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    Wyświetlanie 1-14 z 14
    Tytuł:
    WPŁYW PRAKTYK NAUCZYCIELSKICH NA ROZWÓJ REFLEKSYJNOŚCI STUDENTÓW FILOLOGII ANGIELSKIEJ ORAZ NA ICH DALSZE DECYZJE ZWIĄZANE Z WYBOREM ZAWODU NAUCZYCIELA
    The influence of teaching practice on the development of reflectivity among English philology students and on decisions concerning their future teaching careers
    Autorzy:
    Derenowski, Marek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1036615.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-03-22
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Collegium Novum. Polskie Towarzystwo Neofilologiczne
    Tematy:
    teaching practice
    reflectivity
    influence on career choice
    young teacher
    praktyki nauczycielskie
    refleksyjność
    wpływ na wybór zawodu
    młody nauczyciel
    Opis:
    Taking part in teaching practice is supposed to help students of English philology make the right decisions concerning their future teaching careers.During their third year of studies they conduct 45 lessons individually.During these teaching hours students have a unique opportunity to put their theoretical knowledge into practice in the classroom and decide if they really want to become teachers in the future. The study presents data obtained from a short questionnaire and group interviews conducted among philology students after their teaching practice.It focuses on the students’ opinions concerning the influence of teaching practice on the development of reflectivity and on the choice of future career. Additionally, students were asked about the possible reasons influencing their decisions about the future.
    Źródło:
    Neofilolog; 2015, 45/1; 27-41
    1429-2173
    Pojawia się w:
    Neofilolog
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The role of teacher imagination in conceptualising the child as a second language learner
    Autorzy:
    Guz, Ewa
    Tetiurka, Małgorzata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/780709.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013-10
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    young learners
    cognitive development
    teacher beliefs
    teacher cognition
    imagination
    Opis:
    In order to initiate and maintain meaningful interaction in a young learner L2 classroom, an adult teacher needs to approach children in ways consistent with their developmental profile and adjust teaching methodology so as to accommodate young learners’ current skills. This requires the ability to predict the child’s possible responses to classroom events by imagining what s/he might think and how s/he might behave when presented with specific instructions. Bearing in mind that the teacher’s perception of the world is purely and completely adult in nature, in order to be effective, educators need to create a mental image or a concept of a young learner by gathering knowledge about his or her developmental characteristics and fully grasping the pedagogical implications of this knowledge. In this paper, we aim to explore the role of imagination in the conceptualisation of a child as a second language learner amongst university level pre-service teachers involved in an early primary EFL education programme. We report on qualitative research based on data obtained in the course of a two semester teacher training course of 35 BA and 30 MA students majoring in English. In the study, we focused on the working image of the child’s developmental characteristics created by the participants and their ability to employ this in their teaching. Our data show a substantial discrepancy between the participants’ theoretical conceptions concerning the business of teaching and the actual actions undertaken during lessons with young learners. Although participants were able to successfully identify the most distinctive developmental characteristics of primary-level learners, they experienced difficulty with integrating them into actual classroom practice.
    Źródło:
    Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2013, 3, 3; 419-439
    2083-5205
    2084-1965
    Pojawia się w:
    Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Pedagog humanista – gatunek zagrożony. Doniesienia z badań sondażowych
    A Humanist Researcher of Pedagogy – the Endangered Species. Survey-based Reports
    Autorzy:
    Nawrocki, Radosław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16538925.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Komitet Nauk Pedagogicznych PAN
    Tematy:
    academic teacher
    humanist
    young researcher
    pedagogy
    Opis:
    The article discusses the position of young researchers within the field of Polish pedagogy. The article is based on a simple survey. The main objective of the texts is to analyze fundamental problems that the group in question is faced with. The key questions referring to young Polish researchers of pedagogy cover three areas: day-to-day reality of young researchers; research funding system; prospects and visions of changes of the current situation. Also, these three areas govern the structure of the article. In the final part, I attempt to present the main conclusions of the conducted analyses.
