Autor: Lech, Krzysztof - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Zjawisko przedsiębiorczości społecznej w Chińskiej Republice Ludowej
The Phenomenon of social entrepreneurship in the People’s Republic of China
Autorzy:: Lech, Krzysztof
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/889587.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2014
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Krakowie, Małopolska Szkoła Administracji Publicznej
Tematy:: przedsiębiorczość
przedsiębiorczość społeczna
Chińska Republika Ludowa
entrepreneurship
social entrepreneurship
People’s Republic of China
Opis:: Artykuł dotyczy zjawiska przedsiębiorczości społecznej w Chińskiej Republice Ludowej, a jego celem jest nakreślenie ram konceptualnych będących warunkiem systematycznego badania tego fenomenu. Zastosowane w tym celu metody selektywnej, niepełnej analizy i krytyki piśmiennictwa oraz badania dokumentów potwierdziły, że przedsiębiorczość społeczna w Chinach, podobnie jak w kręgu kulturowym krajów Zachodu, przejawia się na wiele sposobów. W związku z tym konieczne wydaje się podjęcie prac zmierzających do opracowania modelu unifi kacyjnego zjawiska, który pozwoliłby na prowadzenie bardziej szczegółowych badań. Uzasadnieniem dla przyjęcia tej rekomendacji jest oblicze 578 mln ludzi głodujących w regionie Azji i Pacyfi ku oraz potrzeba poszukiwania narzędzi umożliwiających zniwelowanie tych i wielu innych społecznych problemów. Dotyczy to także Afryki, Ameryki Łacińskiej, Środkowego Wschodu i każdego innego miejsca, gdzie ludzie cierpią z powodu niedożywienia. Właściwe Chinom przejawy przedsiębiorczości społecznej oraz zastosowane rozwiązania mogłyby stanowić instrumentarium, które można by było wykorzystać w innych miejscach na świecie.
The article deals with the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship in China, and its purpose is to outline the conceptual framework required for a systematic investigation of the phenomenon. The methods of selective, incomplete critical analysis of the literature and study of available documents have confirmed that social entrepreneurship in China, as is the case in the Western cultural setting, manifests itself in a number of ways. Therefore, it appears necessary to undertake eff orts in order to develop a unified model of the phenomenon that would permit a more detailed research. The rationale for the adoption of the recommendation is the face of 578 million hungry people in Asia and in the Pacific region, and the pressing need for tools to overcoming those and numerous other social problems. This observation also applies to Africa, Latin America, the Middle East and any other place where people suffer from malnutrition. Typically Chinese manifestations of social entrepreneurship and their solutions could provide instruments to be used elsewhere worldwide.
Źródło:: Ekonomia Społeczna; 2014, 1; 38-50
2081-321X
Pojawia się w:: Ekonomia Społeczna
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Przestępczość polityczna - zarys problematyki
Political crime - an outline of the problem
Autorzy:: Falandysz, Lech
Poklewski- Koziełł, Krzysztof
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699318.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1989
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: przestępczość polityczna
czyny zabronione
historia
prawo karne
kryminologia
przywilej
terror
regulacje prawne
political crime
prohibited acts
history
criminal law
criminology
privilege
legal regulation
Opis:: The interest in political crime has been growing in the Polish doctrine of penal law and criminology of the 1980's. In 1982, the Institute of Penal Law of Warsaw university organized a conference dealing with the problems of political crime and the status of political prisoners. In 1984, the works of J. Kubiak and S. Hoc were published, with those of T. Szymanowski and S. Popławski to follow during the next two years. In 1986, articles by Z. Ciepiński and S. Pawela appeared in the organ of the Academy’s of Internal Affairs Institute of Law, and the Learned Society for Penal Law devoted one of its 1987 session to the problems of political crime. The present paper formulates and develops the main threads of the lectures delivered in 1982 and 1987 by the present authors. Accepting the opinions of O. Kirchheimer and S. Schafer, classical in a sense, as to the extreme complexity of political crime and the impossibility of formulating a universal criterion basing on which such crime might be distinguished, we give an outline of the chief elements of that interesting social phenomenon. The oldest Roman legal constructions of proditio and perduellio were transformed during the period of empire into crimen leasae maiestatis, an institution that was to persist for centuries to come in the shape of offences against state or the ruler. The origins of the modern history of political crime as a separate legal category date back to the end of the 18th century and the changes brought about by the French Revolution. In the early half of the 19th century, France and Belgium were the first to grant to political offences a privileged status among prohibited acts, introducing the competence of assizes, a separate system of penalties, and abolishing death penalty towards political offenders; this also took place in several other European countries. The privilege of political offences was based mainly on their distinct motives and their perpetrators personality traits. The 19th-century optimism and romanticism of approach towards political crime paled in the late half of the century as the surge of anarchistic and revolutionary movements grew. The legal status of a political offender started to worsen; the great 20th-century dictatorships were tragic to their real and supposed antagonists, treated with particular severity so as to terrify the citizens. In about two centuries of modern history, the legal category of political offence went through all possible extremes: now the time has come to reconsider it. A general, universal and timeless definition of political offence does not seem possible, even the most extreme of its forms being relativistic. Offenders called by some ,,terrorists’’ are ,,fighters for liberty’’ in the eyes of others. On the other hand, state terror is sometimes given the neutral name of ,,special operation’’ or ,,new policy’’. Last of all, one might also say quoting the extreme section of radical criminology that there is a political entanglement to all offences, administration of justice being an instrument of politics. Also the opposite is sometimes contended, namely, that political crime does not exist at all, enemies of the system being common criminals or madmen. There is also a marked trend to exclude terrorism, war crimes, and genocide from the discussed definition. In international law, the notion of political crime is purely functional: the separate states base on it when refusing extradition and granting political asylum. As regards the internal penal legislation, some states only distinguish political offence as a legal notion. There are in the doctrine of penal law three basic methods of defining that notion. According to the objective approach, the kind good being assaulted constitutes the essence of political crime: thus the group of such acts is restricted to direct attempts against the state's basic political interests only. According to the second conception, the subjective one political crime is any prohibited act committed for political motives or to political end. The third, mixed theory consists in taking both these aspects into account: the interest protected by law and the perpetrator's ideological motivation or aims which cannot be recognized as censurable. Additionally, the preponderance or domination theory allows for a punishable act to be recognized as a political offence if political elements prove to have predominated in the given circumstances, aims, and motives. Robert Merton's was the most successful attempt to characterize a political (nonconformist) offender. Contrary to the common offender, his political counterpart 1) makes no effort whatever to hide his infringement of norms he repudiates or questions as to their legal validity; 2) he wants to replace the norms he considers wrong with other norms based on a different moral foundation; 3) his aims are completely or largely disinterested; 4) he is commonly perceived as quite different a person than a common offender. If we broaden the notion of ,,nonconformist" by adding adjectives like ,,religious" and ,,ethical" to it, we bring it closer to that of ,,convictional criminal" used by Schafer and of ,,prisoner of conscience" used by the Amnesty International. The radical trends in sociology and criminology of the recent decades brought an important element to change the aproach to political crime: an opinion is promoted that the state itself is the main source of that crime as it may use every possible legal norm and institution to fight its opponents. As opposed to the two countries where the conception of political criminals separate status was born, France and Belgium - discussed particularly broadly by the authors of lectures - the United States repudiate in their law and law courts decisions the existence of political crime. Instead, there is ,,civil disobedience'' which, together with the specifically American constitutional mechanisms, constitutes an instrument of the struggle for the protection of civil rights and liberties. The fact is stressed in the legal and criminological literature that a refusal to recognize the political character of acts that deserve such recognition contributes to the discredit of administration of justice as the establishment's political instrument. At the same time, various methods of illegal ,,neutralization" of political opponents are brought to light, including the so-called dirty tricks of the FBI and the different forms of abuse of authority by the CIA. In Great Britain, there is according to the official standpoint no political crime in the light of penal law. But the problem itself does exist in practice which is evidenced among others by the quest - a feverish one at times - after the measure to control the difficulties resulting from it; among such measures, there are administrative acts or on appropriate interpretation of the existing regulations, e.g. rules of imprisonment. The doctrine of penal law and criminology do not seem too interested in the discussed problem; its treatment by L. Radzinowicz and R. Hood is no doubt an exception, particularly if we consider the fates of the activists of the three socio-political movements before World War I: Chartists who fought for workmen’s rights, Fenians who demanded the grant of rights to the Irish, and suffragists. Despite the fact that the problem is only treated in its historical aspect, materials of immediate interest can be drawn from its analysis. In the Federal Republic of Germany, political crime lacks a separate status: yet a growth in the interest in such crime can be observed. This was particularly true in the seventies and was due to the activities of terrorist groups and to students protests. Also G. Radbruch’s conception of ,,convictional criminal’’ plays a certain part there, among intellectuals with leftist tendencies above all. Also in that country, the discussion grows especially important about the relation between the powerful and the powerless. Another significant point is H. J. Schneider’s demand for the problems of political crime to be granted a privileged