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Wyszukujesz frazę "narkomania" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Poziom wiedzy młodzieży szkół ponadgimnazjalnych na temat narkomanii i jej profilaktyki
Level of knowledge the teenagers in secondary schools about addiction, and its prevention
Autorzy:
Maciąg, Dorota
Witkowska, Marta
Cichońska, Małgorzata
Kucharska, Katarzyna
Borek, Monika
Krawczyk, Wioletta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1178742.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
młodzież
narkomania
profilaktyka
Opis:
Background: Narcotics have been present in the world for thousands of years. People have been trying to change their psyche by means of psychoactive drugs. At the very beginning drugs were used as the element of religious cult, helpful in varying social meetings. With time, they were used as medicinal substances. The phenomenon of narcosis among children and teenagers by means of various narcotics is one of the most serious aspects of social aberration and it is a very difficult educational problem all over the world. Drug abuse among teenagers is becoming more and more serious and is increasing, which puts health and life in danger. There are as many reasons of drug abuse as narcotics. Young people do not appreciate their health, as in their opinion illnesses are directly related to an old age. They do not understand the consequences of drug abuse which is just a good fun for them. The aim of drug prevention strategy is, first of all, the reduction of drugs availability. The prevention strategies concentrated on costs aim at helping the individuals to develop and keep the healthy way of life. The strategies concentrated on society should include the environmental factors, such as legal, economical, family, cultural, political and religious aspects. The aim of this work was to specify the awareness of secondary school students concerning drug abuse, its reasons, health effects and prevention. Materials and methods: The research was conducted among 80 students of 1–3 grade of secondary schools from Opatów province. The questionnaire was the research tool, which consisted of 21 questions concerning the students’ knowledge about the reasons for reaching for drugs, the possibilities of getting drugs at school, the health reasons of drug abuse as well as the drug prevention conducted by the teachers and school educationalists. Results: Only 25% of the students believed drug abuse to be a socially pathological phenomenon. 65% claimed that lately the increase of drug abuse could have been observed. As the reason for this, 33% give stress and 48% – the peer pressure. 45% of those questioned admitted they had already tried drugs, and 50% claimed that drugs are easily available at school. For 52% taking drugs occasionally is by no means an addiction; still according to 87% drug abuse requires medical treatment. Only 23% of the young believed that the actions undertaken by the institution concerning drug prevention are effective. 68% of the questioned stressed a huge role of parents in drug prevention. Conclusions: The results of the research prove the need of conducting a wide prevention campaign at schools. The aim of undertaken actions should be healthy life promotion, delaying the age of sexual initiation, as well as limiting the availability of drugs. It is important to increase the abilities allowing the young people to cope with difficult stressful situations. Teachers, apart from parents, backed up by psychologists and educationalists should carry out the above mentioned campaigns. As far as the places of the campaigns are concerned, these should be schools and other places where the young spend their free time.
Wstęp: Środki odurzające są obecne na świecie od tysięcy lat. Człowiek od pradawnych czasów próbował osiągnąć zmiany w swojej psychice za pomocą środków psychoaktywnych. Początkowo narkotyki używane były jako element kultu religijnego, pomocne były także w urozmaicaniu spotkań towarzyskich. Z czasem zaczęto ich używać jako substancji leczniczych. Zjawisko odurzania się dzieci i młodzieży różnymi substancjami odurzającymi jest jednym z najpoważniejszych przejawów wykolejenia społecznego i na całym świecie stanowi trudny problem wychowawczy. Zjawisko narkomanii wśród młodzieży przybiera charakter groźny i ma tendencję wzrostową, zagrażającą zdrowiu i życiu. Przyczyn zażywania narkotyków jest tak wiele jak środków psychoaktywnych. Młodzi ludzie nie doceniają zdrowia, ich zdaniem choroby wiążą się z podeszłym wiekiem. Nie rozumieją konsekwencji zażywania narkotyku, jest to dla nich tylko zabawa. Celem strategii profilaktyki uzależnień jest przede wszystkim redukcja ich dostępności. Strategie profilaktyczne skoncentrowane na kosztach mają pomagać jednostkom rozwijać się i zachowywać zdrowy styl życia. Strategie skoncentrowane na środowisku powinny uwzględniać czynniki środowiskowe tj. np. czynniki prawne, ekonomiczne, rodzinne, kulturowe, polityczne, religijne. Cel pracy: Poznanie poziomu wiedzy młodzieży szkół ponadgimnazjalnych na temat narkomanii, jej przyczyn, skutków zdrowotnych oraz profilaktyki. Materiał i metody: W badaniu uczestniczyło 80 uczniów klas 1–3 szkół ponadgimanzjalnych powiatu opatowskiego. Narzędziem badawczym był kwestionariusz ankiety składający się z 21 pytań, które dotyczyły wiedzy licealistów na temat: przyczyn sięgania po narkotyki, możliwości pozyskania narkotyków w szkole, skutków zdrowotnych ich zażywania oraz profilaktyki narkotykowej prowadzonej przez nauczycieli i pedagogów szkolnych. Wyniki: Tylko 25% ankietowanych określiło narkomanię jako zjawisko patologii społecznej. 65% badanych stwierdziło, że w ostatnim czasie obserwuje się wzrost spożycia narkotyków. Jako przyczynę tego stanu 33% uznaje sytuacje stresowe, a 48% wpływ grupy rówieśniczej. 45% ankietowanych przyznało się do kontaktu z narkotykami, a 50% twierdzi, iż narkotyki są łatwo dostępne w szkole. Dla 52% okazjonalne zażywanie narkotyków nie jest uzależnieniem, jednak zdaniem 87% badanych narkomania wymaga leczenia. Tylko 23% ankietowanych uważa podejmowane instytucjonalnie działania profilaktyki antynarkotykowej za skuteczne. 68% badanych podkreśliło ogromną rolę rodziców w profilaktyce narkomanii. Wnioski: Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na potrzebę prowadzenia szeroko rozumianej profilaktyki narkomanii w szkołach. Celem podejmowanych działań powinno być promowanie zdrowego stylu życia, opóźnienie wieku inicjacji oraz ograniczenie dostępności do narkotyków. Ważne jest rozwijanie umiejętności, pozwalających radzić sobie z trudnymi sytuacjami stresowymi. Realizatorami działań poza rodzicami powinni być nauczyciele wspierani przez psychologów i pedagogów szkolnych a terenem tych działań, szkoła i inne miejsca w których młodzież spędza czas.