    Źródło:
    Rocznik Pedagogiczny; 2015, 38; 85-96
    0137-9585
    Pojawia się w:
    Rocznik Pedagogiczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Young Peoples Expectations Towards a High School Catechist − Research Report
    Autorzy:
    Zubrzycka-Maciąg, Teresa
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31343232.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
    Tematy:
    religion at school
    religion teacher
    catechist
    young people
    Opis:
    Religion teachers play a unique role in educating the young generation. In addition to the tasks assigned to all teachers in general, they are to support students in their spiritual development, conditioning their ability to understand themselves, build their own identity, and give meaning to their lives. Catechists face a difficult task, because young people, although they are very interested in religion and spirituality, also have many doubts, questions, and dilemmas in this sphere. The article aims to present the expectations of high school students towards catechists related to their personality traits, skills, psychosocial competencies, and their approach to pupils. Data obtained in a survey conducted with a group of 70 high school graduates show that young people need a catechist whom they can trust in the most important matter, which is the meaning of human life. Thus, they expect catechists to give a credible testimony of faith, have good substantive preparation, treat them subjectively like partners, and are ready to undertake an open dialogue with them.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Teologiczne; 2022, 69, 11 English Version; 27-42
    2353-7272
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Teologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Foreign Language Teachers’ Feedback Practices: a Comparative Study
    Autorzy:
    Brumen, Mihaela
    Alonso-Belmonte, Isabel
    Fernández Agüero, María
    Zupančič, Tomaž
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1969309.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-09-30
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    assessment
    feedback comments
    foreign language
    teacher education
    young learners
    Opis:
    The purpose of this study is to describe the current foreign language (FL) assessment and feedback practices as reported by 213 experienced primary teachers in Slovenia and Spain. An ad hoc questionnaire was designed, validated and administered to 113 Slovenian and 100 Spanish teachers. The data were collected and analysed with the use of descriptive and inferential statistics. Among the most relevant findings, it is noteworthy that Spanish teachers focus on providing feedback on receptive skills while their Slovenian colleagues pay more attention to productive skills. Also, results from both groups reveal a lack of FL pronunciation feedback and scarce attention to interactive aspects of communication.
    Źródło:
    The New Educational Review; 2018, 53; 216-226
    1732-6729
    Pojawia się w:
    The New Educational Review
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Parents and Educational Change – the Need for Reculturing Parents In Lowering the Starting Age of Foreign Language Learning
    Autorzy:
    Pižorn, Karmen
    Fojkar, Mateja Dagarin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16530327.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    young learners
    foreign language learning
    parent and teacher attitudes
    Opis:
    Many countries across the world have been lowering the starting age of foreign language learning (FLL) to an earlier age. While the roles of learners and teachers have mostly been studied from a variety of perspectives, learners’ parents have often been examined for their opinions of FLL, but not as real partners who need the same amount of ‘reculturing’ as other involved stakeholders. In the presented case study, parents were involved in the planning and implementing of lowering the FLL starting age from age 9 to age 6. The results of the questionnaire and the teachers’ interviews show that ‘recultured’ parents’ attitudes to lowering the starting age can differ greatly from those of ‘non-recultured’ parents if the most important variables for the successful implementation of an educational change have been fulfilled. The ‘recultured’ parents’ model can be of great help to decision makers and other stakeholders involved in teaching foreign languages.
    Źródło:
    The New Educational Review; 2013, 34; 63-73
    1732-6729
    Pojawia się w:
    The New Educational Review
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ta szkoła symbolicznie rozstrzelała się sama… Filmy Słoń, Carrie, Nad krawędzią w dyskusji o problemach współczesnej szkoły i młodzieży podczas zajęć z pedagogiki na specjalnościach nauczycielskich
    Autorzy:
    Jaskulska, Sylwia
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/951754.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    feature film
    methodology of teacher training
    contemporary problems of young people
    Opis:
    In the paper, apart from interpreting the message of films: Carrie (directed by Brian De Palma), Over the Edge (directed by Jonathan Kaplan) and Elephant (directed by Gus Van Sant), I also describe how classes can be arranged around them. Thus, I join the debate on the space for such productions in education, especially in the methodology for training teachers-to-be. I indicate possible applications of feature films and a wide spectrum of benefits that follow from this approach. In fact, movies are still an undervalued but very effective didactic tool that engages pupils in authentic intellectual tasks that deal with important content and issues.
    Źródło:
    Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja; 2016, 10, 2; 315-327
    2300-0422
    Pojawia się w:
    Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Oczekiwania młodzieży względem katechety w szkole średniej – raport z badań
    Young Peoples Expectations Towards a High School Catechist − Research Report
    Autorzy:
    Zubrzycka-Maciąg, Teresa
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31343213.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
    Tematy:
    religia w szkole
    nauczyciel religii
    katecheta
    młodzież
    religion at school
    religion teacher
    catechist
    young people
    Opis:
    Nauczyciel religii pełni szczególną rolę w wychowaniu młodego pokolenia. Obok zadań przynależnych każdemu nauczycielowi jest on zobligowany do wspierania uczniów w rozwoju duchowym, warunkującym ich zdolność do rozumienia samego siebie, budowania własnej tożsamości i nadawania znaczenia swojemu życiu. Przed katechetą stoi trudne zadanie, bowiem młodzi ludzie, choć są bardzo zainteresowani religią i duchowością, mają też dużo wątpliwości, pytań i rozterek w tym zakresie. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie oczekiwań uczniów szkół średnich względem osoby katechety: jego cech osobowości, umiejętności, kompetencji psychospołecznych oraz podejścia do wychowanków. Na podstawie badań sondażowych, przeprowadzonych w grupie 70 absolwentów szkół średnich, ustalono, że młodzi ludzie potrzebują katechety, któremu będą mogli zaufać w sprawie najważniejszej, jaką jest sens ludzkiego życia. Dlatego oczekują od katechetów dawania wiarygodnego świadectwa wiary, dobrego przygotowania merytorycznego, a także podmiotowego i partnerskiego traktowania, wraz z gotowością do podejmowania otwartego dialogu z uczniami.
