Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

English (EN)·Polski (PL)·Yкраїнський (UK)
Przejdź do strony domowej biblioteki Centralna Biblioteka Wojskowa Link otwiera się w nowym oknie Logo biblioteki Prolib Integro - strona głównaCentralna Biblioteka Wojskowa

Wyszukujesz frazę "Monetary Union" wg kryterium: Temat

  Lista filtrów
Wyrównaj
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 81
Tytuł:
Konwergencja fiskalna w uniach walutowych w Afryce na tle rozwiązań europejskich
A Comparison of the Fiscal Convergence Experience in the CFA Franc Zone and the EMU
Autorzy:
Młodkowski, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/575628.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006-02-28
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. Kolegium Analiz Ekonomicznych
Tematy:
fiscal policy
monetary union
coordination
Opis:
The aim of the paper is to present arguments for implementing fiscal policy constraints in monetary union member countries and to compare experience in this area in two non-European monetary unions in Africa and the EMU. The author offers a brief review of arguments-for and against fiscal convergence in a monetary union-presented in the literature on the subject. This empirical and theoretical review leads to the conclusion that, under some circumstances, there is a great need for fiscal policy coordination in monetary union member countries. The key question is how fiscal convergence should be designed and how multilateral surveillance should be enforced. To answer this question, the CFA Franc Zone experience with fiscal convergence criteria was compared with that of the EMU. The author notes that some fiscal convergence criteria are unique and specific for these groups of countries but some other criteria are common, regardless of the features of individual economies. Therefore fiscal coordination should be union-specific to avoid any disadvantages highlighted in theoretical analyses and resulting from decreased fiscal policy flexibility.
Źródło:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics; 2006, 205, 1-2; 19-36
2300-5238
Pojawia się w:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Economic and Monetary Union as an Example of Differentiated Integration
Autorzy:
Piekutowska, Agnieszka
Kużelewska, Elżbieta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/419619.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
differentiation
integration
European Monetary Union
EMU
Opis:
Despite the over 60 years’ experience with European integration (since the Paris Treaty), it remains permeated with certain distinctions and dissimilarities with respect to particular Member States. The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is the best example of differentiated integration, since as early as its initial construction it contained signifi cant differences vis-à-vis Member States. The third stage of the EMU (in force since 1 January 1999), the introduction of the single European currency, did not encompass all 15 Member States, but only 11 of them. Greece joined it only in 2002, and the United Kingdom and Denmark had negotiated an opt-out provision in the Maastricht Treaty. This article explores differentiated integration in the EMU framework, and presents as well the consequences for the countries outside the ‘hard core’ of currency integration, i.e. those states which are the subjects of temporary derogations and which are obliged, by their Accession Treaties, to accept the European currency in the future.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Polish European Studies; 2015, 18; 165-192
1428-1503
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Polish European Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polityka kursu walutowego przed wstąpieniem do unii gospodarczej i walutowej
The policy of exchange rate currency before the accession to economic and monetary union
Autorzy:
Kraś, Ireneusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/495120.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe Franciszka Salezego
Tematy:
International Economic relation
monetary integration
Economy and Monetary Union
Opis:
The article raises the issue connected with functioning of European Exchange Rate mechanism ERM II. The introduction analyses the criteria of accession to Economic and Monetary Union and profiles Exchange Rate mechanism ERM II and ERM. Subsequently, the author discusses the currently integration and procedures of joining ERM II and the euro zone. There are four stages of this process defined in the article. A central exchange rate and modification of staying in ERM II are the next question of article. The author describes the term “severe tensions” which can be defined as serious tension in a situation when the exchange rate fluctuates to more than – 2,25%. The last part deals with assessment of exchange rate stability. The European Commission and the European Central Bank are responsible for it and the institutions work independently of each other. The article emphasizes the fact that it is essential to join ERM II prior to the accession to Economy and Monetary Union. Joining ERM II should be treated as the expression of great determination to enter euro zone. It should not be treated as a kind of experiment that it is always possible to withdraw from.
