditions for peace. Conceptualising the ethics standing behind peace, the author points to an urgent need to introduce peaceful relations within societies and between states, particularly in the urban era. As a point of reference serve the works of Tiziano Terzani, postulating a thorough reconsideration of the values guiding international policies and a genuine renouncement of war. In the final part of the article the unique role of universities, perceived by the author as the only subject capable of shaping new ethical dialogue is discussed. A wide humanistic education of individuals seems to be an indispensable condition for a lasting peace.
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace; 2019, 3(39); 29-55
2082-0976
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pokój i wojna w orędziach papieża Franciszka na Światowy Dzień Pokoju
Autorzy:
Dutkiewicz, Gracjana
Piwnicki, Grzegorz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/44733422.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-10-24
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Religioznawcze
Tematy:
peace
war
messages of Pope Francis
World Day of Peace
Opis:
Dealing with peace in the face of war as one of the problems of social life and searching for practical solutions in the context of its restoration, preservation and building, above all with regard to uniting and strengthening the defense of people, communities, nations and states for the sake of belonging to one human family are the key issues raised in the social doctrine of the Catholic Church. In its general message, concern for the common good, which provides protection and a peaceful and safe life, survived until the pontifcate of Pope Francis. The article presents the understanding of peace and war in the messages of Pope Francis, for the World Day of Peace, which is celebrated each year on January 1. The article discusses the documents published in the years 2014−2022. An important aspect of this analysis is the understanding of the concept of peace in the face of war and the proposed measures to achieve and maintain it, and to end the war, which are consistent with the social teaching of the Catholic Church.
Źródło:
Przegląd Religioznawczy; 2022, 3/285; 65-72
1230-4379
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Religioznawczy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pocałunek pokoju w liturgii eucharystycznej i jego symbolika
The kiss of peace in the Eucharistic liturgy and its symbolism
Autorzy:
Lijka, Kazimierz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2056675.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-12-07
Wydawca:
Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne im. św. Jana Pawła II Diecezji Siedleckiej
Tematy:
pocałunek pokoju
znak pokoju
pokój
Eucharystia
Msza Święta
kiss of peace
sign of peace
peace
Eucharist
Holy Mass
Opis:
Pisma wczesnochrześcijańskich Ojców Kościoła mówią o przekazywaniu pocałunku pokoju, który stanowił element liturgii eucharystycznej. Taka praktyka była w Rzymie za czasów św. Justyna w połowie II wieku. Na początku III wieku pocałunek następował bezpo-średnio po modlitwie kończącej liturgię słowa. Na Wschodzie i Zachodzie kobiety na zgro-madzeniach były oddzielone od mężczyzn i pocałunek pokoju przekazywali mężczyźni męż-czyznom a kobiety kobietom. Papież Innocenty I nalegał w 416 r., aby pocałunek pokoju był przekazywany po Modlitwie eucharystycznej. Święty Augustyn powiada, że po Modlitwie Pańskiej chrześcijanie obejmują się i przekazują sobie święty pocałunek. Nazywa go znakiem pokoju, który polegał na całowaniu w usta. Taki pocałunek w usta był przekazywany podczas liturgii jeszcze przez wiele następnych wieków. Za czasów Grzegorza Wielkiego uchodził on za naturalne przygotowanie się do przyjęcia Komunii. W X wieku znak ten stał się gestem podkreślającym hierarchiczność zgromadzonych wiernych. Biskup przekazywał go najpierw duchownym wedle godności, a następnie ludowi. Był to symbol jedności, pojednania, pokoju, miłości, jak również hierarchicznej władzy i precedencji. Około XIII wieku zaczęto stopniowo wprowadzać przyrządy pokoju, tzw. osculatoria. Były to małe zdobione tabliczki z metalu, kamienia, kości słoniowej lub z drewna, które przynosił do ołtarza celebrans, by je ucałować i przekazać do ucałowania zgromadzonym na liturgii. W Mszale potrydenckim znak pokoju był przewidziany w Mszach uroczystych i był wymieniany między duchownymi. Celebrans kładł ręce na ramiona diakona i przybliżał lewy policzek do lewego policzka diakona. W tym czasie wypowiadał formułę: Pax tecum, a dia-kon odpowiadał: Et cum spiritu tuo. Diakon przekazywał pokój subdiakonowi, a ten duchow-nym obecnym w prezbiterium. Według Mszału rzymskiego z1970 roku znak pokoju można przekazywać podczas każ-dej Mszy. Jest przekazywany między wszystkimi obecnymi na liturgii, ale jego gest nie był określony. W trzecim wydaniu tego Mszału z 2002 r. na słowa celebransa: Pokój Pański niech zawsze będzie z tobą odpowiada się: Amen. Przez ten gest wierni wyrażają sobie nawzajem eklezjalną komunię i wzajemną miłość.
The writings of the early church fathers speak of the kiss of peace, which was already in the 2nd century part of the Eucharistic liturgy. It was a practice in Rome at the time of Justin Martyr. At the beginning of the 3rd century the kiss occurred immediately after the prayers that concluded the Liturgy of the Word. Both in the East and the West women and men were separated in the assemblies of the faithful, and the kiss of peace was given only by men to men and by women to women. Pope Innocent I insisted in 416 that the kiss of peace should take place after the Eucha-ristic prayer. St. Augustine speaks that after the Lord’s Prayer the Christians embrace one another with the holy kiss. This is a sign of peace, “when your lips draw near to those of your brother”. The kiss of peace in the Christian liturgy was exchanged for several centuries mouth-to-mouth. By the time of Gregory the Great, this gesture was being seen as a natural preparation for Communion. By the 10th century the kiss of peace has assumed a hierarchical position in the liturgy. It began with the bishop and descended through the ranks of the clergy to laity in the congregation. It was a symbol of unity, reconciliation, peace, love and also a symbol of hierarchical power and precedence. About the thirteenth century the use of the instrumentum pacis, or osculatorium, was gradually introduced. This was a little plaque of metal, stone, ivory or wood, generally deco-rated, which was first brought to the altar for the celebrant to kiss and then taken to each member of the congregation. In the Tridentine Mass form of the Roman Rite, the sign of peace was given at Solemn Masses alone and was exchanged only among the clergy. The celebrant, placing his hands upon the arms of the deacon, presented his left cheek to the deacon’s left cheek. At the same time he pronounced the words Pax tecum; to which the deacon replied, Et cum spiritu tuo. The deacon then conveyd the salute to the subdeacon, who give the sign to any other members of the clergy present in choir dress.
Źródło:
Teologiczne Studia Siedleckie; 2015, XII/12; 189-205
1733-7496
Pojawia się w:
Teologiczne Studia Siedleckie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 867

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