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Tytuł:
Commodities as a Tool of Risk Diversification
Autorzy:
Skapa, Stanislav
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517383.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
commodities
diversification
portfolio
Opis:
Investing in commodities has become a new topic for private investors in recent years. Private investors are trying to spread their investments across a much wider spectrum of investments than in the past. They are looking for new sources of return and better diversification of investment risk. In this process, they are searching beyond the traditional asset classes of equities, bonds, cash and real estate. The objective of the paper is to critically explore the possibility of investing in commodities mainly for private investors and analyses investment characteristics. The main scientific aim is to use a complex of more sophisticated and theoretically advanced statistical techniques and apply them on the findings. This paper will provide comprehensive analyses of mostly used commodity indexes of 1st generation and describe main differences between 1st and 2nd generation of commodity indexes and some examples of rollover mechanism will be critically explain. A representative of 2nd generation of commodity indexes was chosen for comprehensive data analysis to another asset class and for the testing whether commodities decreasing a risk of investment portfolio.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2013, 8, 2; 65-77
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
International diversification in the periods of major economic changes
Autorzy:
Gluzicka, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/580733.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
diversification
Rao’s Quadratic Entropy
Portfolio Diversification Index
Most Diversified Portfolio
Opis:
Diversification is one of the most important elements considered in the process of the construction of investment portfolios. A special role is attributed to the diversification in periods of rapid changes in the financial markets. In the article, the problem of international diversification was analysed on the example of selected European, American and Asian markets. The level of diversification was assessed by various measures: Portfolio Diversification Index, Rao’s Quadratic Entropy and Diversification Ratio. In the study diversified portfolios were compared. These portfolios were constructed for the data from the periods before, during and after the last economic crisis. The conducted research showed that European markets were most diversified, regardless of the nature of the analysed period. The study also showed that strongly interrelated countries did not necessarily have strong influence on diversification.
Źródło:
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu; 2018, 519; 77-87
1899-3192
Pojawia się w:
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Strategia dywersyfikacji produktowej na przykładzie marki Wielton AGRO
Product Diversification Strategy: The Case of Wielton AGRO Brand
Autorzy:
Żabski, Łukasz
Woźniak, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/18104520.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-04
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. Kolegium Zarządzania i Finansów
Tematy:
diversification
product diversification strategy
Wielton AGRO
agribusiness
dywersyfikacja
strategia dywersyfikacji produktowej
agrobiznes
Opis:
Dywersyfikacja jest jedną z podstawowych strategii rozwoju przedsiębiorstw, opierającą się na rozszerzeniu zakresu i skali swojej działalności. Jednym z jej rodzajów jest dywersyfikacja produktowa polegająca na wprowadzeniu nowych, dotychczas niewytwarzanych wyrobów/usług, realizowanych z wykorzystaniem dotychczasowych lub/i odmiennych technologii, zaspokajających inne potrzeby niż wyroby/usługi obecne. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie istoty i znaczenia strategii dywersyfikacji produktowej w sektorze produkcji maszyn rolniczych na przykładzie marki Wielton AGRO należącej do grupy kapitałowej Wielton S. A. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych studiów literaturowych z zakresu strategii przedsiębiorstw zdefiniowano dywersyfikację i dywersyfikację produktową. Następnie opisano rynek nowych naczep rolniczych w Polsce. W dalszej kolejności scharakteryzowano markę Wielton AGRO oraz wykonano analizę strategiczną obejmującą makrootoczenie i mikrootoczenie. Do analizy makrootoczenia wykorzystano metodę PEST/EL, mikrootoczenia – macierz BCG. Przeprowadzone analizy dowiodły, że przyjęta i realizowana strategia dywersyfikacji produktowej marki Wielton AGRO pozwoliła zwiększyć realny potencjał rozwojowy Wielton S. A., jak i całej grupy kapitałowej, poprzez zaoferowanie nowych przyczep rolniczych dopasowanych do oczekiwań i wymagań klientów. Ponadto umożliwiła dywersyfikację źródeł przychodów oraz umocniła pozycję marki Wielton na rynku krajowym i zagranicznym, głównie poprzez znaczny udział eksportu nowych produktów.