Źródło:
Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe; 2010, 28; 139-150
1232-8766
Pojawia się w:
Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Macroeconomic stability as the condition for Bulgaria to join the euro area
Autorzy:
Moździerz, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22446419.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
macroeconomic equilibrium
macroeconomic stability
monetary union
convergence criteria
Opis:
Research background: The subject of research is the macroeconomic situation of Bulgaria in the context of the country's preparations for joining the euro area. In 2018, the Bulgarian government approved a plan of preparations covering the period until the end of June 2019, which assumes that the country will join the ERM II mechanism in July 2019, and the euro area on 1 January 2022. Bulgaria meets four nominal convergence criteria regarding inflation, long-term interest rate, budget deficit and public debt. The national currency is pegged to the euro under the currency board arrangement. Despite this, the implementation of this optimistic scenario may be difficult because since the 2007 crisis, the European institutions pay more attention to macroeconomic stability and the sustainability of convergence. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to identify the factors destabilising macroeconomic equilibrium in Bulgaria, which are a potential obstacle to the adoption of the euro by Bulgaria on schedule. Methods: The research was based on the changes in selected macroeconomic indicators, as well as on the method used by the European Commission to detect macroeconomic imbalances. The observation and analysis covered the 2007?2018 period.  Findings & Value added: The research results indicate that the low level of socio-economic convergence of Bulgaria and macroeconomic imbalances may delay its membership in the monetary union. Therefore, while respecting the country's aspirations to join the euro area, one cannot ignore the risk of another destabilisation of the euro area. 
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2019, 14, 2; 295-315
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polityczne i ekonomiczne uwarunkowania tworzenia i funkcjonowania unii walutowych
Monetary unions in light of political and economic conditions
Autorzy:
Graniszewski, Leszek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/10521902.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
Tematy:
euro
monetary union
political conditions
sovereignty
state functions
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to discuss political circumstances related to joining the eurozone. The author claims that political conditions related to the euro area, associated primarily with the significant loss of sovereignty by EU member states, have not only symbolic and axiological dimensions, but also negatively affect the possibility to pursue an independent socio-economic policy, and therefore effective implementation of the constitutional commitments of the government towards its citizens.
Źródło:
Studia BAS; 2019, 3(59); 11-29
2080-2404
2082-0658
Pojawia się w:
Studia BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kryzys finansów publicznych czy kryzys płatniczy krajów PIIGS?
PIIGS Countries: A Public Finance Crisis or a Balance-of-Payments Crunch?
Autorzy:
Koronowski, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/574312.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011-06-30
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. Kolegium Analiz Ekonomicznych
Tematy:
monetary union
financial crisis
public finance
economic policy
Opis:
The article examines the causes behind a credibility crisis that has hit a group of euro-zone countries collectively referred to as PIIGS: Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain. The author discusses the economic policy being pursued in these countries in response to the crisis. The credibility crisis is generally being attributed to high public finance deficits and significant levels of public debt in the PIIGS countries. But this interpretation fails to consider the fact that various other countries are also struggling with high deficits and public debts. In addition to problems related to their public finances, Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain, are also suffering from an imbalance of payments. The high current-account deficits in these countries reflect unbalanced public finance-sector budgets and excessive private sector spending. The balance-of-payments aspect of the credibility crisis besetting PIIGS countries is obscured by these countries’ membership of the euro zone. This diagnosis is the starting point for asking a question about an economic policy aimed at addressing the imbalance-of-payments problem experienced by PIIGS countries. The widely recommended “consolidation” of public finances is hardly an optimal measure, according to Koronowski; nor can it be applied on a satisfactory scale, the author says. The best option would be to use an appropriate exchange rate policy, Koronowski says, because of the asymmetrical nature of the difficulties being experienced by these countries, including the balance-of-payments aspect of the crisis. However, such a policy is missing in euro-zone countries. In the absence of adequate national economic policies, the EU’s policy towards the PIIGS countries boils down to either explicit or implicit assistance granted by the European Central Bank, the European Commission and member states. According to Koronowski, this violates the underpinnings of the euro zone, undermines the credibility of the European Central Bank, ignores the principle of democratic control over public finances, and ultimately fails to effectively resolve the problem.