Źródło:
Medycyna Środowiskowa - Environmental Medicine; 2012, 15, 4; 80-89
1505-7054
2084-6312
Pojawia się w:
Medycyna Środowiskowa - Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Karne i kryminologiczne aspekty posiadania marihuany i amfetaminy w Polsce — ujęcie teoretyczne i praktyczne
Autorzy:
Theuss, Patryk
Dzieniszewska, Marta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1925940.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-12-26
Wydawca:
Akademia Policji w Szczytnie
Tematy:
przestępczość
marihuana
amfetamina
posiadanie
narkomania
Opis:
Posiadanie środków odurzających w myśl obecnie obowiązujących przepisów ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu narkomani stanowi przestępstwo. Pierwszym krajem, który kryminalizował posiadanie takich środków, były Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki. W Polsce proces kryminalizacji rozpoczął się w latach 20. XX w. — 22 czerwca 1923 r. wprowadzona została ustawa w przedmiocie substancji i przetworów odurzających, co zapoczątkowało prohibicyjny stosunek do środków odurzających, który obowiązuje do dzisiaj. W artykule poruszony został temat posiadania dwóch najczęściej ujawnianych przez organy ścigania środków narkotykowych, którymi są marihuana i amfetamina, zarówno w ujęciu teoretycznym, jak i praktycznym. Z jednej strony wyjaśniona została kwestia posiadania środków zabronionych przez polskie prawo oraz przedstawiony został ich wpływ na organizm człowieka, natomiast z drugiej strony opisana została działalność organów ścigania dotycząca ujawniania i wyglądu miejsc, w których dochodzi do produkcji wspomnianych substancji odurzających.
Źródło:
Przegląd Policyjny; 2018, 3(131); 188-199
0867-5708
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Policyjny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polityka narkotykowa w Polsce — leczyć czy karać?
Autorzy:
Guziński, Bogdan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/45662746.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-06-14
Wydawca:
Akademia Policji w Szczytnie
Tematy:
narkomania
narkotyk
przeciwdziałanie
represywność
permisywność
Opis:
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie polityki narkotykowej w Polsce w okresie przed i po transformacji ustrojowej. W opracowaniu omówiono okres od zakończenia drugiej wojny światowej do czasów współczesnych, kładąc nacisk na kształtowanie przez państwo polskie poszczególnych obszarów polityki narkotykowej. Przedstawione zostały dwa główne modele, które widoczne były z różną intensywnością w poszczególnych okresach. Pierwszy z nich, model represywny czy inaczej prohibicyjny, który opiera się głównie na przewadze represji karnej wobec innych rozwiązań. Drugi, permisywny, który skupia się na zasadzie „leczyć zamiast karać” i stanowi pewnego rodzaju odejście od restrykcyjnego modelu przeciwdziałania narkomanii. Artykuł kończy się podsumowaniem, w którym wskazane zostały przykłady rozwiązań permisywnych stosowanych w niektórych krajach oraz podkreślenie konieczności znalezienia równowagi pomiędzy karaniem a leczeniem, aby skutecznie reagować na problemy generowane przez narkotyki w Polsce.
Źródło:
Przegląd Policyjny; 2024, 153(1); 157-179
0867-5708
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Policyjny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Narkomania i przestępstwa o charakterze seksualnym w województwach przygranicznych, w których pokrzywdzonymi i sprawcami są dzieci i młodzież
Drug addiction and sexual crimes in border provinces where the victims and perpetrators are children and adolescents
Autorzy:
Kaup-Zimna, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16444590.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim
Tematy:
przestępczość
narkomania
młodzież
crime
drug addiction
youth
Opis:
The text presents the latest figures from 2000-2007, illustrating the scale of drug and sexual offenses committed by the youngest group of perpetrators – minors.
Tekst przedstawia zestawienia liczbowe z lat 2000-2007, obrazujące skalę przestępczości narkotykowej i seksualnej podjętej przez najmłodszą grupę sprawców – nieletnich.
Źródło:
Studia – konteksty pogranicza; 2021, 5; 135-141
2543-6465
Pojawia się w:
Studia – konteksty pogranicza
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Lokalna diagnoza problemów i zagrożeń społecznych na przykładzie miasta Szczytno
Autorzy:
Łachacz, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1932995.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-01-16
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
Tematy:
diagnoza społeczna
zagrożenia społeczne
bezrobocie
alkoholizm
narkomania
Szczytno
Opis:
W artykule ukazano istotę i znaczenie diagnozy społecznej oraz przedstawiono lokalny wymiar problemów i zagrożeń społecznych na przykładzie gminy miejskiej Szczytno. Lokalna diagnoza jest ważnym elementem strategii rozwiązywania problemów społecznych, a obowiązek jej opracowania wynika z ustawy o pomocy społecznej. Jej celem jest zidentyfi kowanie dotkliwych zjawisk i sytuacji w danej wspólnocie, tak aby zainicjować potrzebne zmiany społeczne. W Szczytnie, w latach 2004–2014, opracowano trzy diagnozy społeczne w oparciu o przeprowadzone badania empiryczne. Wynika z nich, że w mieście głównymi zagrożeniami o charakterze społecznym są bezrobocie, alkoholizm i narkomania. Takiego stanu rzeczy nie odzwierciedlają dane statystyczne gromadzone przez instytucje lokalne, zajmujące się wspomnianymi problemami. W związku z pojawiającymi się rozbieżnościami w ocenie zagrożeń występujących na terenie gminy, w artykule przedstawiono skalę i charakter niepożądanych zjawisk, które poddano analizie w szczycieńskich diagnozach społecznych. W tym celu odwołano się do „Diagnozy problemów uzależnień i innych zagrożeń społecznych dla miasta Szczytno” z 2009 r. oraz do dokumentu „Lokalna diagnoza, monitoring oraz strategia rozwiązywania problemów uzależnień i innych zagrożeń społecznych dla miasta Szczytno” opracowanego w 2014 r.
Źródło:
Przegląd Policyjny; 2019, 134(2); 170-186
0867-5708
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Policyjny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Narkomania wśród adolescentów – uwarunkowania
Drug addiction amog adolescents – conditions
Autorzy:
Welc, Milena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1811098.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
narkomania
adolescenci
uzależnienie
profilaktyka
drug aadictions
adolescence
addiction
prevention
Opis:
Poważnym zagrożeniem płynącym ze współczesnego środowiska jest narkomania. Obecnie dotyka ona coraz więcej osób, w szczególności młodych. Narkotyki towarzyszą człowiekowi od zarania dziejów. Statystyki pokazują, że coraz więcej młodych ludzi sięga po nie, uzależnia się i często bywa za późno na pomoc. Jest to uzależnienie niosące wiele chorób, a nawet i śmierć. Przez różnego rodzaju niepowodzenia, złe kontakty z rodziną czy problemy szkolne młody człowiek chce uciec w inny świat i na chwilę czuć się bezpieczny w tym świecie, co umożliwiają narkotyki. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia uwarunkowania narkomanii wśród adolescentów. Prezentowane są również działania profilaktyczne i lecznicze. Narkotyki są poważnym problemem obecnych czasów.
Drug addiction is a serious threat which comes from the modern surroundings. Nowadays it affects a growing group of people, especially young. Drugs have been accompanying people since the dawn of history. Statistics show that more and more young people are reaching for drugs and often it is too late to help them. It is an addiction that brings many diseases and even death. Young people want to feel safe so that they often escape into the world of drugs to forget about the problems caused by the family, the school or the other failures. This article presents the determinants of drug addiction among adolescents. It also presents preventive and curative activities. Drugs are a serious problem of our time.
Źródło:
Roczniki Pedagogiczne; 2019, 11(47), Numer specjalny; 477-488
2080-850X
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Pedagogiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
O efektywności prawa karnego, ciemnej liczbie, wiktymizacji i rozmiarach narkomanii
On the Effectiveness of Criminal Law, the „Dark Figure” Victimization, and the Scale of Drug Abuse
Autorzy:
Tyszkiewicz, Leon
Kosmowski, Sebastian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699161.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
prawo karne
wiktymizacja
narkomania
criminal law
victimization
drug abuse
Opis:
 The article presents the results of survey research carried out in the Katowice and Chorzów regions (SE Poland). In early 2000 we obtained 414 questionnaires completed by under- and post-graduate students at the University of Silesia’s Law and Administration Department and students of local high schools. The investigation was victimology-oriented, the respondents being asked not only whether they had been victims of crime of various kinds but also whether the perpetrator had been punished. Our premise was that based on measures adopted by Polish criminal procedure the victim of a crime was entitled to know of the offender’s punishment, assuming that he had in fact been convicted. Within our sample the predominant group was young people, females marginally outnumbered males, almost all respondents reported average or above-average circumstances, and almost all were also urban–dwellers, the vast majority living in towns with populations of over 100,000. The first question that interested us was the effectiveness of the law, chich is most fully reflected in measurements of absolute effectiveness, that is, the percentage of crimes punished to the total number of crimes actually committed. This umounted to 3.33%. If we deduct the relatively large number of   non-indictable offenses, i.e. not subject to prosecution by the state (e.g. libel and slander) the figure rises to 4.02%. In addition to the absolute effectiveness measure we also calculated a relative effectiveness index. It was the ratio of punished offenses to the total number of offenses reported to law-enforcement authorities by the respondents. In our survey the relative effectiveness index amounted overall to 20.0% and after the elimination of non-indictable offenses to 19.7%. To estimate effectiveness we deducted offenses committed in 1999 on the assumption that the majority of these were too recent for prosecution and conviction to have taken place. Obviously, a crucial influence on measurement of the effectiveness of the law is exerted by the number of offenses reported to law-enforcement authorities. Our questionnaire was designed to allow respondents to adduce the number of instances of victimization in the preceding year and in general without mentioning their location in time. Since the survey was carried out in earlv 2000 the preceding year was 1990. The level of notification of crimes for the whole period in question came in our survey to 15.3% of the total incidence of crime. For 1999 this ratio recorded a count of 13.1% in other words was fractionally lower. After deducting non-indictable offenses these indexes rise to 19.9% and 19.0 % respectively. The most frequently reported crimes were burglaries (58.7%). Next on the list came simple larceny (18.6%) and fraud (18.1%, 29.5% in 1999); no cases of  bribery were reported. A relatively rarely reported crime was robbery with violence (12.2%, 13.7% in 1999). The so-called "dark figure" can be stated in a variety o ways. One is by an absolute number, either broader or narrower. This depends on inclusion in the dark figure of all offenses actually committed or only those which are not reported to the law-enforcement authorities or are subject to private prosecution. Another way of determining the dark figure is by an index- or ratio-based measure. Here, too, there are two possibilities. In the first the number of offenses actually committed per the number punished is calculated. The second estimates the number of offenses actually committed per the number reported. The findings of our survey were as follows. The dark figure for the total number of crimes actually committed and the whole of the period in question amounted in absolute terms to 1,492 and for unreported offenses to 1,263. For 1999 corresponding counts came to 562 and 488 respectively. In index-measured terms the number of offenses actually committed per the number reported amounted for the whole period in question to 6.5 and for 1999 to 7.6, in other words to fractionally more. The number of offenses actually committed per the number punished (after deducting offenses committed in 1999) since it is hardy likely that any of these would already have been punished in early 2000 amounted to 30. Considerable attention was given to determining the structure of offenses committed, reported and punished and to the structure of offenses committed to the injury of different categories of victims (men, women, high school students, undergraduates, doctoral students). Differences were found here. The most significant was that the most frequent victims of offenses against the person are males and persons in the younger age group; the same pattern holds for robberies with violence of which females are only exceptionally the victims (only three cases in the whole the of the material gathered by the survey). By contrast, females and persons in the older age group are the most frequent victims of simple larceny. An in-depth victimologicar analysis yielded the following findings. The coefficient of victimization, that is, the total number of offenses per member of the sample, amounted for the totality of our respondents over the whole period in question to 3.60, though it was much higher for the male and younger age group (5.5 for the former and 7.86 for the fourth-year high school students). In the females group as a whole the coefficient came to 2.40 and was highest in the doctoral students sub-group (3.27). The victimization index is the percentage of the number of crime victims in the whole of the sample. If we subtract the victimization index from 100 we will obtain a percentage measure of the number of persons who have not be victims either of any crime or of a crime of particular kind. For the whole of the sample and the whole of the period in question this index amounted to 76.1%, i.e. the number of non-victimized persons did not exceed 23.9%; for 1999 the counts were 47.1% and 52.9% respectively. The victimization index in the males group amounted to 85.1% for the whole period in question and to 57.8% for 1999; in the females group the analogous counts came to 70,4% and 40.3% respectively. Victimization intensity is a measure which is characterized by the number of criminal acts committed per victim. In our survey it amounted to 4.74 for the whole sample and the whole period covered by the survey and to 2.88 for 1999.  