    Religion teachers play a unique role in educating the young generation. In addition to the tasks assigned to all teachers in general, they are to support students in their spiritual development, conditioning their ability to understand themselves, build their own identity, and give meaning to their lives. Catechists face a difficult task, because young people, although they are very interested in religion and spirituality, also have many doubts, questions, and dilemmas in this sphere. The article aims to present the expectations of high school students towards catechists related to their personality traits, skills, psychosocial competencies, and their approach to pupils. Data obtained in a survey conducted with a group of 70 high school graduates show that young people need a catechist whom they can trust in the most important matter, which is the meaning of human life. Thus, they expect catechists to give a credible testimony of faith, have good substantive preparation, treat them subjectively like partners, and are ready to undertake an open dialogue with them.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Teologiczne; 2022, 69, 11; 45-60
    2353-7272
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Teologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Aktywność nauczyciela religii w przeciwdziałaniu agresji elektronicznej wśród młodzieży
    Activities of the religious education teacher against electronic aggression among young people
    Autorzy:
    Zellma, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2154332.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014-12
    Wydawca:
    Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Elbląskiej w Elblągu
    Tematy:
    the religious education teacher
    electronic aggression
    the prevention
    programme
    the religion lessons
    young people
    school
    Opis:
    Electronic aggression, a phenomenon currently taking place among young people, poses difficult tasks for teachers. They relate to primary, secondary and tertiary prevention in theschool environment and require the cooperation of headmasters, teachers and parents. The analyses undertaken in the study present the specificity of the activities of the religious education teacher aimed at preventing aggression among young people. Firstly, the scope of meaning of ‘electronic aggression’ has been given. Next, the multidimensionality of electronic aggression among the young has been pointed out. In this context, preventive measures taken by the religious education teacher in the school environment have been described. Aims, tasks and rules, as well as forms, methods and means necessary for the prevention of electronic aggression among young people have been brought to attention. The cooperation of the religious education teacher with the headmaster, parents and other teachers in carrying out the tasks set by the school prevention programme has been considered significant.
    Źródło:
    Studia Elbląskie; 2014, 15; 333-343
    1507-9058
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Elbląskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Trends in European language education policy on teacher education: Teaching foreign languages to young learners
    Autorzy:
    Komorowska, Hanna
    Krajka, Jaroslaw
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/40054466.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2024
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    kształcenie językowe
    nauczanie dzieci
    doskonalenie nauczycieli
    europejska polityka językowa
    language education
    teaching Young Learners
    teacher development
    European language policy
    Opis:
    Contemporary language education to young learners is seeing an increased focus on individual variation, due to students’ special educational needs and the diversity of contexts in which instruction takes place. This leads to the increased creativity of teachers and the emergence of innovative practices in various areas of teaching languages to children. On the other hand, due to globalization and international cooperation, language teaching experiences a degree of standardization. One source of this may be the impact of European education policy. Due to such influential tools as the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages or the European Portfolio for Pre-Primary Educators, educational systems find it convenient and useful to apply some of these assumptions. Therefore, it is important to make an overview of trends in European education policy in reference to teaching young learners, to indicate what kind of support can be given to language instructors in their work with children. The research question posed in the paper is to what extent the most important European policy documents and tools prove relevant in the practice of young learner educators? The analysis indicates the viability of selected European policy tools, modifications of their use across the years and new forms of implementation in the social media era.
    Współczesne kształcenie językowe dzieci staje przed koniecznością indywidualizacji procesu nauczania z uwagi na zróżnicowane potrzeby edukacyjne uczniów oraz różnorodność kontekstów, w których przebiega proces kształcenia. W rezultacie prowadzi to do kreatywności nauczycieli i powstawania innowacyjnych praktyk. Jednocześnie w efekcie procesów globalizacyjnych ma miejsce pewna standaryzacja nauczania, również pod wpływem wdrażania założeń europejskiej polityki językowej. Pojawienie się tak ważnych narzędzi jak Europejski System Opisu Kształcenia Językowego czy Europejskie Portfolio dla Nauczycieli Przedszkolnych ma istotny wpływ na proces kształcenia nauczycieli. Z tego powodu główne pytanie badawcze artykułu brzmi: na ile najważniejsze dokumenty i narzędzia UE / Rady Europy okazują się przydatne w nauczaniu dzieci. Analiza pokazuje istotność wybranych narzędzi, modyfikacje ich zastosowania na przestrzeni lat oraz nowe formy wdrażania w erze mediów społecznościowych.