Źródło:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics; 2011, 248, 5-6; 69-84
2300-5238
Pojawia się w:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Unia Gospodarcza i Walutowa. Perspektywa dla Polski
Autorzy:
Tomaszewski, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/630007.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
Tematy:
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), History, Eurozone, Convergence
Opis:
The papers recalls the history of EMU, analyses its present and speculates on the future
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace; 2016, 2; 139-155
2082-0976
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analiza sytuacji gospodarczej Słowacji po wejściu do unii walutowej
Analysis of Economic Situation in Slovakia after Joining the Monetary Union
Autorzy:
Kupczyk, Radosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/558107.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
European Monetary Union
Competitiveness of the Economy
Economic Crisis
Opis:
The Slovak economy has experienced strong but relatively short period of recession in 2009. Subsequent economic recovery was stimulated by growing exports and investment spending. Although subsequent GDP growth was among the highest in the OECD countries, the employment rate has not yet reached pre-crisis level and the unemployment rate remains at a high level. According to research presented in the paper, Slovakia joined the euro area after a period of unprecedented appreciation of the korona, which created a threat to the competitiveness of the Slovak economy, which relies heavily on export-oriented production. This led ultimately to an internal devaluation and increase the productivity of factors of production, including price reductions of capital and reducing the number of workers in the low productivity sectors. Although this strategy has successfully restored the external balance, its consequences for domestic demand and employment were less positive.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2018, 2; 151-168
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mierniki konwergencji realnej wybranych krajów strefy euro. Wnioski dla Polski
Measures of real convergence of selected euro zone countries. Conclusions for Poland
Autorzy:
Michalczyk, Wawrzyniec
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/569840.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
real convergence
euro zone
monetary union
measures of convergence
Opis:
The study constitutes an attempt to join the discussion about the importance of assessing convergence in the process of enlargement of European monetary union and it focuses on the comparative aspect of the degree of similarity of Polish economy in relation to the euro area and of countries that are already part of the single currency area. The aim of the article is to present the results of the indicator analysis of real convergence, which unlike the nominal one, gives a fuller picture of the desirability of state’s participation in the monetary union. These results, on the one hand, allow to draw certain conclusions regarding Poland and supporting the process of choosing the date of adoption of the euro, and on the other hand, help to determine if during the post-crisis period there occurred tendencies indicating an increase of the degree of similarity of economies already using the common currency. The research related, apart from Poland, to selected euro zone member states: France, Greece, Spain, the Netherlands, Ireland, Lithuania, Germany, Slovakia and Italy. For the purpose of the study, it was accepted that an appropriately broad selection of indicators, allowing to achieve the necessary objectivity degree of assessment of countries’ real convergence in relation to the entire euro area, would consist of: growth rate of real GDP and correlation coefficients relating to this measure, GDP per capita as a determinant of income, GDP per hour worked as an indicator of labour productivity, hourly labour costs, level of long-term unemployment, structure of gross value added, changes in the real exchange rate, long-term real interest rate and real money market rate (which, at the same level of the nominal short-term interest rate in the euro zone, is determined in each member state by the prices’ level growth rate). As the research period the years of 2004-2014 were adopted. The conducted indicator analysis of real convergence allowed to formulate a number of observations: the degree of similarity of the analysed economies to the whole monetary union is different in most cases, depending on which sphere is related to a measure; the scale of convergence of individual economies in relation to the euro zone also varies; in respect of the analysed countries, it is difficult to notice a trend towards deepening the scale of convergence in the post-crisis period; in the case of Poland, one should not rather talk about the similarity, but about far-reaching real divergences in relation to the euro zone, which result in postponing a reasonable moment to adopt the common currency.
