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    Wyświetlanie 1-22 z 22
    Tytuł:
    Economic analysis of implementing VMI model using game theory
    Autorzy:
    Stehel, Vojtěch
    Vochozka, Marek
    Kliestik, Tomas
    Bakes, Vladimir
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/19090921.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
    Tematy:
    VMI
    game theory
    sensitivity analysis
    Opis:
    Research background: The article deals with implementing VMI between the supplier and customer. To assess whether the system will be implemented, the evolution game theory is used. The contribution is based on the limitations of the study of the evolutionary game theory approach to modelling VMI policies (Torres et al., 2014) and its later extension, The evolutionary game theory approach to modelling VMI policies (Torres & García-Díaz, 2018). It aims is to complement the studies and provide a comprehensive picture of the issue. Purpose of the article: The main objective of the contribution is to respond to the question whether the VMI system will be introduced between the supplier and customer. Methods: In the first phase, the matrix is analysed from the point of view of the game meaning and its limit parameters. The limit parameters are set taking into account the economic reality. The only examined states of the matrix are those where the result is not obvious. For the purposes of the contribution, we work with a 5-year period. A new software capable of calculating evolutionary focus and their stability is created. Sensitivity analysis is carried out for the individual parameters that affect the system behaviour. Findings & Value added: Value added is a complex description of the system and complementation of previous studies in this field. VMI is confirmed. The results obtained can be used for practical management, so that the managers are able to identify what the actual costs are and what the probability of introducing the system is. At the same time, they can identify the parameters that can be influenced by them and observe their impact on the shift of the system introduction probability.
    Źródło:
    Oeconomia Copernicana; 2019, 10, 2; 253-272
    2083-1277
    Pojawia się w:
    Oeconomia Copernicana
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Tricopter vibration analysis
    Autorzy:
    Popardovský, Vladimír
    Ferenčák, Marek
    Kriš, Tomáš
    Tomaštík, Miroslav
    Novotný, Lukáš
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1840875.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Towarzystwo Diagnostyki Technicznej PAN
    Tematy:
    multicopter
    vibrations
    Fourier transform
    vibration analysis
    MATLAB
    multikopter
    drgania
    transformata Fouriera
    analiza drgań
    Opis:
    Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is exposed to various types of stress during flight. One of the most significant negative influences is the vibrations produced by the rotating parts. If we assume a UAV of the multicopter type, it is a stress of the whole structure by vibrations produced by propulsion units, which are placed on symmetrically distributed arms. The propulsion unit consists of an electric-propeller assembly, with the propeller being the largest source of vibration. This is due to the uneven distribution of the mass with respect to its axis of rotation. In addition to the propeller, the rotating part is also the electric motor itself, although the electric motor contributes much less to the total vibrations than the propeller. For this reason, it is necessary to balance the propeller first statically and then dynamically balance the entire drive unit (engine + propeller). Our work is focused on vibration diagnostics of an experimental tricopter in order to optimize the power units - to produce the smallest possible vibrations.
    Źródło:
    Diagnostyka; 2021, 22, 3; 67-72
    1641-6414
    2449-5220
    Pojawia się w:
    Diagnostyka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Tricopter vibration analysis
    Autorzy:
    Popardovský, Vladimír
    Ferenčák, Marek
    Kriš, Tomáš
    Tomaštík, Miroslav
    Novotný, Lukáš
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1840857.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Towarzystwo Diagnostyki Technicznej PAN
    Tematy:
    multicopter
    vibrations
    Fourier transform
    vibration analysis
    MATLAB
    multikopter
    drgania
    transformata Fouriera
    analiza drgań
    Opis:
    Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is exposed to various types of stress during flight. One of the most significant negative influences is the vibrations produced by the rotating parts. If we assume a UAV of the multicopter type, it is a stress of the whole structure by vibrations produced by propulsion units, which are placed on symmetrically distributed arms. The propulsion unit consists of an electric-propeller assembly, with the propeller being the largest source of vibration. This is due to the uneven distribution of the mass with respect to its axis of rotation. In addition to the propeller, the rotating part is also the electric motor itself, although the electric motor contributes much less to the total vibrations than the propeller. For this reason, it is necessary to balance the propeller first statically and then dynamically balance the entire drive unit (engine + propeller). Our work is focused on vibration diagnostics of an experimental tricopter in order to optimize the power units - to produce the smallest possible vibrations.