    Źródło:
    Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics; 2024, 51, 1; 27-44
    0072-4769
    Pojawia się w:
    Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nauczyciele jako kluczowi specjaliści w ochronie dzieci i młodzieży przed współczesnymi zagrożeniami
    Autorzy:
    Rzymełka-Frąckiewicz, Agata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2054444.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
    Tematy:
    teacher
    school
    parents
    contemporary threats
    safeguarding
    children and young people
    nauczyciel
    szkoła
    rodzice
    współczesne zagrożenia
    szkolna profilaktyka
    dzieci i młodzież
    Opis:
    The study addresses the special role of the teacher/school in the area of safeguarding against contemporary social and health threats (such as, for example, modern drugs and legal highs, cyberbullying, gambling, mutilation of body, eating disorders). The modern world is full of civilisation threats, which as consequences – directly or indirectly – affect the development of children and young people. Because of the dynamically changing reality, more and more often the consequences for preparing young people for everyday life or future, lie upon teachers. It is them – teachers/educators – who have (or should have) extensive knowledge about correct development of young people as well as about contemporary threats. At the same time, all preventive measures should not eliminate from this process parents, who do not always have sufficient knowledge about the world in which their children function.
    W opracowaniu omówniono szczególną rolę nauczyciela/szkoły w zakresie szkolnej profilaktyki współczesnych zagrożeń społecznych i zdrowotnych (takich jak na przykład współczesne narkotyki i dopalacze, cyberprzemoc, hazard, okaleczanie ciała, zaburzenia odżywiania). Współczesny świat jest pełen zagrożeń cywilizacyjnych, które w sposób bezpośredni lub pośredni wpływają na rozwój dzieci i młodzieży. Dynamicznie zmieniająca się rzeczywistość sprawia, że coraz częściej odpowiedzialność za przygotowanie młodych ludzi do codziennego życia, do przyszłości, spoczywa na nauczycielach. To właśnie oni – nauczyciele, wychowawcy – dysponują (lub powinni dysponować) szeroką wiedzą na temat prawidłowego rozwoju młodego człowieka i współczesnych zagrożeń. Zarazem wszelkie działania profilaktyczne nie powinny eliminować z tego procesu rodziców, którzy nie zawsze posiadają wystarczający zakres wiedzy na temat świata, w którym funkcjonują ich dzieci.
    Źródło:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio J – Paedagogia-Psychologia; 2021, 34, 1; 109-117
    0867-2040
    Pojawia się w:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio J – Paedagogia-Psychologia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Formacja misyjna młodzieży w ujęciu nowych dokumentów programowych nauczania religii w polskiej szkole
    Missionary formation of young people in terms of new curriculum documents for religious instructions in Polish schools
    Autorzy:
    Zellma, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/480820.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-06-30
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Księży Werbistów Verbinum
    Tematy:
    formacja misyjna
    katechetyka
    misje
    młodzież
    nauczanie religii
    nauczyciel religii
    pedagogika
    wychowanie
    religious instructions
    missionary formation
    young people
    missions
    upbringing
    religion teacher
    catechetic
    pedagogy
    Opis:
    Analizy podjęte w artykule koncentrują się wokół formacji misyjnej uczniów klas V- VIII szkoły podstawowej i różnych typów szkół ponadpodstawowych. Problematykę zaprezentowano w ujęciu Podstawy programowej katechezy Kościoła katolickiego w Polsce (2018) oraz Programu nauczania religii rzymskokatolickiej w przedszkolach i szkołach (2018). Najpierw przybliżono rozumienie terminu „formacja misyjna młodzieży”. Następnie zwrócono uwagę na potrzebę wspierania młodzieży w odkrywaniu zobowiązań chrześcijanina – również odpowiedzialności za działalność misyjną Kościoła. Na podstawie dokonanej oceny propozycji formacji misyjnej młodzieży sformułowano kilka postulatów pastoralnych: potrzebę częstego podejmowania tematów związanych z działalnością misyjną Kościoła, konieczność informowania o wolontariacie misyjnym osób świeckich, potrzebę wychowania do modlitwy za misje oraz zaangażowania młodzieży w inicjatywy misyjne Kościoła.
    The focus of analyses undertaken in the article is on the missionary formation of students in grades V-VIII of primary school and various types of secondary schools. The issues are presented in terms of Core Curriculum of Catechesis of the Catholic Church in Poland (2018) and Roman Catholic Religion Curriculum in Kindergartens and Schools (2018). First the understanding of the term “missionary formation of youth” was introduced. Then, attention was drawn to the need to support young people in discovering Christian commitments – also responsibility for the missionary activity of the Church. Relying on the assessment of the youth missionary formation proposal, several pastoral postulates were formulated: the need for frequent undertaking topics related to the missionary activity of the Church; the necessity to inform lay people about missionary voluntary service; the need for upbringing to pray for missions and the involvement of young people in the missionary initiatives of the Church.