Źródło:
Ekonomia XXI Wieku; 2016, 1 (9); 80-99
2353-8929
Pojawia się w:
Ekonomia XXI Wieku
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Perspektywy wspólnej waluty euro – wyzwania polityczne i instytucjonalne
Euro’s perspectives as a common currency – current political and institutional challenges
Autorzy:
Wierzbicki, Jarosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/11541703.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
Tematy:
euro
monetary union
brexit
future of the European integration
Opis:
The article deals with the common currency as one of the biggest challenges currently facing the European Union. Arising from the financial crisis 2008–2009 and deepened by Brexit, they ought to be interpreted and analyzed as the most important impulse to further integration, especially within the sphere of fiscal policy on supranational level. The author claims that for those EU member states which do not participate in the monetary union it is the optimal moment for the decision to join and initiate the relevant procedures. Without any decisions so called multi- or two speed Europe is to be considered as a political fact. For Poland such a scenario creates costly and uncertain position which could inhibit its activities in the common Europe.
Źródło:
Studia BAS; 2017, 3(51); 11-29
2080-2404
2082-0658
Pojawia się w:
Studia BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Napływ bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych do krajów unii walutowych w Afryce a potencjał inwestycyjny tych państw
Foreign direct investment inflow to the monetary unions countries in africa and the investment potential of these countries
Autorzy:
Puszer, Blandyna
Szewczyk, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/588173.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne
Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa
West African Economic and monetary Union
Foreign direct investment
West African Economic and Monetary Union
Opis:
W ramach integracji krajów afrykańskich działają dwa ugrupowania: UEMOA oraz CEMAC. Wielkość i dynamika napływu BIZ do krajów unii afrykańskich w latach 2007-2016 wykazuje duże zróżnicowanie. Wielkość tych inwestycji w skali światowej jest niewielka, jednak kraje te są zainteresowane jak największym napływem inwestycji zagranicznych. Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie najważniejszych tendencji w napływie bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych (BIZ) do krajów UEMOA oraz CEMAC w latach 2007-2016 oraz podejmowanych działań prowadzących do eliminowania barier i zapewnienia sprzyjających warunków dla zagranicznych inwestorów.
There are two groups of countries as part of the African integration: UEMOA and CEMAC. The magnitude and dynamics of FDI inflows to the African union countries in 2007-2016 vary widely. The size of these investment in the world scale is small, but these countries are interested in the influx of foreign investment as high as possible. The aim of the study is to present the most important trends in the inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) to the UEMOA and CEMAC countries during the period of 2007-2016 and measures taken to eliminate barriers and provide favorable conditions for foreign investors.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2018, 352; 185-200
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Integracja monetarna i zarządzanie rezerwami walutowymi
Monetary Integration and Foreign Exchange Reserves Management
Autorzy:
Młodkowski, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/574882.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008-09-30
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. Kolegium Analiz Ekonomicznych
Tematy:
monetary integration
foreign exchange reserves management
currency unions
European Monetary Union (EMU)
Opis:
The paper examines the management of foreign exchange reserves in countries under monetary integration. Central banks in European Union countries exert a major influence on global financial markets because they manage a common pool of foreign exchange, Młodkowski notes. Reserve assets are a crucial resource for common monetary and exchange rate policies. The paper aims to show the reasons for changes in the demand for and supply of foreign exchange reserves in a currency union and the experience in this area of four non-European currency unions, in comparison with the European Monetary Union (EMU). The author draws some interesting conclusions about the influence of monetary integration on both short- and long-term global interest rates. Because of different exchange rate regimes, the role of foreign exchange reserves differs in the analyzed currency unions. The paper offers a detailed description of institutional solutions for common monetary policy under a hard peg arrangement. Foreign reserves are of vital importance in such an arrangement. Młodkowski describes the potential benefits of reducing the total amount of retained reserve assets – which were previously held by national central banks in the euro area. He also examines some potential channels of global interest rate changes. “Increased demand for longer maturities, together with a drop in demand for the most liquid instruments, should have an impact on the term structure of global interest rates,” Młodkowski concludes.