The analogous scores for the males and females group came to 6.46 and 3.68 and for the females to 3.41 and 2.16. An important supplement to victimological investigation is determining an index of victimization variation. It completes the picture provided by victimization intensity. For obvious reasons this measure is calculated only for the whole sample or its subgroup. It illustrates how many kinds of offenses have been committed against the average victim. Victimization variation is calculated by dividing the sum of the number of individuals wronged by particular categories of offenses by the total number of victims among the persons included in the sample. There is a certain relationship between victimization intensity and variation. If intensity equals one, variation also equals one. Aside from this instance variation either equals intensity or is slightly lower. Variation can never exceed the number of the kinds of offenses specified in an investigation. Within these limits the closer the variation index is to the value of variation, the higher the variation of criminality given that intensity is relatively high. If inteisity approaches unity variation, despite the proportionately high level of the index, diminishes. In our survey intensity for the whole group and for the whole period in question amounted to 4.74 and for 1999 to 2.88. In other words, the average number of offenses per victim came overall to almost five, and in 1999 this average came to close on three.The variation measures attained a level of, respectively, 2.38 and 1.58 which means that, overall, victims were wronged on average by two kinds of offenses and in  1999 by between one and tow. The highest intensity occurred in the males subgroup of the high school students group (8.24) which also had the highest variation index (3.46). As for intensity second place was occupied by males in the doctoral students group (8.04), thougt its variation score/count was markedly lower than in the high school students group (2.80). Our survey also indicated the scale of drug abuse. The respondents were asked to state the number of contacts they had  had  with persons using drugs and with dealers or producers of drugs. Within the whole group studied contacts with consumers of drugs were reported by 49.0% of the respondents and contacts with drug dealers or producers by 25.1%.  These contacts were much more frequent among the high school students (67.4% and 39.3% respectively) than among tne undergraduates and doctoral students (27.4% and 8.6%). The survey presented here covered a relatively small group of persons and one drawn from only a single region. Further investigations of this type are essential.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2002, XXVI; 101-131
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zwalczanie tak zwanych dopalaczy normami prawa karnego w ustawie o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii
Fighting legal highs with criminal law provisions of the Act on Counteracting Drug Addiction
Autorzy:
Nawrocki, Mariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1596059.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Tematy:
criminal liability
legal highs
drug abuse
odpowiedzialność karna
dopalacze
narkomania
Opis:
Niniejsza publikacja jest poświęcona problematyce zwalczania „dopalaczy” za pomocą przepisów prawa karnego. W związku z przygotowywanymi nowelizacjami przepisów konieczne jest poddanie projektowanych zmian analizie. Zasadniczo należy zgodzić się z potrzebą wprowadzenia odpowiedzialności karnej za posiadanie i wprowadzanie do obrotu „dopalaczy”, choć wydaje się, że przedstawione projekty nie rozwiązują wszystkich zdiagnozowanych już problemów.
This publication is devoted to the issue of combating “legal highs” by means of criminal law. In connection with the prepared amendments to the regulations, it is necessary to subject the proposed changes to an analysis. Essentially, one should agree with the need to introduce criminal liability for the possession and marketing of “legal highs”, although it seems that the presented projects do not solve all the problems already diagnosed.
Źródło:
Acta Iuris Stetinensis; 2018, 22, 2; 59-76
2083-4373
2545-3181
Pojawia się w:
Acta Iuris Stetinensis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Refleksje na temat art. 62 ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii na tle karnoprawnym i konstytucyjnym
Autorzy:
Tkaczyk-Rymanowska, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1336512.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-05-25
Wydawca:
Uczelnia Łazarskiego. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
posiadanie
narkomania
przeciwdziałanie
konstytucja
prohibicja
drug possession
drug addiction
prevention
Constitution
prohibition
Opis:
W artykule zaprezentowano kilka uwag krytycznych pod adresem regulacji zawartych w art. 62–62b Ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii z 2005 roku. Celem tej publikacji jest zwrócenie uwagi na wątpliwości, jakie budzi wspomniana regulacja nie tylko od strony przedmiotowej opisanej w art. 62 ustawy, ale i w kontekście przepisów konstytucyjnych. Stanowi więc ona próbę odpowiedzi na pytania o ratio legis kryminalizowania posiadania środków psychoaktywnych. Autorka wysuwa tezę, iż „używanie” i „posiadanie” powinny być w zakresie regulacji prawnych traktowane podobnie, bardziej jako problem społeczny czy medyczny, a nie prawnokarny, choć w aktualnym stanie prawnym tak nie jest, o czym świadczą prezentowane w pracy orzecznictwo oraz zgromadzona literatura. Karalność posiadania stanowi zbyt duże wyjście na przedpole czynu zabronionego i w konsekwencji prowadzi do represjonowania konsumentów środków psychoaktywnych, tworząc odrębną kategorię przestępców i przestępstw. Posiadanie na własny użytek niewielkich ilości narkotyków powinno być, zdaniem Autorki, rozpatrywane w kategoriach bardziej patologii społecznych (podobnie jak prostytucja, samobójstwo), które to zjawiska nie powinny generować odpowiedzialności karnej. W prezentowanym artykule dokonana została także analiza art. 62 ustawy w kontekście art. 31 ust 3 oraz art. 47 Konstytucji RP, w wyniku której Autorka doszła do wniosku, iż wskazany przepis art. 62 ustawy nie spełnia tzw. testu proporcjonalności i jest niezgodny z Konstytucją.
The article presents a few critical comments on the regulations laid down in Articles 62-62b Act on the prevention of drug addiction of 2005. The paper aims to draw attention to some doubts that the regulation raises not only because of the subject matter referred to in Article 62 but also due to the context of the constitutional provisions. It is an attempt to answer the question about the legal reason for criminalising the possession of psychotropic substances. The author presents a thesis that drug ‘use’ and ‘possession’ should be treated by law similarly and more as a social or medical problem than a criminal one, although it is not so in the present legal state, which is confirmed by the case law and literature referred to in the article. Penalisation of drug possession constitutes excessive entry in the forefield of prohibited acts and, as a result, leads to repressing consumers of psychoactive drugs by creating a separate category of offenders and offences. In the author’s opinion, the possession of small amounts of drugs for one’s own use should be rather treated in terms of social pathology (like prostitution or suicide), which should not generate criminal liability. The article also presents an analysis of Article 62 Act on the prevention of drug addiction from the perspective of Article 31 and Article 47 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. As a result, the author draws a conclusion that the provision of Article 62 referred to herein does not pass the so-called proportionality test and is unconstitutional.
Źródło:
Ius Novum; 2021, 15, 1; 47-66
1897-5577
Pojawia się w:
Ius Novum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Stosowanie przez prokuraturę art. 62a ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii
Autorzy:
Ważny, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/26917641.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-02-03
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
prokuratura
narkotyki
zwalczanie
zapobieganie
narkomania
prosecutor
drugs
fighting
prevention
drug addiction
Opis:
Ustawa o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii (u.p.n) uchwalona w dniu 29 lipca 2005 r. była już od tego czasu wielokrotnie zmieniana. Przepis art. 62a ustawy obowiązuje od dnia 9 grudnia 2011 r. i został do niej wprowadzony przez ustawę z dnia 1 kwietnia 2011r. o zmianie ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii oraz niektórych innych ustaw1. Stanowi on samodzielną (tzn. niewymagającą już powoływania którejkolwiek z przesłanek określonych w art. 17 § 1 k.p.k.) podstawę prawną umorzenia dochodzenia lub śledztwa w sytuacji, gdy przedmiotem czynu są środki odurzające lub substancje psychotropowe w ilości nieznacznej lub przeznaczone na własny użytek sprawcy, a także gdy orzeczenie wobec sprawcy kary za ich posiadanie byłoby niecelowe ze względu na okoliczności popełnienia czynu oraz stopień społecznej szkodliwości. W art. 62a ustawy zawarte są więc wszystkie przesłanki umorzenia postępowania karnego, nawet jeszcze przed wszczęciem dochodzenia lub śledztwa.
Źródło:
Biuletyn Kryminologiczny; 2014, 21; 42-53
2084-5375
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Kryminologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Narkomania jako czynnik kryminogenny
Drug addiction as a criminogenic factor
Autorzy:
Skibicka, Sylwia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1811094.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
narkomania
uzależnienie
kryminologia
przestępczość
przestępczość narkotykowa
drug addiction
addiction
criminology
criminality
drug crime
Opis:
Zjawisko zjawiska przestępczości narkotykowej staje się coraz bardziej powszechne w środowisku lokalnym. Jego zasięg, różnorodność i konsekwencje powodują, że należy je traktować jako poważnie zagrożenie. Skala prezentowanej patologii społecznej jest bardzo szeroka. Przestępczość powiązana ze środkami psychoaktywnymi jest coraz większym zagrożeniem dla społeczeństwa nie tylko ze strony narkomanii, lecz także związanego z tym zjawiskiem łamania prawnych i społecznych norm. Artykuł poświęcony jest problemowi narkomanii w Polsce, głównie przedstawia kryminogenny charakter narkomanii (przestępczość narkotykową). Porusza zagadnienie przestępczość zorganizowanej, czyli narkobiznesu, jak również ukazuje skalę i dynamikę opisywanego zjawiska.
The presence of drug-related crime is becoming more and more common in the local environment. Its range, diversity and consequences make them a serious threat. The scale of the presented social pathology is very wide. The association of crime and psychoactive substances is becoming an increasing threat to society not only from the side of drug addiction but also from the phenomenon of breaking legal and social norms. The article is devoted to the problem of drug addiction in Poland, mainly presenting the criminogenic nature of drug addiction (drug-related crime). He raises the problem of organized crime, or drug business, as well as shows the scale and dynamics of the phenomenon described.
Źródło:
Roczniki Pedagogiczne; 2019, 11(47), Numer specjalny; 401-418
2080-850X
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Pedagogiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Koncepcje przeciwdziałania alkoholizmowi i narkomanii w Polsce okresu międzywojennego
Ideas on counteracting alcohol and drug addiction in Poland between the two world wars
Autorzy:
Nelken, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699251.pdf
Data publikacji:
1987
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
alkoholizm
narkomania
kokainizm
trzeźwość
alkohologia
przeciwdziałanie
alcohol
ustawodastwo
leczenie
alcoholism
drug addiction
cocainism
sobriety
alcohology
counteraction
legislation
treatment
Opis:
The birth of the independent Poland in 1918 activated a social movement against alcoholism and drug addiction. In 1919, the Polish Society for Fighting Alcoholism ,,Trzeźwość'' ("Sobriety'') was established which operated nationwide and which in the period between the two wars became the main factor of fighting alcoholism. In the light of the Statute of "Trzeźwość" and resolutions of the Polish anti-alcoholic congresses, as well as the postulates of psychiatrists, the ideas of how to fight alcoholism included three spheres: a. anti-alcoholic legislation and its practical enforcement; b. anti-alcoholic propaganda and education; c. treatment of alcoholics.             In 1919, a draft was submitted to the Diet that proposed a total prohibition of production and sale of alcoholic beverages. It was referred to a Diet commission which subsequently changed its contents. Then. The Diet passed an Act of 23 April 1920 on restrictions in sale of alcoholic beverages. The Act, based on a concept of partial prohibition. Introduced considerable restrictions in sale of beverages containing over 2.5 per cent of pure alcohol, and a total prohibition of sale of beverages with over 45 per cent alcohol. Moreover, the sale of alcohol was prohibited to workers on paydays and holidays, as well as at markets, fairs, church fairs, pilgrimages, on trains and at railway stations. According to the Act, each rural or urban commune could introduce on its territory a total prohibition of sale of alcoholic beverages by voting. The Act limited the number of places where alcohol could be sold or served to one per 2,500 of the population all over the country. A licence issued by administrative authorities was required to sell or serve alcohol. The statutory instrument to this Act created commissions for fighting alcoholism of the 1st and 2nd instances which were to supervise the compliance to the Act of 1920 and to impose penalties provided for the infringement of its provisions. The commissions consisted of representatives of the State administration and social organizations engaged in fighting alcoholism. Moreover, the Act of 2l January 1922 introduced a penalty of fine or arrest for being drunk in public. A person who brought another person to the state of intoxication was also liable to these penalties.             The complete execution of the anti-alcoholic Act met with obstacles: for instance, alcohol was secretly served on the days of prohibition (e.g. during fairs). The Act of 31 July 1924 established the Polish Spirit Monopoly (P.M.S.). The production of spirit and pure vodka thus became a State monopoly' Production and sale of the P.M.S. beverages increased gradually as it constituted an important source of the State revenue. For this reason. a new anti-alcoholic Act of 21 March 1931 was passed which greatly reduced the restrictions in the sale of alcohol as compared with former regulations. A further reduction in these restrictions resulted from Acts of 1932 and 1934. The P.M.S. Board of Directors argued that a growth in production was necessary to suppress illegal distilling of alcohol the products of which were imperfectly rectified and threatened the health of the population. Instead according to the conception of "Trzeźwość’’ and other social organizations engaged in fighting alcoholism. illegal distilling of alcohol should be detected and suppresed by the police while it was in the interest of the health and morals of the population to curtail greatly the sale of alcohol and for this reason it was necessary to reintroduce the anti-alcoholic Act of 1920 However, in consideration of the State's fiscal interests. the Act was not reintroduced and the other Acts that extended the production and sale of the P.M.S. products were only replaced after World War II.             According to the ideas of ,,Trzeźwość'' and other organizations fighting alcoholism, anti-alcoholic propaganda and education should be made by professionals and have a wide range, since it is impossible to fight alcoholism without informing the population of the harmful effects of alcohol. Guidelines for this activity were worked out at the Polish anti-alcoholic congresses of which there were seven in the period between the wars.             Besides, in 1937 the 21st International Anti-Alcoholic Congress took place in Warsaw during which the Polish draft of an international anti-alcoholic convention was Supported. The draft provided a considerable limitation of alcohol sale, a regulation of penal liability for offences and transgressions committed in the state of intoxication, and lectures on alcohology in schools. The states signatories to the convention would be called upon to pass acts consistent with the content of the convention. The work on this draft was stopped by the outbreak of the war.             The resolutions of the Polish anti-alcoholic congresses demanded lectures on alcohology in all types of schools, at teachers courses and at specialist courses for employees of various departments, the Ministry in of Communication particular. The range of alcohology taught at schools should be conformed to the type of school and the general knowledge or students. The postulate of teaching alcohology in schools was partly realized and courses were organized for railway employees by the Abstainer Railwaymen League. At the State School of  Hygiene in Warsaw a several days course in alcohology was organized every year in which 200--300 persons participated, mainly teachers, physicians and clergymen of various denominations. Besides, ,,Trzeźwość'' organized travelling exhibitions that made tours of towns to show the harmful effects of alcoholism. The Abstainer Railwaymen League organized, an exhibition in a railway carriage which was visited by many thousands of persons at railway stations in different parts of the country. A lecturer on alcohology was employed to have talks during the exhibition. In early February every year a nationwide Sobriety Propagation Week was organized. Various publications were also brought out which demonstrated the harmful effects of alcohol and the ways of fighting alcoholism, both scientific and those for general use. Treatment  of alcoholics was postulated; it was carried out in closed hospital wards or in out-patient clinics. The former was more effective; however it was less frequently applied as compared with the out-patient treatment since there were no provisions which would  legalize compulsory treatment of alcoholics and drug addicts and it was easier to obtain the patient's consent to treatment in a clinic than in a hospital. Compulsory treatment was only possible if the court applied medical security measures in cases of offences connected with abuse of alcohol or drugs. (Art. 82 of the Penal code of 1932). The mental hygiene, movement, initiated in Poland in the early thirties, resulted in a growth in the number of clinics engaged in prevention and treatment, that is in a development of treatment of alcoholics in specialized anti-alcoholic clinics. The necessity of taking the children of alcoholics under educational and medical indicated. An important part is this field fell to social nurses attached to the clinics whose task was among other things to bring the alcoholics children to the clinic and see to their medical treatment if necessary. The organization of special schools for mentally deficient and morally neglected children, whose parents were frequently alcoholics, was also initiated.             Psychiatrists demanded an elaboration and introduction of an act on compulsory treatment of alcoholics and drug addicts, organization of special wards for notorious alcoholics in mental hospitals, prolongation of treatment from 6 to 12 months (which was considered particularly necessary in the case of chronic alcoholism), a joint alcoholism and psychiatric treatment if required, in the case of alcohol psychosis in particular, and check-up of the cured alcoholics and drug addicts.             In Poland drug addiction has never reached the proportions of alcoholism. Its most frequent forms were morphinism and cocainism. Its fighting was facilitated by the passing of an Act of June 23, 1923 which prohibited production, processing, export. import. storage of and any trade in all drugs. For infringement of the Act, penalties of fine and up to 5 years deprivation of liberty were provided. However, there was no act to legalize compulsory treatment of drug addicts. They could only be treated in closed hospital wards since in the case of drug addiction, out-patient treatment was considered to be ineffective. In 1931, the Polish Committee for Drugs and Prevention of Drug Addiction was set up as, an advisory body attached to the Minister of Health and Social Welfare, which consisted mainly of physicians and chemists. In order to fight drug addiction effectively, increased detection of export and sale of drugs was postulated as well as supervision of prescriptions and of obtaining drugs on prescription at chemist's. Chemists were compelled to keep a special book of in- and out-goings of drugs which could only be sold on prescription for therapeutical purposes. Attenton was drawn to the necessity of an instruction, to be passed by the Minister of Internal Affairs, according to which the production of doctors seals and forms would only be possible on presentation of the identity card, since drug addicts used to order seals and forms bearing names of famous practitioners. Medical check-up of released prisoners who had been cured of drug addiction when serving their sentences was also postulated.             In consequence of the spread of ether drinking in the Upper Silesia in 1936, a wide-range operation was carried out which consisted in a vigorous fight against smuggling and sale of ether (which was mainly smuggled from Germany) and in informing the population as to the harmful effects of ether drinking.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1987, XIV; 201-225
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Umorzenie postępowania karnego w trybie art. 62a Ustawy z dnia 29 lipca 2005 r. o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii jako pozytywny środek reakcji karnoprawnej stosowany wobec sprawców posiadających narkotyki miękkie w nieznacznej ilości i przeznaczone na własny użytek
Discontinuance of criminal proceedings under Art. 62a of the Prevention Drug Abuse Act of 29 July 2005 as a positive measure of the criminal and legal reaction applied against perpetrators who are in possession of soft drugs in a negligible quantity and for personal use
Autorzy:
Bartha, Adrian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/964967.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
drug abuse
discontinuance of proceedings
criminal sanction
preparatory and jurisdictional proceedings
narkomania
umorzenie postępowania
sankcja karna
postępowanie przygotowawcze i jurysdykcyjne
Opis:
Ustawą nowelizacyjną z dnia 1 kwietnia 2011 r. wprowadzono do ustawy art. 62a umożliwiający umorzenie postępowania karnego jeszcze przed wydaniem postanowienia o wszczęciu śledztwa lub dochodzenia wobec sprawcy przestępstwa posiadania substancji psychotropowej lub środków odurzających, w tym także w wypadku mniejszej wagi (art. 62 ust. 1 i ust. 3 ustawy). Warunkiem koniecznym jest ustalenie, iż orzeczenie kary byłoby niecelowe ze względu na okoliczności popełnienia czynu, a także stopień jego społecznej szkodliwości, nadto podejrzewany posiadane środki odurzające lub substancje psychotropowe musi mieć w ilości nieznacznej i przeznaczone tylko na własny użytek. Artykuł omawia kwestie prawne wyżej opisanej instytucji, która wprowadziła możliwość depenalizacji zakresu odpowiedzialności karnej sprawcy – posiadacza narkotyków. Podjęto także próbę oceny skutków dodania art. 62a do ustawy poprzez analizę danych statystycznych, obrazujących zastosowanie tej instytucji przez prokuraturę i sąd karny w praktyce orzeczniczej.
By the Act amendment of 1 April 2011, Art. 62a was incorporated into the original Act, which allows discontinuance of criminal proceedings before issuing an order to initiate an investigation or inquiry against a perpetrator in possession of psychotropic substances or intoxicants, including the case of lesser importance (Art. 62 (1 and 3) of the Act). A necessary condition is to establish that a verdict of a sentence would be pointless because of an offence circumstances and a degree of its social harmfulness. Also a person that is suspected of possession of drugs or psychotropic substances must have them in an insignificant quantity and only for personal use. This paper discusses some legal issues of the above described institution, which introduced a possibility of decriminalization of criminal liability of a perpetrator − a holder of drugs. The author also attempts to assess the effects of adding Art. 62a to the Act by presenting statistical data which illustrate the application of this institution by the prosecution and the criminal court in judicial decisions.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica; 2016, 76
0208-6069
2450-2782
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Aspekty etyczno-prawne legalizacji marihuany i innych narkotyków miękkich
Ethical and legal aspects of the legalization of marijuana and other soft drugs
Autorzy:
Kobyliński, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/470445.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
narkotyki
marihuana
liście konopi
legalizacja narkotyków
godność człowieka
narkomania
narkotyki miękkie
drugs
marijuana
cannabis leaves
legalization of drugs
human dignity
drug addiction
soft drugs
Opis:
The main purpose of this article is to present the most important ethical and legal aspects of the legalization of marijuana and other soft drugs. The dispute over the legalization of access to the usage of drugs is an elevation to the point of moral revolution, which is currently engaged on a global scale. Over the past decade there has been strong shift in public opinion in many countries in favor of drug policy reform. Arguments about the prohibition of drugs and over drug policy reform are subjects of considerable controversy. The problem of legal access to drugs is a very complex interdisciplinary issue which requires a reliable diagnosis on the borderline of ethics, medicine, philosophy, law, sociology and political philosophy. The ethical evaluation of the usage of drug and distribution should always precede the adoption of specific measures of a legal nature.
Głównym celem artykułu jest prezentacja najważniejszych aspektów etycznych i prawnych legalizacji marihuany i innych narkotyków miękkich. Spór o legalizację dostępu do narkotyków jest przejawem rewolucji moralnej, która dokonuje się obecnie w wymiarze globalnym. W ostatnim dziesięcioleciu nastąpiło w wielu krajach silne przesunięcie nastrojów opinii publicznej na korzyść reformy polityki narkotykowej. Argumenty związane z zakazem dostępu do narkotyków i reformą polityki narkotykowej są obecnie przedmiotem poważnych kontrowersji. Problem prawnego dostępu do narkotyków stanowi bardzo złożoną kwestię interdyscyplinarną, która wymaga rzetelnej diagnozy z pogranicza etyki, medycyny, filozofii prawa, socjologii i filozofii politycznej. Etyczna ocena stosowania narkotyków i ich dystrybucji powinna zawsze poprzedzać przyjęcie określonych rozwiązań o charakterze prawnym.
Źródło:
Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae; 2017, 15, 3; 69-81
1733-1218
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Postawy rodziców i opiekunów wobec zażywania środków uzależniających przez młodych pacjentów poradni odwykowych
Parents’ Attitudes Towards Drug Addiction of Young Patients of Disaccustoming Clinics
Autorzy:
Zakrzewski, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698502.pdf
Data publikacji:
1991
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
młodociani
środki uzależniające
narkomania
badania socjologiczne
badania kryminologiczne
rodzice
opiekunowie
leczenie uzależnień
juvenile
addictive substances
drug addiction
sociological research
criminological research
parents
addiction treatment
Opis:
The paper presents the finding of a longitudinal study of two problems: the addicts’ prospects of quitting drugs, and  the psycho-social factors conducive to success in this respect. The first study (conducted in the years 1974–1976) concerned all patients aged 15–28 treated in that period for repeated taking of drugs, at the disaccustoming clinic for young persons and at district clinics for adults in the city of Łódź. The total of 107 patients were examined (23 per cent of girls and 77 per cent of young men). According to medical diagnosis, 21 per cent of them suffered from a social, 50 per cent – from a psychological, and 29 per cent – from a physical dependence. After about 10 years, a catamnesis was carried out which concerned 80 patients. The methods applied in both parts of the study were: detailed interviews with the patients and their families; medical examination; and  analysis of a variety of documents. For the estimation of the fates of the sample, the following issues were of the key importance: persistence in or abandonment of addiction; permanence of abstinence; and the extent of self-dependence achieved. This complexity of the examined persons’ situation taken into account, the following criteria of improvement have been adopted: a) medical (persistence in abstinence); b) psychological (psychological acceptance of abstinence and the resulting change of lifestyle); and c) social (active engagement in the appropriate social roles). Basing on the above criteria, the following categories were distinguished within the sample:1) persons who persisted in addiction; 2) deceased in consequence of addiction; 3) those who quit taking drugs but still had various problems resulting from their former addiction; and 4) those who quit and had no special problems. Against previous expectations, persons who kept taking drugs (26 per cent) did not constitute the mos tnumerous group. Their mean period of taking drugs was 13.6 years. Their interests and social contacts were narrowed to problems related to the taking and production or obtaining drugs. They were generally emaciated and had increasing withdrawal symptoms. Persons of this group went through several months’periods of abstinence due to treatment, imprisonment, or a favourable occurrence in their lives. All of them, however, relapsed into addiction quite promptly, particularly when faced with unavoidable difficulties. Family life or married persons in this group was unhappy, and most marriages broke up: only those between two addicts still lasted. Biographies similar to those discussed above were also found in the case of persons (9 per cent) who died during catamnesis in circumstances that pointed to their death’s relationship with the taking of drugs and with addiction, interpreted also as a certain lifestyle. All persons of this group had been taking drugs for a long time (over five years), and their death was due either to serious diseases combined with emaciation, or occurred in unexplained circumstances as a border-line case between accident, suicide, and homicide. 3.The largest group (46 per cent) consisted of persons who admittedly quit taking drugs but still had various health and social problems related to their previous addiction. Their main problems were as follows: in the sphere of physical health, chronic gastritis, entero-gastric disorders. diseases of liver, heart probiems, reduced physical endurance, disturbances of sleep, and in the sphere of mental health: anxiety, hypersensibility, difficulties in establishing relations with others, depression, low selfesteem, lack of self-confidence, high emotional instability, latent inward anxiety, etc. The most important and frequent social problems included leaving secondary school and the related subsequent lack of professional qualifications, a more difficult start into adult life, the need to relinquish certain professional aspirations and a more interesting job, and a lack of prospects of promotion. In most respondents, this caused a sense of instability and inevitably gave rise to frustrations, increasing their passiveness and apathy. This situation was particularly painful for persons whose intellligence had been rather high before they started taking drugs and who used to have various interests and aspirations. The coincidence of the ahove circumstances also negatively affected their family and marital situation. The fates of persons who quit after several years of taking drugs seem to indicate that those persons’ tolerance to stress and ability to overcome difficulties had been greatly impaired during the period of addiction: as a consequence, they were subsequently unable to cope even with everyday matters which they perceived as great problems. The last group consisted of persons (19 per cent) who had been taking drugs for a shorter period as a rule (not longer than five years in general), and who were not only able to persist in abstinence during catamnesis but also met the psychological and social criteria of improvement. A high proportion of girls in this group (over 50 per cent) seems characteristic. Moreover, nearly all those persons were married: their marriages, happy as a rule, were a great assistance to them. Therefore, the total of 65 per cent of the sample succeeded to quit addiction. What was crucial here was not exactly the form of dependence (social, psychological, physical) but rather the length of the period of taking drugs. If a person has been taking drugs for over five years, his prospects of improvement diminish greatly, and favourable results can only be obtained in the course of a prolonged rehabilitation. The reasons that made most persons in the sample abandon their addiction were seeked both in their personality traits and family environments. What is characteristic is that a considerable portion of respondents come from the intelligentsia, with an average or even high social status and good material situation (in which respect they differ greatly from e.g. juvenile delinquents or young alcoholics). There is in such families a rather small extent of pathology such as alcoholism, crime, or prostitution. In most cases, the parents’ attitude to their children’s taking of drugs should be estimated as proper. The parents played an effective role, fighting for their children to quit as a general rule. Aware of the dangers related to drugs, they took energetic steps which consisted among others in changing the child’s environment (e. g. moving with him to another town), inducing him to undergo treatment and organizing that treatment, supervising his leisure activities, etc. Parents’ improper attitudes such as scenes, turning the child out, etc., were most seldom. The analysis of the reasons which made about two-thirds of respondents quit addiction included their character and intellectual traits defined in the course of psychiatric examination. There was in the sample a rather large number of individuals with the so-called immature personality, who at the age of about 25 were still characterized by traits such as a passive attitude to life; inconsideration for their own future; a poorly developed critical attitude towards themselves and their situation; emotional immaturity; dependence on others (e.g. the mother or friends); inabitity to act effectively, to overcome obstacles and to achieve distant aims; easy discouragement when faced with difficulties, etc. It was only during catamnesis, at the age of about 25, that the respondents’ former, largely childish attitudes were transformed with delay into normal traits of young persons. This development and the crystallization of personality, connected with the parents’ activities and their proper attitude towards the children’s addiction, were conducive to abandonment of addiction by, a considerable portion of the sample. Other factors which played this favourable role in the respondents’ biographies were: a rather high intellectual level; the “psychological shock” caused e.g. by detoxification at a mental hospital or the death of a close friend due to overdose; and imprisonment and going through the withdrawal syndrome in such conditions, etc. To interpret the findings, the conception of American alcohologist J. Ewing has been used: it speaks of inducing and protecting factors in the development of alcoholism. According to Ewing, an individual who starts taking drugs regularly is influenced by a number of biological, psychological, and social factors, some of them conducive to the development of addiction and others protecting the individual against it. Despite the opinions of some researchers, “protecting” factors prove strong enough to hold back even an already addicted person and to contribute to his abandonment of drugs. With the prolongation of the period of taking drugs, the influence of protecting factors wanes, and that of the ones which induce the individual to continue the taking of drugs and thus foster a further development of addiction spreads. The following practical conclusions have been drawn from the study: – Intensified therapeutic and rehabilitative treatment, during the first years of taking drugs in particular. – Co-operation with the addicts’ parents who should be instructed (e.g. about the ways of soothing difficulties in adjustment); whose activity should be assisted, e.g. through the organization of parents’ self-help associations; whose contacts with specialist clinics should be made easier, etc. – Creation of possibilities of medical and rehabilitative treatment for various cotegories of young persons addicted to drugs (not all of them feel comfortable in the existing centres, e.g. of the MONAR movement). – Short-term hospital treatments are reasonable at the initial stage of addiction (several years of taking drugs), as in that period the addicted person’s power of resistance can be strengthened inherent both in his personality and the environment. Help and care should be provided for addicts who have already drugs but have life problems caused or aggravaquited by their previous addiction.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1991, XVII; 339-373
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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