    Źródło:
    Nurt SVD; 2020, 1; 307-321
    1233-9717
    Pojawia się w:
    Nurt SVD
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Metodologiczne problemy badań typu self-report
    Self-report study: methodological problems
    Autorzy:
    Siemaszko, Andrzej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699246.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1988
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    nauczyciel
    raport własny
    problemy metodologiczne
    zachowanie
    rozwój
    dzieci
    własność
    ankieta
    młodzi ludzie
    przestępczość
    teacher
    self-report
    methodological problems
    behaviour
    development
    children
    property
    questionnaire
    young persons
    delinquency
    Opis:
    Self-report studies are gradually becoming the predominating current of empirical research in criminology. This is particularly the case with etiological studies of deviant behaviour in young persons. However, the present popularity of self-report studies is not accompanied by improvement of their methodological aspect. No important development of the methodology of these studies has occured since the pioneer works of Short and Nye. It is the fundamental aim of the present paper to point to these of the methodological questions on which the further development of self-report studies will depend most. In Chapter I, the first works have been discussed in which the self-report methods were applied. The works anaiyzed are those of Murphy at al. Porterfield, as well as Wallerstein and Wy1e. Particular attention has been given to the methodological and substantive aspects of the series of studies carried out by Short and Nye.             Chapter II contains the presentation of findings of the Polish self-report studies.             The first attempt at a self-report study was made in the early 1960s by Malewska and Muszyński. A national random sample of pupils of the sixth grade of primary school n =2,222) was examined by means of an anonymous questionnaire. The basic aim of the study was to define the children's attitude towards the ownership rights and the situations in which violation of these rights is admissible. Besides, the authors were interested in how children perceived given situations to be thefts. Thus the question whether the respondents ever happened to take another person’s property was but a fragment of the questionnaire which served another purpose in its essence. To the question: "How often do you happen to take another person's property?", 0.8 per cent of the children answered ,,very often," 4.2 pet cent - "often," 26.6 per cent - "sometimes," and. 34.5 per cent-,,seldom’’             Like Malewska and Muszyński, also Szemińska and Gołąb aimed at defining the moral sense of young persons: pupils of primary schools (n=61) and inmates of educational institutions (n= 64), asking also about the extent and structure of deviant behaviour. The respondents answered anonymously in writing.             The two compared groups of boys differed from each other considerably as far as both the frequency and the seriousness of thefts commited was concerned. While the majority of "delinquents" admitted a large number of thefts, the "nondelinquents" 'in their vast majority owned up to 1-2 thefts at most, mostly of small objects they stole from their classmates or next of kin with the intention to use these objects themselves." The study of Szemińska and Gołąb raises doubts, both as regards its merits and methodology. Among other things, in spite of the fact that various offences were committed by both of the discussed groups, the authors use a dichotomic pair of notions: delinquent and non-delinquent, failing to put these words in quotation marks which are necessary in this situation.             In the years 1976-1977, Ostrihanska and Wójcik conducted a large self-report study of a random sample of pupils of grades 3-8 of Warsaw primary schools. 50 schools were selected at random, in which the study was carried out by means of a questionnaire in 120 classes, also randomly selected (n=3,177, of which there were 1,631 boys and 1,546 girls). The self-report study was part of a broader research programme aimed at estimating the extent of social maladjustment in the youth and defining its causes.             Among other things, the questions concerned the following phenomena: school failures, truancy, running away from home, drinking alcohol, taking drugs, free riding, destroying another person’s property, other acts against property (including thefts, frauds, robbery-,,taking something from a younger child by constraint"). The possible answers were as follows: ,,never", ,,once'’, ,,2-3 times’’, ,,4-10 times’’, ,,more frequently’’ .             As expected, both the extent and intensity (frequency of perpetration) of deviant behaviour were higher in the group of boys as compared with girls. For instance, as few as 15.3 per cent of the eldest boys (aged 15) stated that they never took another person's property while the percentage of non-stealing girls among the eldest group was over two times higher (38.0 per cent) In this age group 16.3 per cent of boys stole a dozen or more times, while percentage of girls who committed multiple thefts amounted to as few as 1.4 Instead, no greater differences were found between boys and girls who admitted having stolen once.             In boys, the most frequent were thefts from allotments and gardens (35.2 per cent), thefts from parents (22.8 per cent) and thefts in self-service shops 18.1 per cent). On the other hand the most seldom were thefts from cellars (5.8 per cent), and thefts of wine in shops (9.7 per cent).            Taking another person’s property ranked fourth among the types of deviant acts included IN the study The first position was taken by lies (88.8 per cent of answers in the affirmative). Near1y 90 per cent of boys admitted having chribbed anothe child’s exercise, 25.2 per cent- having destroyed property 2.8 per cent ran away from home, and 2.4 per cent tock drugs. There was an upward tendency with age: elder boys admitted a greater number of deviant acts, and actuallv commited these acts more frequently.             