Źródło:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics; 2008, 226, 9; 73-95
2300-5238
Pojawia się w:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
FINANCIAL INTEGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION - THE IMPACT OF THE CRISIS ON THE BOND MARKET
Autorzy:
Vukovic, Darko B.
Hanic, Edin
Hanic, Hasan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517244.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
financial integration
crisis
bonds market
ALB model
European Monetary Union
Opis:
Research background: In our paper we have analyzed the influence of the crisis on the financial integration in the European Monetary Union. We have analyzed EMU capital market to show the impact of the crisis, with the focus on the bonds market. The determinants of the research are yields and standard deviations on medium-term and long-term triple-A bond markets, as well as CDS medium-term premiums. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to show the volatility of researched deter-minants in periods of crisis in EMU zones. Methods: As a model we used a modified theoretical CAL portfolio model. In the last fifteen years Europe has been faced with two major crises: the world economic crisis and sovereign debt crisis. Findings & Value added: We believe that the sovereign crisis hit EMU more, leaving the deeper implications on the financial integration. Our analysis has showed that the crisis had a major impact on the financial integration. Yields and standard deviations increased multiply in periods of crisis and left the impact of volatility on the capital market. However, the degree of convergence of euro area bond markets largely stabilized in last two years.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2017, 12, 2; 195-210
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ kryzysu gospodarczego na potencjalne członkostwo Polski w trzecim etapie Unii Gospodarczej i Walutowej
Autorzy:
Stryjek, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/630118.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
Tematy:
Economic crisis; Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); Budget deficit; Eurozone
Opis:
The continuous uncertainty concerning the final consequences of the economic crisis in the Eurozone, as well as the level of recession in Poland, increase the risk of introducing the common currency and giving up the monetary policy instruments. However, the Polish economy and the economy of the Eurozone are so much interrelated that an emergence of a deep recession in the EMU which would be able to sidestep Poland is hardly probable. Hence, the influence of the current economic crisis on the Polish membership in the Eurozone should be analyzed mainly from the point of view of Poland's ability to ful%ll the convergence criteria under the economic slowdown. Such an analysis is the aim of this article. The biggest challenge for Poland is a substantial reduction in the budget deficit. In 2010 the budget deficit in Poland - instead of decreasing (as it was planned in the Polish "Convergence Programme") - continued to increase. Growing budget deficit means an increase in the public debt. Furthermore, the inability to fulfill the fiscal criterion leads to the serious problems concerning the other convergence criteria (that is, the level of nominal interest rates and the stability of the exchange rate). Moreover, under such circumstances it would be dificult for the fiscal policy to play the role of so-called stabilizer if Poland decided to enter ERM II (and such a role would be very helpful regarding the limited autonomy of the monetary policy).
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace; 2011, 2; 31-53
2082-0976
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Integracja gospodarcza Danii, Finlandii i Szwecji z Unią Europejską
Autorzy:
Leśniewski, Leszek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/630074.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
Tematy:
financial crisis, Scandinavian countries, economic integration, European Union, Economic and Monetary Union
Opis:
This paper explores economic integration of the Scandinavian states (Denmark, Finland and Sweden) with the European Union during the global crisis. The aim of this paper is to present comparative study of different choices made by these countries with regard to the European integration: EMU opt – out clause in Denmark, membership of Finland in the European Monetary Union and derogation for Sweden – and as result different reaction to the financial and economic crises
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace; 2015, 1; 227-247
2082-0976
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 81

Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies