Temat: anaerobic sludge - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Low intensity surplus activated sludge pretreatment before anaerobic digestion
Autorzy:: Suschka, J.
Grübel, K.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204931.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: anaerobic sludge digestion
biogas production
sludge disintegration
disintegration degree
hybrid pre-treatment
Opis:: Sewage sludge (municipal, or industrial) treatment is still a problem in so far that it is not satisfactorily resolved in terms of cost and final disposal. Two common forms of sludge disposal are possible; the first being direct disposal on land (including agriculture) and the second being incineration (ash production), although neither of these methods are universally applied. Simplifying the issue, direct sludge disposal on land is seldom applied for sanitary and environmental reasons, while incineration is not popular for financial (high costs) reasons. Very often medium and large wastewater treatment plants apply anaerobic digestion for sludge hygiene principles, reducing the amount to be disposed and for biogas (energy) production. With the progress in sewage biological treatment aiming at nutrient removal, primary sludge has been omitted in the working processes and only surplus activated sludge requires handling. Anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS) is more difficult due to the presence of microorganisms, the decomposition of which requires a relatively long time for hydrolysis. In order to upgrade the hydrolysis effects, several different pre-treatment processes have already been developed and introduced. The additional pre-treatment processes applied are aimed at residual sludge bulk mass minimization, shortening of the anaerobic digestion process or higher biogas production, and therefore require additional energy. The water-energy-waste Nexus (treads of) of the benefits and operational difficulties, including energy costs are discussed in this paper. The intensity of pre-treatment processes to upgrade the microorganism’s hydrolysis has crucial implications. Here a low intensity pre-treatment process, alkalisation and hydrodynamic disintegration - hybrid process - were presented in order to achieve sufficient effects of WAS anaerobic digestion. A sludge digestion efficiency increase expressed as 45% biogas additional production and 52% of the total or volatile solids reduction has been confirmed.
Źródło:: Archives of Environmental Protection; 2017, 43, 4; 50-57
2083-4772
2083-4810
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Environmental Protection
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Dynamic modelling of an anaerobic reactor treating coffee wet wastewater via multiple regression model
Autorzy:: Guardia-Puebla, Yans
Llanes-Cedeño, Edilberto
Domínguez-León, Ana Velia
Arias-Cedeño, Quirino
Sánchez-Girón, Victor
Morscheck, Gert
Eichler-Löbermann, Bettina
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1841946.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021
Wydawca:: Instytut Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy
Tematy:: coffee wet wastewater
modelling
multiple regression model
upflow anaerobic sludge blanket
UASB
Opis:: A multiple regression model approach was developed to estimate buffering indices, as well as biogas and methane productions in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating coffee wet wastewater. Five input variables measured (pH, alkalinity, outlet VFA concentration, and total and soluble COD removal) were selected to develop the best models to identify their importance on methanation. Optimal regression models were selected based on four statistical performance criteria, viz. Mallow’s Cp statistic (Cp), Akaike information criterion (AIC), Hannan–Quinn criterion (HQC), and Schwarz–Bayesian information criterion (SBIC). The performance of the models selected were assessed through several descriptive statistics such as measure of goodness-of-fit test (coefficient of multiple determination, R2; adjusted coefficient of multiple determination, Adj-R2; standard error of estimation, SEE; and Durbin–Watson statistic, DWS), and statistics on the prediction errors (mean squared error, MSE; mean absolute error, MAE; mean absolute percentage error, MAPE; mean error, ME and mean percentage error, MPE). The estimated model reveals that buffering indices are strongly influenced by three variables (volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, soluble COD removal, and alkalinity); while, pH, VFA concentration and total COD removal were the most significant independent variables in biogas and methane production. The developed equation models obtained in this study, could be a powerful tool to predict the functionability and stability for the UASB system.
Źródło:: Journal of Water and Land Development; 2021, 50; 229-239
1429-7426
2083-4535
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Water and Land Development
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Xylose substrate as the only nutrient in the operation of microbial fuel cells
Autorzy:: Vajda, B.
Nemestothy, N.
Bakonyi, P.
Bélafi-Bakó, K.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/208205.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2014
Wydawca:: Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:: microbial fuel cells
catalysis
anaerobic conditions
anaerobic sludge
catalytic reaction
Shewanella
mikrobiologiczne ogniwa paliwowe
kataliza
warunki beztlenowe
reakcje katalityczne
Opis:: Microbial fuel cells are bioelectrochemical devices converting chemical energy of organic compounds (i.e. biomass) into electrical energy by catalytic reactions of microbes under anaerobic conditions. The operation of two-chamber microbial fuel cells by Shewanella putrefaciens and mesophilic anaerobic sludge was studied comparatively, using xylose and glucose as solo substrates during the experiments. It was found that higher electric power was generated by the multicultural system than by the monoculture.
Źródło:: Environment Protection Engineering; 2014, 40, 2; 131-141
0324-8828
Pojawia się w:: Environment Protection Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification in an SBR with a Modified Cycle During Reject Water Treatment
Symultaniczna nitryfikacja i denitryfikacja w SBR ze zmodyfikowanym cyklem pracy podczas oczyszczania wód nadosadowych
Autorzy:: Bernat, K.
Kulikowska, D.
Zielińska, M.
Cydzik-Kwiatkowska, A.
Wojnowska-Baryła, I.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204941.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: symultaniczna nitryfikacja
symultaniczna denitryfikacja
SBR
oczyszczanie wód nadosadowych
anaerobic sludge digester supernatant
simultaneous nitrification and denitrification
SND
Opis:: In this study, the dependence between volumetric exchange rate (n) in an SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor) with a modified cycle and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) efficiency during the treatment of anaerobic sludge digester supernatant was determined. In the SBR cycle alternating three aeration phases (with limited dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration up to 0.7 mg O2/L) and two mixing phases were applied. The lengths of each aeration and mixing phases were 4 and 5.5 h, respectively. Independently of n, a total removal of ammonium was achieved. However, at n = 0.1 d-1 and n = 0.3 d-1 nitrates were the main product of nitrification, while at n = 0.5 d-1, both nitrates and nitrites occurred in the effluent. Under these operational conditions, despite low COD/N (ca. 4) ratio in the influent, denitrification in activated sludge was observed. A higher denitrification efficiency at n = 0.5 d-1 (51.3%) than at n = 0.1 d-1 (7.8%) indicated that n was a crucial factor influencing SND via nitrite and nitrate in the SBR with a low oxygen concentration in aeration phases.
W prezentowanych badaniach określono wpływ stopnia wymiany objętościowej (n) SBR ze zmodyfikowanym cyklem pracy na efektywność symultanicznej nitryfikacji i denitryfikacji (SND) podczas oczyszczania wód nadosadowych. Cykl pracy SBR składał się z naprzemiennie występujących trzech faz napowietrzania (limitowane stężenie tlenu do 0,7 mg O2/L) oraz dwóch faz mieszania. Długość każdej z faz napowietrzania i mieszania wynosiła odpowiednio 4 i 5,5 h. Niezależnie od stopnia wymiany objętościowej uzyskano całkowite usunięcie azotu amonowego. Przy n = 0,1 d-1 i n = 0,3 d-1 głównym produktem nitryfi kacji był azot azotanowy (V), podczas gdy przy n = 0,5 d-1 w ściekach oczyszczonych występował zarówno azot azotanowy (III) jak i (V). W założonych warunkach technologicznych, pomimo niekorzystnego ilorazu ChZT/N w dopływie (ok. 4), w osadzie czynnym uzyskano denitryfikację. Przy stopniu wymiany objętościowej n = 0,5 d-1 efektywność denitryfikacji wynosiła 51,3% i była kilkukrotnie wyższa niż przy n = 0,1 d-1 (7,8%), co wskazuje, że w warunkach ograniczonego dostępu do tlenu w fazie napowietrzania czynnikiem decydującym o uzyskaniu symultanicznej nitryfikacji i denitryfikacji był stopień wymiany objętościowej.
Źródło:: Archives of Environmental Protection; 2013, 39, 1; 83-91
2083-4772
2083-4810
Pojawia się w:: Archives of Environmental Protection
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Wpływ termicznego przetworzenia i enzymatycznej hydrolizy biomasy sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) na efektywność wytwarzania biogazu w procesie fermentacji metanowej
Influence of thermal preparation and enzymatic hydrolysis of sorghum (Sorghum moench) biomass on the yield of methane fermentation
Autorzy:: Włodarczyk-Makuła, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1819526.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011
Wydawca:: Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Tematy:: hydroliza biomasy
biomasa sorgo
charakterystyka osadu beztlenowego
fermentacja metanowa
characteristics of anaerobic sludge
hydrolysis of sorghum biomass
methane fermentation
Opis:: Celem prezentowanych badań było określenie wpływu przeprowadzenia wstępnej hydrotermalnej depolimeryzacji oraz enzymatycznej hydrolizy biomasy sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) na efektywność procesu fermentacji metanowej prowadzonej w warunkach mezofilowych (35 st.C) pod kątem ilości i składu uzyskiwanego biogazu.