The next self-report study was conducted by Ostrowska and Siemaszko in 1979. It included 2,991 pupils of Warsaw secondary schools (1,197 boys and 1,795 girls). Non-random selection was applied. Young persons of the first and last grades were examined by means of anonymous questionnaire. Among other variables, it contained a list of 42 questions about various types of deviant behaviour, acts of infringement of disciplinary regulations, transgressions and offences, from most trivial (like stealing a ride or failing to return change from shopping) to comparatively serious like house-breaking or robbery. All questions had the same set of possible answers: "never," "once of twice," several times," "a dozen or more-times," ,,more frequently." The examined young persons were characterized by rather a high level of deviance. In the group of boys for instance,539 persons (30.9 per cent) admitted having perpetrated a half of the 42 acts included in the questionnaire at least once, 2.8 per cent of them having committed 27 to 31 acts, and 2.3 per cent-32 to 42 acts. Thus together, 6 per cent of the examined boys were highly deviant. Since the study also revealed a close relationship between the number of acts committed and the frequency of their perpetration, the abovementioned 6 per cent of the examined persons (about 300 boys) are "multiple recidivists" in the interpretation used in self-report studies. Considerable differences in the level of deviant behaviour were found in respect of age and sex. For instance,  the level of deviance in the group of elder boys was four times higher on average as compared with younger girls.             Among the most widespread acts there were free riding (94,6 per cent of girls and 96. 1 per cent of boys), failure to return change from shopping (79.6 and 84.1 per cent respectively), petty frauds in shops (67.6 and 84.0 per cent respectively), and failure to return a found object to its owner (69.9 per cent of girls and 83.8 per cent of boys). Aggressive acts were relatively frequent, particularly among boys. Battery "without an explicit causes” was comitted by 20.2 per cent of boys and 6.5 per cent of girls.11.6 per cent of boys and 2.8 per cent of girls participated in affrays in which dangerous weapons were used. Among thefts, comparatively less serious acts predominated. 16.9 per cent of girls and 31.6 per cent of boys admitted having perpetrated petty thefts. 8.2 per cent of girls and 14.6 per cent of boys stole change from call-boxes. Serious thefts were committed by 1.6 per cent of girls and 4.6 per cent of boys.             Ostrowska and Siemaszko repeated their study in 1981 on a random sample of students of secondary schools in five typically agricultural provinces. 2,144 persons (1,702 boys and 420 girls) aged 14-19, students of 29 schools, were examined. They young persons who participated in the study went to :89 classes that were selected at random. The extent and structure of deviant behaviour were examined by means of a questionnaire identical to the one applied in the previous study Also the way in which the study was carried out in the classes was the same.             In the group of acts termed insubordination, the most widespread one was smoking at under: 14:78,2 per cent of boys and 44,8 per cent of girls admitted it. Somewhat less than 10per cent of the examined persons admitted having run away from home, 2 per cent of them having run away several times. Over 20 per cent of the respondents admitted having had their identity papers checked by the police (30 per cent of boys) and somewhat less than 7 per cent took drugs.             Among various types of dishonest behaviour the most widespread one was free riding- over 80 per cent. Nearly a half of the examined persons admitted having failed to return a borrowed object; 7 per cent of them did it repeatedly Also nearly 50 per cent of the respondents stole money from their parents:15 per cent of them did it several times, and 5.6 per cent-more frequently.             In the group of offences, thefts predominated. 24.9 per cent of girls and 32.4 per cent of boys admitted having stolen an object or money to the value of under 100 złotys (the percentage amounting to 38.6 in the  group of eldest boys); nearly 20 per cent of them repeatedly stole money from their parents.             About 25 per cent of the examined persons committed shop- lifting, the percentage of shop-lifters in the group of eldest boys exceeding 40. The acts of breaking into cellars, recesses, attics etc., were committed by 15 per cent of the respondents 6.1 per cent of girls and 17.2 per cent of boys. The most seldom offences against property were: robbery (2.4 per cent of girls, 10.1 per cent of boys), stealing from call-boxes (6.6 per cent of girls, 7.8 per cent of boys), thefts of money to the amount of 500-1000 złotys (6 .2 per cent of girls, 7.0  per cent of boys), failure to pay the bill in a restaurant (3.3 per cent of girls, 5.6 per cent of boys) and thefts of over 1 000 zlotys (2.8 per cent of girls and 5.6 per cent of boys). Among aggressive behavior, brawls and beatings prevailed (25 per cent of girls and 50 per cent of' boys). In Chapter III the most important methodological problems related to self-report studies are discussed. In self-report studies, both direct (e. g. ,,have you stolen), and indirect and euphemistic questions (e, g. ,,have you ever happened to take and not to give back. ") can be found. The indirect questions undoubtedly less  threatening. Yet on the other hand, those asked directly are probably  easier to interpret explicitly. There is no proof as to the superiority of any of these ways of asking. However indirect and euphemistic questions prevail in self-report studies.             