Diversification, a strategy intended to lead to the expansion of the scope and scale of business activities, is one amongst principal business development strategies pursued by enterprises. Product diversification is one of business strategies, which involves producing and selling a new line of products/services manufactured using existing or/and new technologies, and meeting needs other than the existing products/services can satisfy. The aim of the paper is to discuss the substance and importance of product diversification strategy in agricultural machinery industry using the Wielton AGRO brand owned by Wielton S. A. corporate group as an example. Diversification and product diversification have been defined following the review of literature devoted to business strategy. Then the primary market of semitrailers in Poland is presented. Next, a profile of Wielton AGRO brand is provided together with strategic analysis covering its macro and micro environment. The first was carried out using the PESTEL analysis, while for the second one we used the BCG matrix. Conducted analyses have demonstrated that product diversification strategy adopted and delivered by Wielton AGRO brand has enhanced the real development potential of Wielton S. A. and the entire corporate group by offering new semitrailers for agriculture that meet client requirements and expectations. In addition, it has diversified sources of income and strengthened the position of the Wielton brand in the domestic and international markets mainly by increasing the share of exports.
Źródło:
Studia i Prace Kolegium Zarządzania i Finansów; 2021, 181; 49-66
1234-8872
2657-5620
Pojawia się w:
Studia i Prace Kolegium Zarządzania i Finansów
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A regional analysis of agricultural potential and farmers’ interest in the CAP’s rural development program in Poland
Autorzy:
Okereke, Obinna
Wojciechowska, Żaneta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2033340.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-04-05
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Tematy:
rural development
CAP
regional diversification
Opis:
The main aim of the article was to establish and present the relationship between the production potential of agriculture in Poland’s voivodships and the utilization of funds from selected Rural Development Programs (RDP) 2014-2020.  The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union has Rural Development as the “second pillar” with the objectives of enhancing the competitiveness of agriculture and forestry; ensuring the sustainable management of natural resources and climate action; and overall development of rural economies. The materials for the paper are based on data connected with the resources of production factors in Polish agriculture as well as data on EU agricultural funds in Poland under RDP 2014-2020 made available by the Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS) and the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture (ARMA). The analysis showed that the diversification of the agricultural production potential of the different regions in Poland had an influence on the activity of farmers in applying for RDP measures. Based on the regional absorption of funds, there should be a wider range of conditions required to access selected EU programs in order to strengthen farms in areas with lower production potential.
Źródło:
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development; 2022, 63, 1; 101-108
1899-5241
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
To Educate in a Diversified Europe
Autorzy:
Osewska, Elżbieta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/668113.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawła II w Krakowie
Tematy:
Europe
education
diversification
challenges
parameters
Opis:
One of the main tasks of the EU is to create a European identity. This is a complex matter because of some lasting consequences of many divisions, conflicts and wars of the past. There are many national boundaries and various ethnic and cultural identities, regional interests. This paper refers to a whole range of aspects, which may be identified as crucial for education in a diversified Europe. After presenting the divisions and emerging changes occurring in Europe, the author of this article examines varies parameters / challenges related to the shift in interaction between the levels of society. This dynamic shift introduces a different kind of diversity / plurality and new challenges for education. The fundamental and historical differences can not be easily eliminated; they may deserve to be deepened and analysed. The diversity is a constructive dimension for education in Europe.
Źródło:
The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II; 2011, 1, 1
2391-6559
2083-8018
Pojawia się w:
The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
INWESTYCJA W ZŁOTO – BEZPIECZNA PRZYSTAŃ, ZABEZPIECZENIE CZY ŹRÓDŁO DYWERSYFIKACJI DLA POLSKIEGO INWESTORA
Investment in gold - safe haven, hedge or source of diversification for Polish investor
Autorzy:
Potrykus, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/950639.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
safe haven
gold
investing
diversification
Opis:
The article describes the concept of the hedge, diversifier and safe haven investments. The main goal of this study is to examine whether there are links between the rates of return achieved on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) and rates of return on investments in gold. The author tested following hypothesis: the return on investment in gold acts as a hedge investment in the long term in relation to investments in the WSE main index, and at a time when investment in the WSE main index recorded a negative rate of return, investment in gold is a safe haven investment. To verify the hypothesis the author uses correlation coefficients and his own measure. The main conclusion from the research is that investing in gold acts as a safe haven investment for the investor which invests on the WSE.
Źródło:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach; 2015, 3(24); 193-207
2080-5993
2449-9811
Pojawia się w:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Formation of Diversifying Substrategies for the Enterprise Business Activities
Autorzy:
Hrabovenko, Oleksandr
Hrebeshkova, Olena
Kyzenko, Olena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2163260.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-03-31
Wydawca:
Politechnika Częstochowska
Tematy:
controlling
diversification
enterprise
management
strategy
Opis:
The article presents the author's view on the methodological support for the formation of substrategies for diversifying the behavior of an enterprise with the ability to track (evaluate) the results achieved and develop scenarios for the future. The methodological bases for identifying the level of diversification of an enterprise's activities are formulated on the basis of a three-dimensional indicator that allows taking into account the triune nature of diversification as a diversity of the enterprise's resource portfolio (“inputs” into the enterprise system), formalization of its activities (“processor” of the system), and achieved (expected) results (“outputs”) from the system). On the example of a group of Ukrainian enterprises of firefighting services, a developed system of economic metrics for diversifying their activities is presented, which is based on two concepts – a balanced scorecard (BSC) and economic management using the method of interval values. Based on the proposed idea of three-dimensionality of diversification by applying the methodology of morphological analysis, substrategies of diversification of the enterprise's activities are modeled and the results of practical testing of the development of a diversification strategy for the group of enterprises selected for study are presented.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Zarządzanie; 2022, 45; 20-37
2083-1560
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Zarządzanie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie płac w polskich powiatach
Wages in Polish Countries (powiats)
Autorzy:
Tokarski, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/596129.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
Tematy:
przestrzenne zróżnicowanie płac
wynagrodzenie
determinanty zróżnicowania
regional diversification of wages
remuneration
determinants of diversification
Opis:
The aim of the paper is the statistical analysis of the determinants of regional diversification of wages in the Polish counties between 2003 and 2009. According to the efficiency wages model of Solow (1979) and Summers (1988) and neoclassical models of economic growth of Solow (1956), Nonneman, Vanhoudt (1996) and optimal control model of Lucas (1988) the level of the relative wages are determined by the unemployment rates and the relative labor productivity. The descriptions of regional diversification of wages and its determinants are described. Additionally, the simple theoretical model of regional diversification of wages is constructed and the parameters of this model were estimated. These are the estimations of the wage function for 379 counties and 16 voivodeships in Poland.
Źródło:
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne; 2012, LXXXV (85); 287-308
0081-6841
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Commodities’ usefulness in a portfolio context – an empirical study
Autorzy:
Kurach, Radosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/951019.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
commodities
emerging market equities
diversification benefits
Opis:
By adopting the perspective of a US equity investor, in this study we empirically verify the diversification benefits resulting from investing in commodities. We make an assessment for specified commodity groups using the commodity sector indices. In the employed methodology we focus only on the risk characteristic of the analyzed portfolios. Our results indicate that the diversification potential of different commodity groups is highly cross-varying, however, at any time greater than the risk-reduction possibilities offered by Emerging Markets equities.
Źródło:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach; 2013, 3 (16); 77-88
2080-5993
2449-9811
Pojawia się w:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rozwój i zróżnicowanie regionalne szkolnictwa wyższego w Polsce
The Development and Regional Diversification of Higher Education in Poland
Autorzy:
Kwiatkowski, Eugeniusz
Roszkowska, Sylwia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/574379.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008-04-30
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. Kolegium Analiz Ekonomicznych
Tematy:
educational potential
higher education
regional diversification
Opis:
The paper examines the “educational potential” of Poland’s university-level schools. The authors analyze the main trends in the education system’s development and identify regional differences in this area. The starting point for the analysis are the theories of human capital and endogenous growth. They highlight the importance of human capital investments in the education system and their role in the country’s economic growth. The authors build taxonomic indicators to describe the condition and prospects of college education in individual regions. Analyses made as part of the research project show that Poland’s higher education system underwent some significant changes during the country’s transition from central planning to a market economy. There are also major differences between public and private universities in their educational strategies. Public colleges often use different standards of education, while private schools rarely develop cost-intensive programs. Poland’s higher education system is strongly diversified regionally. Taxonomic analyses confirm that there are major differences in educational opportunities in individual regions. Mazovia and Western Pomerania provinces led the way in this area in 1999-2005, while regions such as Opole, Warmia-Mazuria, Lubuskie, Podkarpacie, and Kujawy-Pomerania lagged behind.
Źródło:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics; 2008, 223, 4; 1-20
2300-5238
Pojawia się w:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
EASTERN EUROPEAN EQUITY MARKETS AND THE SUBPRIME CRISIS. DOES EMERGING EUROPE STILL OFFER DIVERSIFICATION BENEFITS?
Autorzy:
Niemczak, Kinga
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/599537.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Zarządzania z siedzibą w Rzeszowie
Tematy:
DIVERSIFICATION
EASTERN EUROPE
INVESTMENTS
STOCK MARKETS
Opis:
The stock markets in Eastern Europe went through a period of rapid growth. Those which joined the EU had to integrate with Western Europe on various levels, which had important implications for their equity price development during the subprime mortgage crisis. The aim of the paper is to analyze the developments in the stock markets of Eastern European countries before and during the subprime crisis and to evaluate the hypothesis of disappearing portfolio diversification opportunities in the region. Through the application of correlation analysis, Markowitz mean variance approach and portfolio optimisation strategy based on the Sharpe ratio, it is shown that diversification opportunities for a US investor in the Eastern European region have largely disappeared.
Źródło:
Finansowy Kwartalnik Internetowy e-Finanse; 2010, 6, 3; 47-63
1734-039X
Pojawia się w:
Finansowy Kwartalnik Internetowy e-Finanse
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Regional aspects in the work of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute in Polawy
Aspekty regionalne w działalności Instytutu Uprawy Nawożenia i Gleboznawstwa - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy w Puławach
Autorzy:
Krasowicz, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2051741.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Akademia Bialska Nauk Stosowanych im. Jana Pawła II w Białej Podlaskiej
Tematy:
diversification
region
agriculture
research
regional aspects
Opis:
The subject of the work is to discuss the regional aspects in the work of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute in Puławy (henceforth referred to as ISSPC-SRI). All spheres of the Institute’s activity have been taken into account during the analysis. The basic sources of information were research plans, reports and publications whose authors were ISSPC-SRI employees. According to the analysis, regional aspects are reflected in ISSPC-SRI research conducted as part of statutory activities, long-term program and various types of projects. Regional aspects are conspicuous both in the diagnosis of the current condition and in forecasting changes in agriculture. They enrich, broaden and objectify assessments. They are also the premises for improving systems of agricultural advisory and strategic planning.
Celem pracy jest omówienie aspektów regionalnych w działalności Instytutu Uprawy Nawożenia i Gleboznawstwa – Państwowego Instytutu Badawczego w Puławach. Analizę przeprowadzono uwzględniając wszystkie sfery działalności Instytutu. Podstawowe źródła informacji stanowiły plany badań, sprawozdania oraz publikacje, których autorami byli pracownicy IUNG-PIB. Stwierdzono, że aspekty regionalne znajdują odzwierciedlenie w badaniach IUNG-PIB prowadzonych w ramach działalności statutowej, programu wieloletniego oraz różnego rodzaju projektów. Aspekty regionalne uwidaczniają się zarówno w diagnozach stanu aktualnego jak i przy prognozowaniu zmian w rolnictwie. Wzbogacają one, poszerzają oraz obiektywizują oceny. Są też przesłankami doskonalenia systemów doradztwa rolniczego i planowania strategicznego.
Źródło:
Economic and Regional Studies; 2017, 10, 4; 110-119
2083-3725
2451-182X
Pojawia się w:
Economic and Regional Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ZRÓŻNICOWANIE OFERTY INSTYTUCJI KULTURY JAKO EFEKT DYWERSYFIKACJI ŹRÓDEŁ ICH FINANSOWANIA
The extension of cultural institutions offer as a result of financing sources diversification
Autorzy:
Płatkowska-Prokopczyk, Laura
Pieczonka, Jacek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/950618.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
financing sources
institutions of culture
diversification
Opis:
Nowadays the perception of culture only through the prism of autotelic values and noticing ”more useful values” in it is not the only one. As a result of this process culture is seen as a “lever” of social development in a variety dimensions − from building of competence through the creation of local ties and support of personal identity formation, to the creation of social cohesion. At the same time cultural institutions often struggle with limited financial resources necessary to fulfill the role for which they have been established. The purpose of this article is to present the possibilities of cultural institutions financing in the context of the limitations on sources of funding statutory activities by broadening their product range. Literature research and statistical data confirm the progressive process of decentralization of cultural institutions funding. Governments and local governments still remain the largest support of culture in comparison with other sectors. Still, all three spheres − the government, the market and the non-profit sphere − operate simultaneously and their penetration is rather the rule than the exception. To encourage the market and the third sphere to finance cultural projects, cultural institutions should extend the range of products by less standard (classical) product adapted to the wider audience. The presented project is an example of using the sources of financing tasks performed by cultural institutions not connected with the activities they have been established for. Cultural institutions are facing funding limitations and yet have the resources which enable the unusual activity using attractive means of expression for the customer. Owing to these measures, these institutions can deliver social (including educational and integrational) content in a very interesting way.
Źródło:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach; 2015, 3(24); 99-123
2080-5993
2449-9811
Pojawia się w:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Problemy prawne dywersyfikacji gospodarstw rolnych w Polsce
THE ISSUE OF DIVERSIFICATION OF FARMS (AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS) IN POLAND
Autorzy:
Stańko, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/531210.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Temida 2
Tematy:
DIVERSIFICATION
LAND STRUCTURE
FARM
AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY
Opis:
The issue of diversification of farms (agricultural holdings) is very complicated in the Polish legal system. The basic problem in this area is the lack of statutory definition in the state regulations. Due to the lack of this definition it is not possible do define clearly the purposes and directions of diversification. The indicated lack of statutory definition of diversification of agricultural holdings requires the search for the scope of this notion not only in a juridical approach but also in an economic one. On the whole, from the point of view of economic sciences diversification of farms means diversification in the structure of agricultural production as well as exploiting ground resources, capital and labour in farms for activities other than agricultural activity. It should also be added that the scale of production and incomes received from agricultural activity are determined by the condition of land resources in Polish farms, and above all, by fragmented land structure. Therefore there is no doubt that the Polish legislator should search for legal criteria for diversification which would also include the above mentioned economic parameters. The final purpose of such diversification should be the capacity to absorb the union support. In the Polish economic reality, necessity of supporting low output farms remains the main problem. This support should be based not only on the state funding but also union funding. This is a key issue for gradual change in land structure of farms. It seems essential to undertake complex activities aiming at the creation of full programme of changes in agriculture. ‘Rural’ policy of particular union states accepting legal instruments of diversification as a starting point should lead to lasting and balanced development of rural areas.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica Agraria; 2010, 8; 150-165
1642-0438
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica Agraria
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The impact of the diversification of revenues on NGOs? commercialization: evidence from Poland
Autorzy:
Mikołajczak, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22446460.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
commercialization
NGOs
financial sources
revenue diversification
Opis:
Research background: The commercialization of non-governmental organizations through undertaking an activity based on the commercial sale of services and products is a phenomenon which raises controversy among numerous researchers. Traditionally, NGOs act in a sector of social services to solve problems, such as homelessness, exclusion or social pathologies. They also provide different services which cannot be provided by the market, for instance in education, the healthcare system, culture, or art. Driven by a social mission, NGOs introduce their concepts, strongly relying on fees to perform their activity. They also obtain funds in the form of public donations or payments from private or institutional donors. Growing social needs and changes in the governmental policy aimed at reducing social-aid spending have put pressure on NGOs to develop entrepreneurial strategies to gain financial support. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to investigate how particular funding sources affect the probability of non-governmental organizations? commercialization. Methods: Data for the analyses have been collected from a national survey of Polish non-governmental organizations. In the analysis of logistic regression, a specially-developed model was used to estimate the probability of NGOs? commercialization, depending on the selected categories of funding sources. Findings & Value added: An analysis of the results indicates clearly that the likelihood of NGOs? commercialization slightly decreases as a greater number of private external financial sources is used. In contrast with existing literature, which claims that government funding is crowding out commercial activity, this research finds that, to some extent, public funds positively stimulate the commercialization of NGOs. The contribution of this research is that it introduces the category of internal financing sources of non-profit organizations, which have been overlooked in previous studies. The article provides clear statistical arguments demonstrating that private internal revenues strongly affect the commercialization of the organizations surveyed. The paper is the first to present a model that comprehensively considers the probability of NGOs? commercialization, including private external and internal, as well as public, sources of funding.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2018, 13, 4; 761-779
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 217

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