The process of methane fermentation is optimized by implementation of new reactors construction, modification of technological conditions of the process and implementation of techniques of preliminary preparation, preconditioning and pretreatment of the substrate. One of the alternative solutions, that effectively enhances the process of anaerobic decomposition of biomass from energy crops, may be the incorporation of the stage of enzymatic processing to the technological system. The application of enzymes hydrolyzing cellulose, hemicellulases and cellobiose, has recently been addressed in multiple researches conducted worldwide. In addition, a number of fungi and bacteria are known to produce enzymes that are degrading biological material in the natural environment, and thereby may be applied for cost-effective production of cellulose biofuels. The reported study was aimed at determining the effect of preliminary hydrothermal depolymerization and enzymatic hydrolysis of sorghum (Sorghum moench) biomass on the yield of methane fermentation in terms of the quantity and composition of biogas produced. Irrespective of the stage of experiment, plant substrate disintegrated mechanically with a disintegrating device Robot Coupe Blixer 3, was subjected to preliminary hydrothermal depolymerization. It was carried out in a pressure reactor with active volume of 2.3 dm3. In brief, 300 g of Virginia fan petals biomass with hydration of 55% and organic matter content of 33.8% of fresh weight were administered to the reactor. Next, the reactor with the plant substrate was incubated at a temperature of 200°C, under a pressure of 17 Ba, for 120 minutes in a muffle furnace. In the subsequent stage of the experiment, the processed biomass of Virginia fan petals was applied into open reactors with active volume of 0.5 dm3 and equipped with a mixing system, and then an enzymatic multicomplex (Celluclast 1.5 L, Novozym 188 and Hemicellulase) was dosed in. In order to achieve the maximum activity of the enzymes applied, before they have been added to the hydrothermally-processed biomass of Virginia fan petals the plant had been hydrated to 98.0% and the pH value had been reduced to 5.23. Reactors used for enzymatic hydrolysis were then incubated at 20?C for 24 h. The experiment was divided into three variants depending on doses of the enzymes applied into the technological system. The application of pretreatment turned out to be low effective, since enzymatic hydrolysis of sorghum caused the release of a small quantity of carbohydrates to the dissolved phase. Analyses conducted in the study demonstrated also a decrease in dry matter content of fermented feedstock, with the decrease being especially tangible in the variant in which the highest dose of the enzymatic multicomplex was administered to sorghum biomass. A direct result of the application of enzymatic hydrolysis was to improve production efficiency and qualitative composition of biogas in terms of high methane content.
Źródło:: Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska; 2011, Tom 13; 1081-1092
1506-218X
Pojawia się w:: Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Oczyszczanie ścieków z produkcji płyt pilśniowych w reaktorze UASB
The treatment of fiberboard manufacturing wastewater in UASB reactor
Autorzy:: Neczaj, E.
Krzemińska, D.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/297760.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2010
Wydawca:: Politechnika Częstochowska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Częstochowskiej
Tematy:: ścieki z produkcji płyt pilśniowych
fermentacja metanowa
reaktor UASB
ChZT
chemiczne zapotrzebowanie tlenu
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor
UASB reactor
fiberboard wastewaters
anaerobic digestion
COD removal
chemical oxygen demand
Opis:: Najważniejszym wyzwaniem w ramach procesu oczyszczania ścieków z produkcji płyt pilśniowych jest zmniejszenie zawartości w nich związków organicznych, zawiesin oraz intensywności barwy. W ostatnich latach wzrosło zainteresowanie technologiami beztlenowymi w oczyszczaniu tego rodzaju ścieków. Za stosowaniem systemów anaerobowych przemawia: mniejsza produkcja osadów ściekowych, możliwość oczyszczania ścieków wysokoobciążonych ładunkiem zanieczyszczeń, wytwarzanie energii w postaci metanu. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nad możliwością zastosowania reaktora UASB w oczyszczaniu ścieków z produkcji płyt pilśniowych. Badania prowadzone były w skali laboratoryjnej w warunkach mezofilowych przy stałym hydraulicznym czasie zatrzymania, wynoszącym 3 doby, i obciążeniu substratowym w przedziale 1,3 ÷ 2,5 kgChZT/m³d. Efektywność procesu oczyszczania oceniono na podstawie stopnia usunięcia ChZT oraz produkcji biogazu. Najlepsze wyniki uzyskano przy obciążeniu substratowym reaktora wynoszącym 2 kgChZT/m³d. Dla podanych warunków prowadzenia procesu odnotowano 66% usunięcie ChZT oraz produkcję biogazu na poziomie 0,38 dm³/gChZTus d.