The degree of abstractness of questions varies. The good point of clearcut questions (e.g. ''have you ever taken and failed to give back some article in a supermarket") is that the highly detailed formulation may help the respondent to recall an event which the researcher is interested in. On the other hand, their weak point is that the respondent cannot be relied upon to admit having acted in another, very similar yet not identical way. Unfortunately, the majority of self-report questionnaires contain questions about inseparate classes of phenomena. Hence the danger of one and the same act being counted several times.             In self-report studies, the number of questions about deviant behavior is an important problem. One should bean it in mind that the deviant acts taken into account by the researcher are always nothing but a certain sample of the totality of such acts, the parameters of which are usually unknown (e.g. Christie et al.). The greater the number of acts taken into account, the more standard the "sample of acts" seems to be with respect to the "totality of acts." There are great differences as regards the number of acts included: from several (e.g.  Hirschi, Dentler and Monroe) up to several dozen (e.g. Gibson).             Today time limits are usually introducted as regards the period between the act and the moment of examination one year as a rule), though Short and Nye introducted no limits as regards the period during which the respondents committed the admitted acts. Shorter periods can also be found. (e.g. Simone et al, - 2 months, Lipton and Smith - 18 months). The limits are among the most important problems in self-report studies, since it is on them that the estimation depends on the level of deviance of the entire examined group, as well as the precise estimation of the separate respondents levels of  deviance. The views on the optimum time limits are not uniform. Different sets of possible answers to the questions about deviant behaviour can be found: from most precise (e.g. "once," "twice," etc.) to most general and ambigous (e.g. "seldom," ,,frequently"). A strictly enumerative set of answers may be methodologically correct only in the case of a short period (one year or less). In the remaining cases, this set may be misleading as one hardly expects the examined persons to remember past events with such accuracy.             The questions about deviant behaviour may constitute a separate block (nay a separate questionnaire), or they may be put among other questions. There are no studies showing the good and weak points of each of these two solutions. It seems more proper however, to "mask" the aim of the study by interlarding the questions about deviant behaviour with those neutral or concerning "acts of kindness."             When the level or "depth" of the examined person's deviant involvement is defined, an important problem emerges: acts with different "charges of deviance are taken into account here. Therefore, one can either try and attach different weights to them, or treat all of them as equally serious. Christie et al. ranked acts according to the judges opinion. Morash weighted them with the use of Selling and Wolfgang's scale of seriousness of offences. In Hindelang's study, the weight of acts was defined by specialists by means of a fivepoint scale. Hepburn weighted deviant acts basing on appraisals done by the examined persons themselves. However in the vast majority of self-report studies, no weigh ting procedure is applled. As shown by Farrington, weighting procedures fail to contribute substantially to the increase in accuracy of measurement.             An anonymous questionnaire, though most frequentlv applied, is not the only method of gathering information about unrecorded deviant behaviour. E, g. Gold (and other researchers who applied Gold’s scale) employed a questionnaire interview In Belson's study a card sorting procedure was applied. This method of gathering information is particularly popular in England (see also Gibson, Farrington, West, Morash, Shapland). Hirschi examined his respondents with a signed questionnaire. Should the differences in veracity of answeers of a signed and anonymous questionnaire prove to be inessential (and there is much to be said for it, e.g. Krohn, Waldo and Chiracos), it would be advisable to use the signed version (because of the possibility of comparing the separate sociometric choices or comparing the findings with external sources of information).             The main objection raised to self-report studies concerns the doubtful veracity of the data gathered this way (Dentler, Liska).             A relatively small number of studies concerned the reliability of self-report studies, e.g. the stability of findings in time. This is the most difficult problem in the case of a strictly anonymous questionnaire as the separate respondents cannot be retest. Only global distributions are compared then (e.g the scores of respondents in a given class) Siemaszko finds no valid differences between the distributions answers about deviant acts between a test and a retest which took place there months later. Dentler and Monroe found that 92 per cent of answers to a test and a retest two weeks 1ater were consistent, yet the respondents could still have remembered their previous answers in this case. Belson conducted a retest after a shorter period still: one week. The percentage of consistent answers amounted to 88. Also Farrington’s study revealed rarther a high degree of consistency in spite of the two year's interval. The percentage of mistakes in the test or retest was 3.2 The tendency to inconsistent answers was less explicit if the general scores of the examined persons on the deviance scales were analyzed and not the proportion of their affirmative and negative answers to the separate questions (11.5 per cent of the, examined persons found themselves in another quartile than Before). The results obtained by Shapland were parallel. The results seem to point to a high stability of self-report questionnaires in time.             Hardt and Peterson-Hardt distinguish the following methods of defining the validity of self-report questionnaires: comparing with external sources of information, comparing with a known group, lie scales, and defining face validity.             