position in criminological research. Considering the aspects of that crime in their broad interpretation, Schneider found it possible to include both terrorism and genocide in his discussion; thus, for the first time ever, a profound treatment of Nazi crimes was included in the West-German criminology. In Poland, after the country regained independence in 1918, several different laws were in force for over ten years concerning political crime and prisoners, in a difficult internal situation. In 1931, uniform rules of imprisonment entered into force which provided for no mitigation for political prisoners. The penalty of arrest, introduced by the 1932 penal code admittedly included certain elements of the status of a political prisoner, but the opposition’s struggle for its proper formulation went on till the outbreak of World War II. After the war, ,,counter-revolutionaries’’ and ,,traitors of the nation’’ were treated with utmost severity. This situation in which political opponents were so treated on a mass scale ended with the fall of Stalinism. The recent Polish discussion about the notion and status of political prisoner dates from the events of 1980-1981. Many were not aware at that time that there had been in the 1970’s in Poland a partial legal regulation of the special status of persons defined as perpetrators of political offences. It followed from the fact that Poland ratified in 1958 the ILO Convention No. 105 and that in consequence, the Minister of Justice issued an appropriate order. In the provisions of the decree (issued on the imposition of martial law on December 13, 1981) on remittal and forgiveness of certain offences, those ,,committed for political reasons’’ were mentioned amond others. Thus the lawyers could argue that the notion of political offence was know to the legislator, the only problem consisting in providing a more detailed legal regulation of that sphere. But the authorities chose a different solution. At the beginning, those convicted of the sc-called ,non-criminal" acts were granted an actual (and not legal) status of political prisoners. Later on, most of such persons were released from prison by the terms of the succeeding amnesty acts. in 1986, the Act on ,,decriminalization'' transferred the competence to decide in most of those cases to misdemeanour courts. The interest in the problems of political crime, increased since 1982, still persists in the circles of the Polish doctrine of penal law and criminology. There is a general trend to give that notion a broader interpretation as compared with the present doctrine of penal law which practically limits its range to offences against the state's basic political and economic interests only. We believe the Polish doctrine of penal law; criminology and legislation in Poland now face at least three basic questions: 1) whether to introduce into the law a special status of political offenders and prisoners in its traditional construction; 2) whether to recognize similarly a privileged legal situation of a larger group of ,,ideological nonconformists" mentioned by the ILO Convention No. 105;3) whether and to what extent to include in the notion of political offence the prohibited acts committed by state functionaries while exercising authority.
The interest in political crime has been growing in the Polish doctrine of penal law and criminology of the 1980's. In 1982, the Institute of Penal Law of Warsaw university organized a conference dealing with the problems of political crime and the status of political prisoners. In 1984, the works of J. Kubiak and S. Hoc were published, with those of T. Szymanowski and S. Popławski to follow during the next two years. In 1986, articles by Z. Ciepiński and S. Pawela appeared in the organ of the Academy’s of Internal Affairs Institute of Law, and the Learned Society for Penal Law devoted one of its 1987 session to the problems of political crime. The present paper formulates and develops the main threads of the lectures delivered in 1982 and 1987 by the present authors. Accepting the opinions of O. Kirchheimer and S. Schafer, classical in a sense, as to the extreme complexity of political crime and the impossibility of formulating a universal criterion basing on which such crime might be distinguished, we give an outline of the chief elements of that interesting social phenomenon. The oldest Roman legal constructions of proditio and perduellio were transformed during the period of empire into crimen leasae maiestatis, an institution that was to persist for centuries to come in the shape of offences against state or the ruler. The origins of the modern history of political crime as a separate legal category date back to the end of the 18th century and the changes brought about by the French Revolution. In the early half of the 19th century, France and Belgium were the first to grant to political offences a privileged status among prohibited acts, introducing the competence of assizes, a separate system of penalties, and abolishing death penalty towards political offenders; this also took place in several other European countries. The privilege of political offences was based mainly on their distinct motives and their perpetrators personality traits. The 19th-century optimism and romanticism of approach towards political crime paled in the late half of the century as the surge of anarchistic and revolutionary movements grew. The legal status of a political offender started to worsen; the great 20th-century dictatorships were tragic to their real and supposed antagonists, treated with particular severity so as to terrify the citizens. In about two centuries of modern history, the legal category of political offence went through all possible extremes: now the time has come to reconsider it. A general, universal and timeless definition of political offence does not seem possible, even the most extreme of its forms being relativistic. Offenders called by some ,,terrorists’’ are ,,fighters for liberty’’ in the eyes of others. On the other hand, state terror is sometimes given the neutral name of ,,special operation’’ or ,,new policy’’. Last of all, one might also say quoting the extreme section of radical criminology that there is a political entanglement to all offences, administration of justice being an instrument of politics. Also the opposite is sometimes contended, namely, that political crime does not exist at all, enemies of the system being common criminals or madmen. There is also a marked trend to exclude terrorism, war crimes, and genocide from the discussed definition. In international law, the notion of political crime is purely functional: the separate states base on it when refusing extradition and granting political asylum. As regards the internal penal legislation, some states only distinguish political offence as a legal notion. There are in the doctrine of penal law three basic methods of defining that notion. According to the objective approach, the kind good being assaulted constitutes the essence of political crime: thus the group of such acts is restricted to direct attempts against the state's basic political interests only. According to the second conception, the subjective one political crime is any prohibited act committed for political motives or to political end. The third, mixed theory consists in taking both these aspects into account: the interest protected by law and the perpetrator's ideological motivation or aims which cannot be recognized as censurable. Additionally, the preponderance or domination theory allows for a punishable act to be recognized as a political offence if political elements prove to have predominated in the given circumstances, aims, and motives. Robert Merton's was the most successful attempt to characterize a political (nonconformist) offender. Contrary to the common offender, his political counterpart 1) makes no effort whatever to hide his infringement of norms he repudiates or questions as to their legal validity; 2) he wants to replace the norms he considers wrong with other norms based on a different moral foundation; 3) his aims are completely or largely disinterested; 4) he is commonly perceived as quite different a person than a common offender. If we broaden the notion of ,,nonconformist" by adding adjectives like ,,religious" and ,,ethical" to it, we bring it closer to that of ,,convictional criminal" used by Schafer and of ,,prisoner of conscience" used by the Amnesty International. The radical trends in sociology and criminology of the recent decades brought an important element to change the aproach to political crime: an opinion is promoted that the state itself is the main source of that crime as it may use every possible legal norm and institution to fight its opponents. As opposed to the two countries where the conception of political criminals separate status was born, France and Belgium - discussed particularly broadly by the authors of lectures - the United States repudiate in their law and law courts decisions the existence of political crime. Instead, there is ,,civil disobedience'' which, together with the specifically American constitutional mechanisms, constitutes an instrument of the struggle for the protection of civil rights and liberties. The fact is stressed in the legal and criminological literature that a refusal to recognize the political character of acts that deserve such recognition contributes to the discredit of administration of justice as the establishment's political instrument. At the same time, various methods of illegal ,,neutralization" of political opponents are brought to light, including the so-called dirty tricks of the FBI and the different forms of abuse of authority by the CIA. In Great Britain, there is according to the official standpoint no political crime in the light of penal law. But the problem itself does exist in practice which is evidenced among others by the quest - a feverish one at times - after the measure to control the difficulties resulting from it; among such measures, there are administrative acts or on appropriate interpretation of the existing regulations, e.g. rules of imprisonment. The doctrine of penal law and criminology do not seem too interested in the discussed problem; its treatment by L. Radzinowicz and R. Hood is no doubt an exception, particularly if we consider the fates of the activists of the three socio-political movements before World War I: Chartists who fought for workmen’s rights, Fenians who demanded the grant of rights to the Irish, and suffragists. Despite the fact that the problem is only treated in its historical aspect, materials of immediate interest can be drawn from its analysis. In the Federal Republic of Germany, political crime lacks a separate status: yet a growth in the interest in such crime can be observed. This was particularly true in the seventies and was due to the activities of terrorist groups and to students protests. Also G. Radbruch’s conception of ,,convictional criminal’’ plays a certain part there, among intellectuals with leftist tendencies above all. Also in that country, the discussion grows especially important about the relation between the powerful and the powerless. Another significant point is H. J. Schneider’s demand for the problems of political crime to be granted a privileged position in criminological research. Considering the aspects of that crime in their broad interpretation, Schneider found it possible to include both terrorism and genocide in his discussion; thus, for the first time ever, a profound treatment of