The effluent from fiberboard manufacturing (FBM) is a specific kind of wastewater with the COD value of over 20 000 mg/l and a suspended solids content of more than 1500 mg/l. The organic components of the effluent include cellulose, lignin and resin acids. The high COD content present in this wastewater makes it suitable for anaerobic treatment however the presence of toxic or recalcitrant substances implies an additional challenge for developing a reliable biological process. Increased gas production and reduced excess sludge generation significantly improve the economics of anaerobic digestion. The concept of the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor is very simple. The reactor consists of a chamber in which the wastewater flows upward through an anaerobic sludge bed and passes in contact with the micro-organisms. In result and anaerobic degradation of the wastewater organic matter occurs. The produced biogas causes hydraulic turbulence as it moves upward through the reactor, providing adequate mixing within the system and eliminating the need for mechanical mixing. The presence of a three-phase separator at the top of the reactor, allows separation of the water phase from sludge solids and gas. In this study the treatment of fiberboard manufacturing (FBM) wastewater was carried out in a laboratory scale UASB rector. Bioreactor performance was evaluated by COD removal efficiency and biogas yield. The aim of the work was to determine the optimal organic loading rate (ORL) for a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3 days. The ORL range from 1.3 to 2.5 kgCOD/m³d was studied. 66% of COD removal efficiency and biogas yield of 0.38 m³biogas/kgCODremovedd were obtained in the anaerobic reactor operating at 37°C when OLR was equal to 2 kgCOD/m³d.
Źródło:: Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska; 2010, 13, 2; 111-120
1505-3695
2391-7253
Pojawia się w:: Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Energy and sustainability of operation of a wastewater treatment plant
Autorzy:: Bodík, I.
Kubaská, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/208254.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:: wastewater treatment
biogas
energy utilization
sewage pumping plant
sludge digestion
toxicity
water treatment plants
anaerobic sludge digestion
energy consumption
wastewater treatment plants
oczyszczanie ścieków
biogaz
wykorzystanie energii
przepompownie ścieków
fermentacja osadów
toksyczność
stacje uzdatniania wody
fermentacja beztlenowa osadów
zużycie energii
oczyszczalnie ścieków
Opis:: The study summarises the energy consumption data obtained from the Slovak wastewater treatment plants. Overall, 51 large WWTPs using mesophilic anaerobic sludge digestion and biogas utilisation (the total capacity of 2.5 mil. p.e.) and 17 small rural WWTPs (the total capacity 15 000 p.e.) were compared in many technological and energy parameters. The average energy consumption in large WWTPs in Slovakia is 0.485 kWh/m3 and 0.915 kWh/m3 in small rural plants. The average energy demand related to BOD5 load represents the value of 2.27 kWh/kg BOD5, in Slovak plants. The specific energy production is relatively low - in average 1.2 kWh_el /m3 of produced biogas and 0.1 kWh_el /m 3 of treated wastewater, respectively. The average energy autarky in Slovak plants is 25.2%. Some plants have high energy autarky (>65%), despite no external biowastes being dosed to these during operation.
Źródło:: Environment Protection Engineering; 2013, 39, 2; 15-24
0324-8828
Pojawia się w:: Environment Protection Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Determination of quantity of biogas from sewage sludge
Autorzy:: Sikora, J.
Jakubowski, T.
Płaczek, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/101420.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Stowarzyszenie Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich PAN
Tematy:: sewage sludge
biogas
anaerobic digestion
Opis:: Renewable energy sources have been amongst crucial elements of the European Union policy for a long time. Currently, they have become significant in terms of possibilities of the technology development, which may limit the effects and duration of the economic, energy and climatic crisis. The Directive 2009/28/EC obliges the increase of the share of Renewable Energy Sources in the final energy consumption up to 20% (in Poland up to 15%) by 2020. Sewage sludge is waste that significantly affects the aspects of environment. The research considered the rationality of using the waste for the production of biomethane. The purpose of the work was to determine the dynamics of biogas production from sewage sludge of municipal origin. Its scope included a review of the literature based on the Polish and European law. Issues of technology, production and use of biogas and residue were presented. The research was based on determining the properties of sewage sludge - raw and after stabilization, and carrying out a fermentation process for a period of 30 days. The validity of using sewage sludge as substrate for biogas production was confirmed.
Źródło:: Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich; 2018, IV/1; 1087-1097
1732-5587
Pojawia się w:: Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Impact of Nanoparticles on Biogas Production from Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge
Autorzy:: Heikal, Ghada
Shakroum, Mohamed
Vranayova, Zuzana
Abdo, Ahmed
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2173380.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2022
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:: biogas
methane
wastewater
sludge
anaerobic digestion
nanomaterial
magnetic nanoparticles
Opis:: Since anaerobic digestion (AD) is the preferred procedure for sludge treatment and disposal, it is constrained by the hydrolysis and acidogenesis stages. Nanomaterials have an impact on the AD process due to their unique properties (large specific surface areas, solubility, adsorption reduction of heavy metals, degradation of organic matter, reduction of hydrogen supplied and catalytic nature) which make them advantageous in many applications due to their effectiveness in improving the AD efficiency. Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) were used in the present study to improve the biogas production. The experiments were divided into two stages to evaluate the effect of adding MNPs to two types of sewage sludge (SS): attached growth process (AG) and activated sludge (AS). The first stage consists of 15 tests divided into three experiments (A, B, and C). Doses of MNPs (20, 50, 100, 200) mg/l were added to all digesters in the same experiment except for one digester (the control). Experiments A, B and C achieved the highest biogas production when 100 mg/l of MNPs was added. They were 1.9, 1.93 and 2.07 times higher than the control for A, B and C respectively. The second stage consists of 12 tests with a pretreatment for some of SS. It was divided into two experiments (D, E), where the chemical pretreatment was applied to experiment D and the thermal pretreatment was applied to experiment E except for the control. For digester D4, which had 100 mg/l of MNPs after a chemical pretreatment at pH = 12, the biogas production increased by 2.2 times higher than the control (D0) and 1.5 times higher than the untreated sludge with the addition of 100 mg/l MNPs (DN). Thermal pretreatment at 100 °C with addition of 100 mg/l MNPs (E4) achieved a biogas yield 2 times higher than the control (E0), and 1.39 times higher than untreated sludge with 100 mg/l MNPs (EN). The previous results indicate that the integration of magnetite can serve as the conductive materials, promoting inherent indirect electron transfer (IET) and direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) between methanogens and fermentative bacteria which lead to a more energy-efficient route for interspecies electron transfer and methane productivity. This study demonstrated the positive effect of magnetite on organic biodegradation, process stability and methane productivity.
Źródło:: Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2022, 23, 8; 222--240
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: The Influence of Anaerobic Digestion on Selected Heavy Metals Fractionation in Sewage Sludge
Autorzy:: Zdeb, Magdalena
Pawłowska, Małgorzata
Pacan, Justyna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/124178.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:: sewage sludge
anaerobic digestion
heavy metals
sequential chemical extraction
Opis:: Rising efficiency of wastewater purification systems causes an increase in the amounts of sewage sludge. Its land application is economically attractive because of low cost and high efficiency. Using sewage sludge in agriculture is one of the most preferred ways of its disposal. Only stabilized sludge and containing permissible concentrations of heavy metals can be used for this purpose. The heavy metals introduction into the environment may cause a potential problem for public health, especially when they percolate from soil to plants or groundwater. Therefore, the concentrations of heavy metals in sludge intended for agriculture are regulated. Determination of total content of heavy metals in digested sludge is not sufficient for the evaluation of a potential risk to the environment. The mobility and toxicity of heavy metals depend strongly on their specific chemical forms. The concentrations of particular heavy metal fractions are the most important parameters, which should be examined in order to estimate the influence of sludge on the environment. The aim of an article was to evaluate the influence of anaerobic digestion on the concentration and variability of chemical forms of selected heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in the sewage sludge coming from a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Pulawy (Poland). The content of particular forms of heavy metals in raw and digested sewage sludge was determined by means of the BCR (Community Bureau of Reference) method. The BCR method enables separating four fractions of heavy metals: exchangeable, reducible, oxidizable and residual. The results obtained after analyzing raw sludge showed that the majority of the analyzed heavy metals were predominantly associated with the oxidizable and residual fractions. Only in the case of Zn, the reducible form constituted a greater part. In the case of digested sludge, all studied heavy metals exhibited the most dominant oxidizable and residual fractions; however, the percentages of particular fractions were different than in raw sludge. It was noticed that all heavy metals concentrations were higher in digested sludge in comparison to sludge before anaerobic digestion. The content of heavy metals in the analyzed materials did not exceed the admissible Polish levels for the sludge intended for the agricultural use.
Źródło:: Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2020, 21, 3; 27-35
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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