The most frequent method of defining the validity of questionnaires used in examination of unrecorded deviant behaviour is the comparison of the respondents' answers with other reliable sources of information. Erickson and Empey found that none of their respondents concealed their contact with the police or an offence with which they were charged. According to Gold, the probability of contacts with the police diminishes monotonically together with decrease of frequency of offences admitted during the examination. Gibson, Morrison and West found a high consistency between  offences revealed by means of the self-report method and the contents of the police files. Hindelang found a distinct positive interdependence between high scores in the deviance scale and having a record in the police files. Farrington, as well as Farrington and West, examined the so-called predictive validity of self-report questionnaires. It appeared that those of the examined persons who score highest in deviance scales at the moment. A, have records in the police files much more frequently at the moment B. Gould compared the scores in the Short,/Nye scale with those in the recorded crime scale, finding a high, positive and valid interdependence.             Results of self-report tests were also compared with other sources of information (teachers, colleagues, social workers, etc.). As shown by Jessor, Graves, Hanson and Jessor, results of the self-report tests tally with appraisals of the degree of deviant involvement made by teachers and colleagues of the examined persons. Also Gould compared the respondents' statements with appraisals of their behaviour made by their colleagues and teachers. The interdependence proved to be as expected. Hardt and Peterson-Hardt compared statements in which the examined persons admitted having robbed parkometers with the official data concerning the extent of these thefts. The respondents appeared to have answered truthfully.             In many studies scores of school children and of institutionalized youth were  compared. As demonstrated already by Short and Nye, although the inmates of reformatories scored somewhat higher than students of normal schools, nevertheless the profiles of distributions and their structure were analogous. Voss found the correlates of deviance in groups of school children and institutionalized youth to be parallel. This finding was confirmed in many other studies. The only exception here is the parents socio-economic status. Uniformity of views could not have been reached as yet as to whether the positive interdependence between the socio-economic status and deviant behaviour found in the majority of self-report studies is artificial or real (see i.a. Tribble, Axenroth, Hindelang Hirschi and Waise).             Much can be said about the validity of a self-report questionnaire only on the grounds of the distributions of answers to the separate questions, Siemaszko found the percentage of affirmative answers to decrease monotonically with the increase of seriousness of the act and its scarcity in the general population. In the same study the percentage of affirmative  answers to the question about being checked by the police was found to be higher than that concerning detention: also the level of deviance of elder as compared with younger and boys as compared with girls proved higher, These results agree with theoretical expectations, Hardt and Peterson-Hardt found the percentage of affirmative answers to the questions about acts commited during  the last year to be generally lower than it is the case with questions that concerned also acts commited longer before. Not all of self-report questionnaires contain lie scales. Moreover, the researchers are not in agreeement as to the usefulness of such scales this type of studies (i.a. Farrington, Smart, Hardt, Peterson- Hardt). I seems that lie scales should be employed Questions should however be avoided  which  might be correlated with deviant behaviour, as in such case there is the danger of the lie scale becoming the reverse of that of deviance.             The popularity of self-report studies was determined by the effectiveness of this method (relatively low cost 1ittle time consuming, promptitude and the possibility of examining large samples) Today, self-report studies have become popular in spite of the fact that many important methodological problems have not been solved yet.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1988, XV; 33-93
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Bez cenzury, czyli nauczyciel na forum internetowym
    Without censorship - the internet forum for teachers
    Autorzy:
    Bujewska, Marta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/459940.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Fundacja Pro Scientia Publica
    Tematy:
    forum internetowe
    nauczyciel - stażysta
    początkujący nauczyciele
    problemy młodych nauczycieli
    teoria dwóch racjonalności
    Internet forum
    a teacher - trainee
    novice teachers
    the problems of young teachers
    the theory of the two Rationalities
    Opis:
    Celem tekstu jest prezentacja wyników przeprowadzonego badania. Polegało ono na analizie wypowiedzi początkujących nauczycieli na forum internetowym. Poszukiwano odpowiedzi na pytanie, z jakimi problemami i wątpliwościami zmagają się młodzi nauczyciele. Przeprowadzone badanie mieści się w jakościowej strategii badań. Zastosowano metodę analizy tekstów, którymi były wypowiedzi początkujących nauczycieli na forum internetowym.
    The aim of the text is to present the results of our audit. It was based on the analysis of expression of new teachers in the online forum. Sought to answer the question of what problems and doubts struggling young teachers. Determination of the activity of teachers in the online forum as devoid of censorship, is to expose the potential of this area of research.
    Źródło:
    Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk; 2014, 4; 384-391
    2084-1426
    Pojawia się w:
    Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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