    Źródło:
    Diagnostyka; 2021, 22, 3; 67-72
    1641-6414
    2449-5220
    Pojawia się w:
    Diagnostyka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The political party system in Slovakia in the era of Mečiarism. The experiences of the young democracies of central European countries
    Autorzy:
    Barański, Marek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1628419.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    Slovakia
    Vladimir Mečiar
    party system
    democracy
    political party
    Opis:
    This article aims to reconstruct the functioning of political parties that was present during the establishment of the foundations of the democratic system and political practice, from the “Velvet Revolution” to the creation of a competitive party system with a dominant political party – Movement for Democratic Slovakia (HZDS) set up by Vladimir Mečiar; who served as prime minister in the years 1993–1998 (including a hiatus in 1994) greatly affecting the state internal and international policy, and held the post of the sole chairman of the party until its dissolution. V. Mečiar’s rule was marked by the interweaving of the elements of the wave of democratization with the reverse wave of de-democratization. The pro-democratic and undemocratic tendencies displayed by Mečiar were determined – apart from objective factors – by the personality traits of the prime minister: his commanding and charismatic leadership style, authoritarianism, making public decisions in a ruthless manner devoid of impartiality, or violations of democratic norms and values. Apart from its scientific purpose, this article may also fulfil a practical function allowing the possibility of using the research findings in social practice/politics.
    Źródło:
    Eastern Review; 2020, 9; 33-48
    1427-9657
    2451-2567
    Pojawia się w:
    Eastern Review
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Martin Šuvada, Vladimír Slavík – Koncentrované rómske zoskupenie v meste: Pripodavá štúdia Humenné a Rimavská Sobota, Univerzita Komenského, Prírodovedecká fakulta, Katedra humánnej geografie a demografie, Bratislava 2016, 104 ss.
    Autorzy:
    Sobczyński, Marek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/684324.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Opis:
    -
    Źródło:
    Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej; 2018, 7; 297-299
    2300-0562
    2450-0127
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The role of the climate in complex treatment of respiratory disease
    Autorzy:
    Pohanka, Vladimir
    Pohanka, Marek
    Fleischer, Peter
    Bičárová, Svetlana
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/635133.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
    Tematy:
    climatotherapy
    heliotherapy
    respiratory disease
    choroby układu oddechowego
    leczenie światłem słonecznym
    talassoterapia
    Opis:
    The climatotherapy associated with favourable environmental conditions is an important factor for improvement human health. In this paper, we had presented results from selected studies carried out in Srobar´s institute for tuberculosis and respiratory dieseases Dolný Smokovec in the High Tatras. Srobar´s institute was for many years specialised health care institution providing complete in patients and outpatients terapeutical and preventive care for children of 0 - 18 years of age. Cooperation all together with Pediatric clinic St Andrea hospital of Universita La Sapienza in Roma performed in 2002 all together with Rabka Zdroj Institute and Motol hospital Prague,showed interesting results. We had found–out that children suffered respiratory allergy and asthma had lower level of values of MEF25 (middle forced respiratory flow on the level of 25% of peak respiratory flow) at the first day of hospitalization in opposite to the values after one-week treatment. On the other hand, the level of FeNO concentration (forced expired nitrogen monoxide) was significantly lower after one-week treatment. Children ´s without chronic allergy and asthma, values of MEF 25 and FeNO were unchanged.
    Źródło:
    Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie; 2012, 10, 1; 9-12
    2084-2627
    Pojawia się w:
    Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Adjustment of the Tundish Water Model of Continuous Casting
    Autorzy:
    Blaško, Peter
    Bulko, Branislav
    Petrík, Jozef
    Demeter, Peter
    Socha, Vladimir
    Hanáková, Lenka
    Palfy, Pavol
    Solc, Marek
    Vasilňáková, Andrea
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048879.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    steel
    tundish
    water model
    continuous casting
    statistical methods
    Opis:
    Whereas approximately 96.3% of the steel produced worldwide is made by continuous casting, great emphasis is put on the superior efficiency of this process. The water model of the tundish and mathematical modeling is often used for the simulation of the steel flow during continuous casting. The experiments were performed on a model of the tundish with two outlets, at two casting speeds (0.8 m.s-1 and 1.2 m.s-1). Eight setups of the tundish were evaluated, which differed in the design of the dams (with or without drainage holes), in their distance from the center of the tundish, and their height. The contribution of the work is the analysis of phenomena in the tundish water model in conditions of repeatability (ten repetitions). The goal is to find the setup providing the most symmetrical flow, with the minimum difference in the residence times Δτ on the two outlets. Taking into account the results obtained at both casting speeds, the most preferred is setup 2 with the 87 mm high dams placed 587 mm from the center of tundish (Δτ = 0.5). The setup 3 (Δτ = 8.25) appears to be the least appropriate. The higher the casting speed, the higher the number of unsuitable arrangements.
    Źródło:
    Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2022, 67, 1; 97-104
    1733-3490
    Pojawia się w:
    Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Lenin : biografia
    Autorzy:
    Service, Robert (1947- ).
    Współwytwórcy:
    Urbański, Marek. Tłumaczenie
    Data publikacji:
    2003
    Wydawca:
    Warszawa : "Iskry"
    Tematy:
    Lenin, Włodzimierz (1870-1924)
    Lenin, Vladimir Il'ič (1870-1924) biografia
    Komunistyczna Partia Związku Radzieckiego (KPZR)
    Polityka biografie Rosja 1901-1918 r.
    Polityka biografie ZSRR 1917-1941 r.
    Biografia
    Opis:
    Tyt. oryg.: "Lenin : a biography" 2000.
    Bibliogr. --- Indeks.
    Dostawca treści:
    Bibliografia CBW
    Książka
    Tytuł:
    Acoustic Emission and Infrared Thermography Study of Low Strain Tensile Behaviour of AISI 304L Stainless Steel
    Autorzy:
    Sapietová, Alžbeta
    Raček, Marek
    Dekýš, Vladimir
    Sapieta, Milan
    Sága, Milan
    Šofer, Pavel
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27313863.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
    Tematy:
    acoustic emission
    infrared thermography
    stainless steel
    tensile deformation
    Opis:
    In-situ study of deformation behaviour and mechanisms occurring during early stages of deformation is of a great practical importance. Low stacking fault energy materials, as is the case of AISI 304L, show non-linear deformation characteristics way below the bulk yield point. Shockley partial dislocations, formation of stacking faults respectively, resulting in creation of shear bands and ε-martensite transformation are the mechanisms occurring in the low strains in the studied steel. Acoustic emission and infrared thermography have been used in this study to investigate the deformation kinetics at the low strain stages of slow strain rate tensile tests. Acoustic emission cumulative energy together with the tracking of specimen maximum temperature have been found to be very useful in-situ techniques both supplementing each other in the sense of the sensitivity to different mechanisms. Mechanical, acoustic emission and infrared thermography results are discussed in detail with respect to potential occurred mechanism.
    Źródło:
    Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2023, 68, 2; 463--468
    1733-3490
    Pojawia się w:
    Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    An Iron Grip on Society in Vladimir Voinovich’s Moscow 2042: The Historical Context of Dystopia
    Społeczeństwo pod rządami żelaznej ręki w powieści "Moskwa 2042" Władimira Wojnowicza. Historyczny kontekst dystopii
    Общество под властью железной руки в антиутопии Москва 2042 Владимира Войновича
    Autorzy:
    Ochrem, Marek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/50381236.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
    Tematy:
    Владимир Войнович
    дистопия
    авторитаризм
    контроль
    общество
    Vladimir Voynovich
    dystopia
    authoritarianism
    control
    society
    Opis:
    In his article, Marek Ochrem discusses the issue of control over society in Vladimir Voinovich’s dystopian novel Moscow 2042 against the background of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and George Orwell’s 1984. The analysis focuses on methods of subordinating people to the will of the rulers and manipulating them. Ochrem is interested in the impact of the oppressive features of the fictional city-state on citizens: the cult of personality (Genialissimus), poor living conditions, the threat of deportation of dissidents, lack of access to information and entertainment, influencing the shape of the family, promoting universal spying, using religion for propaganda purposes, and censorship. Ochrem also shows analogies between the worlds of fictional dystopian and totalitarian regimes and actual ones.
    В статье поднимается тема контроля над обществом в антиутопии Владимира Войновича Москва 2042, рассматриваемой на фоне произведений Олдоса Хаксли О дивный новый мир и Джорджа Оруэлла 1984. Автор сосредоточен на представлении способов осуществления власти, манипулирования людьми и подчинения их власти. В статье прослеживается воздействие угнетающего города-страны на граждан: культ личности (Генералиссимуса), жалкие условия существования, угроза депортации диссидентов, отсутствие доступа к информации и досугу, влияние на формирование семейных отношений и на распространение доносов, использование религии для пропагандистских целей, цензуру. Отмечаются также параллели между антиутопическим художественным миром и реальными тоталитарными режимами В статье рассматриваются проблемы контроля над обществами в трех избранных антиутопиях. Особое внимание уделяется способам обладания властью и подчинения людей воле правителей в тоталитарных режимах. Статья также проводит аналогии между вымышленными мирами и реальными.
    Źródło:
    Rusycystyczne Studia Literaturoznawcze; 2023, 33; 1-29
    0208-5038
    2353-9674
    Pojawia się w:
    Rusycystyczne Studia Literaturoznawcze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Hybrid nanobiocomposites based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) : characterization, thermal and mechanical properties
    Autorzy:
    Zarzycka, Iwona
    Czerniecka-Kubicka, Anna
    Szyszkowska, Agnieszka
    Pyda, Marek
    Frącz, Wiesław
    Byczyński, Łukasz
    Sedlarik, Vladimir
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/306831.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
    Tematy:
    nanoglinka
    stabilność termiczna
    właściwości mechaniczne
    hybrid nanobiocomposites poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
    nanoclay
    linear polyurethanes
    thermal stability
    mechanical properties
    Opis:
    Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) is a biopolymer used to production of implants in the human body. On the other hand, the physical and mechanical properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) are compared to the properties of isotactic polypropylene what makes poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) possible substitute for polypropylene. Unfortunately, the melting point of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) is almost equal to its degradation temperature what gives very narrow window of its processing conditions. Therefore, numerous attempts are being made to improve the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) properties. In the present work, hybrid nanobiocomposites based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) as a matrix with the use of organic nanoclay – Cloisite 30B and linear polyurethane as a second filler have been manufactured. The linear polyurethane was based on diphenylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate and diol with imidazoquinazoline rings. The obtained nanobiocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and their selected mechanical properties were tested. The resulting hybrid nanobiocomposites have intercalated/exfoliated structure. The nanobiocomposites are characterized by a higher thermal stability and a wider range of processing temperatures compared to the unfilled matrix. The plasticizing influence of nanofillers was also observed. In addition, the mechanical properties of the discussed nanobiocomposites were examined and compared to those of the unfilled poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). The new-obtained nanobiocomposites based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) containing 1% Cloisite 30B and 5 wt. % of the linear of polyurethane characterized the highest improvement of processing conditions. They have the biggest difference between the temperature of degradation and the onset melting temperature, about 100 °C.
    Źródło:
    Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics; 2020, 22, 1; 97-110
    1509-409X
    2450-6303
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Filtracja magnetyczna wody chłodzącej zapobiegająca tworzeniu się osadów w układach chłodzenia silników spalinowych lokomotyw
    Magnetic filtration of cooling water that prevents scale formation in the cooling systems of locomotive diesel engines
    Autorzy:
    Laptev, Vladimir
    Babel, Marek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/34572969.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Poznański Instytut Technologiczny
    Tematy:
    filtracja magnetyczna
    woda chłodząca
    osad
    układ chłodzenia
    lokomotywa
    silnik spalinowy
    magnetic filtration
    cooling water
    sediment
    locomotive
    diesel engines
    Opis:
    W artykule zaprezentowano metodę filtracji wody w układzie chłodzenia silników lokomotyw spalinowych poprzez zastosowanie aparatu magnetycznego, hydrocyklonu i zaworu regulacyjnego. Zastosowana metoda zapobiega powstawaniu osadów (kamienia kotłowego) i korozji na powierzchniach płaszczy wodnych tulei cylindrowych, przewodów wodnych i sekcji chłodzących. Opisano procesy chemiczne i fizyczne zachodzące w trakcie ciągłej filtracji wody chłodzącej. Zaprezentowano sposoby zabudowy zestawów filtrujących w różnych układach chłodzenia silników lokomotyw spalinowych. Przedstawiono przykłady zabudowanych elementów układu filtracji na lokomotywach spalinowych wraz z wynikami eksploatacyjnymi efektywności filtracji wody chłodzącej.
    The article presents a method of water filtration used in the cooling system of the locomotive’s diesel engine which involves the installation of magnetic apparatus, centrifugal filter and a control valve. This method prevents scale and corrosion formation on the surfaces of cylinder cooling jackets, water pipelines and cooling- system sections. There are chemical and physical processes described that occur during continuous filtration of the cooling water. Furthermore the article presents ways in which filtration units are installed in various cooling systems of diesel locomotive engines. The examples of the installed elements of the filtration system in diesel-engine locomotives together with the operational results regarding the effectiveness of cooling water filtration are also presented.
    Źródło:
    Rail Vehicles/Pojazdy Szynowe; 2013, 3; 39-42
    0138-0370
    2719-9630
    Pojawia się w:
    Rail Vehicles/Pojazdy Szynowe
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A.D. 966. Chrzest księcia Mieszka. Dylematy naukowe i znaczenie tego aktu dla przemian kulturowych na ziemiach polskich. Zagadnienia wybrane
    A.D. 966. The Baptism of Duke Mieszko. Research Dilemmas and the Importance of the Act for Cultural Transformations in Poland
    Autorzy:
    Wyrwa, Andrzej Marek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/532591.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
    Tematy:
    chrzest księcia Mieszka I
    Bolesław Chrobry
    rok 966
    księżna Dobrawa
    biskup Jordan
    chrystianizacja ziem polskich chrystianizacja Pomorzan
    chrystianizacja Prusów
    św. Wojciech
    św. Bruno z Kwerfurtu
    św. Otton z Bambergu
    św. Wulfram z Sens
    Ethelbert władca Kentu
    św. Metody
    Włodzimierzksiążę Rusi
    Thietmar
    Gall Anonim
    Jan Długosz
    burzenie bałwanów
    baseny chrzcielne na ziemiach polskich
    Ostrów Lednicki
    Poznań
    Gniezno
    Łekno
    1050. rocznica symbolicznego chrztu Polski
    baptism of Duke Mieszko I
    Bolesław the Brave
    966
    Duchess Dobrawa,
    Bishop Jordan
    Christianization of the Polish lands
    Christianization of the Pomeranians
    Christianization of Prussia
    St Adalbert
    St Bruno of Querfurt
    St Otto of Bamberg
    St Wulfram of Sens
    king Æthelbert of Kent
    St Methodius
    Prince Vladimir of Rus
    Gall Anonymous
    demolition of idols
    baptismal fonts in Poland
    1050th
    anniversary of the symbolic baptism of Poland
    Opis:
    This paper provides a general overview of selected sources and ideas functioning in Polish historiography on the baptism of Duke Mieszko I and the early stages of the Christianization of the Polish lands. The issue has long been debated by historians specialising in different fields, and new hypotheses and interpretations are still formulated. As part of this unfinished discussion, this paper seeks to make some general comments on some of the most lively discussed questions. Understandably, the hypotheses presented in the paper do not unravel all the mysteries and issues are still pending further research. The baptism of Duke Mieszko I, and thus the symbolic baptism of Poland, coincided with a moment of an intense expansion of Christianity in Europe (Fig. 1). Regardless of its religious, political and cultural significance for the next generations of rulers, nobles, prelates, chroniclers, historians, writers, artists and many others, the baptism has always been a great inspiration for various creative undertakings. The origins of historical reflections on this act can be found, e.g., in the chronicles of Thietmar or Gallus Anonymous. The latter rendered the events of this Holy Saturday of 966 in a very colourful and symbolic way, approximately 150 years later. In his chronicle, Gallus Anonymous noted, e.g., that just as Duke Mieszko was healed from blindness as a child, so having married a Bohemian Duchess Dobrawa, Mieszko — as a prudent and foresighted ruler — accepted baptism. The baptism freed him and his subjects from the blindness and darkness of paganism, giving them in return the clarity and truthfulness of the new faith. Although the very act, its exact date and location, as well as its cultural and civilization- bearing role are still subjects of heated debate among historians specialising in various fields, there is no doubt that it marked the beginning of a new phase in the connection between the Polish lands and the European cultural circle. At first, the process of Christianization involved merely a small circle of the society. The establishment of Christianity in the whole area of Poland was a very long process, characterised by varying dynamics and completed — using a variety of means — not earlier than at the end of the thirteenth century. Nevertheless, Mieszko I’s baptism inscribed our lands into the circle of Christian Europe in perpetuity. What did the adoption of Christianity mean for Poland? Through the introduction of the Christian faith, regardless of its initial kinks (in the 1030s), the Church strengthened the position of the ruler, offered him a divine legitimacy and made him an equal partner in the family of the Christian rulers of Europe. Christianity introduced also new, previously unknown cultural elements. These were, for example: — a new concept of God, the world and the place of humans within it; — the opening of expanded international contacts in the secular and ecclesiastical sphere; — bringing religious orders, such as the Benedictines, later Cistercians, Canons Regular, mendicant orders and others. These, as in Europe, actively participated in the shaping of the new economic and cultural image of the Polish lands, irrespective of their spiritual duties; —Latin, a universal language and alphabet associated with the circle of the clergy, and the princely chancellery; — a new way of measuring time (a calendar and related holidays and liturgical celebrations); — the inclusion of Christian symbols into the native cultural space, including the symbolism of colours, signs and gestures, the symbols of the natural world, etc.; — scriptoria, book and wall painting; — various worship and liturgy-related objects, such as, e.g., frescoes, the statues of saints and patron saints, reliquary boxes, liturgical combs, signs of episcopal dignity, patens, chalices, bowls, crosses, bells, suspended canopy lighting, etc.; — new architecture, and canons of style and workshops (the mastery of stone processing, techniques of construction and the preparation of mortars and mosaics); — inhumation took over from cremation as the dominant burial rite, etc. And other things. Slowly but consequently, these elements replaced and sometimes demolished the hitherto prevailing way of perceiving and ordering the world and its evaluation. Therefore, there is no exaggeration in the statements of the ‘revolutionary’ nature of the new faith formulated by scholars. Due to the enigmatic nature of the written sources and an unsatisfactory state of knowledge of, e.g., the earliest architecture related to the Christianization of the Polish lands (especially its more precise chronology), some issues addressed in this paper remain unresolved. However, despite many shortcomings and unexplained hypotheses, there is no doubt that an area in Europe, which since c.1000 came to be called Polonia, became permanently linked to the European Christianitas in the second half of the tenth century. All this started in 966, following previous preparations, due to Duke Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty.
    Źródło:
    Studia Lednickie; 2016, 15; 19-72
    0860-7893
    2353-7906
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Lednickie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-22 z 22

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