Nazi crimes was included in the West-German criminology. In Poland, after the country regained independence in 1918, several different laws were in force for over ten years concerning political crime and prisoners, in a difficult internal situation. In 1931, uniform rules of imprisonment entered into force which provided for no mitigation for political prisoners. The penalty of arrest, introduced by the 1932 penal code admittedly included certain elements of the status of a political prisoner, but the opposition’s struggle for its proper formulation went on till the outbreak of World War II. After the war, ,,counter-revolutionaries’’ and ,,traitors of the nation’’ were treated with utmost severity. This situation in which political opponents were so treated on a mass scale ended with the fall of Stalinism. The recent Polish discussion about the notion and status of political prisoner dates from the events of 1980-1981. Many were not aware at that time that there had been in the 1970’s in Poland a partial legal regulation of the special status of persons defined as perpetrators of political offences. It followed from the fact that Poland ratified in 1958 the ILO Convention No. 105 and that in consequence, the Minister of Justice issued an appropriate order. In the provisions of the decree (issued on the imposition of martial law on December 13, 1981) on remittal and forgiveness of certain offences, those ,,committed for political reasons’’ were mentioned amond others. Thus the lawyers could argue that the notion of political offence was know to the legislator, the only problem consisting in providing a more detailed legal regulation of that sphere. But the authorities chose a different solution. At the beginning, those convicted of the sc-called ,non-criminal" acts were granted an actual (and not legal) status of political prisoners. Later on, most of such persons were released from prison by the terms of the succeeding amnesty acts. in 1986, the Act on ,,decriminalization'' transferred the competence to decide in most of those cases to misdemeanour courts. The interest in the problems of political crime, increased since 1982, still persists in the circles of the Polish doctrine of penal law and criminology. There is a general trend to give that notion a broader interpretation as compared with the present doctrine of penal law which practically limits its range to offences against the state's basic political and economic interests only. We believe the Polish doctrine of penal law; criminology and legislation in Poland now face at least three basic questions: 1) whether to introduce into the law a special status of political offenders and prisoners in its traditional construction; 2) whether to recognize similarly a privileged legal situation of a larger group of ,,ideological nonconformists" mentioned by the ILO Convention No. 105;3) whether and to what extent to include in the notion of political offence the prohibited acts committed by state functionaries while exercising authority.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1989, XVI; 189-210
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Research into leeways in the regions of the Świnoujście– Szczecin fairway on the Szczecin Lagoon
Autorzy:: Kijewska, Monika
Kasyk, Lech
Pleskacz, Krzysztof
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/135601.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:: leeway
wind
downwind
crosswind
in-situ experiments
surface drifters
fairway
Szczecin Lagoon
Opis:: The paper analyzes the influence of air mass movement on moving (the leeway) surface water in the Świnoujście–Szczecin fairway region on the Szczecin Lagoon. The Szczecin Lagoon includes waters of the Odra River estuary (Poland’s second largest river) and the southern Baltic Sea. To calculate the leeway parameters, a relevant surface drifter was outlined and constructed. The data on the leeway of the drifter was obtained from in-situ experiments conducted on the Szczecin Lagoon in the summer of 2018. In turn, the air mass movement data was recorded at meteorological stations in Trzebież and Świnoujście. A statistical analysis of the leeway parameters of the drifter was also presented. Distributions of the leeway and wind speeds in the Świnoujście–Szczecin fairway regions were established. Moreover, linear regressions between the leeway and wind parameters were performed by decomposing the leeway into its downwind and crosswind components for each 10-minute sample. It is worth highlighting that relationships between these components of the leeway and wind parameters were studied for weak, medium, and stronger winds. This research may be useful for increasing navigation safety in the Świnoujście–Szczecin fairway regions on the Szczecin Lagoon.
Źródło:: Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2019, 59 (131); 62-71
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:: Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Comparative analysis of meteorological conditions on the shores of Szczecin Lagoon
Autorzy:: Kasyk, Lech
Pleskacz, Krzysztof
Kapuściński, Tomasz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24202521.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2022
Wydawca:: Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:: SAR
shipwreck drift modelling
Szczecin Lagoon safety
wind parameters modelling
wind parameters and forecasting
pollution drift modelling
Opis:: The definition of dynamic areas of searching for shipwrecks, and/or the movement of pollution across waters of Szczecin Lagoon first requires the knowledge and specification of hydro-meteorological conditions across the area. This article compares wind parameters from various sources of meteorological stations located close to Szczecin Lagoon. The wind speed and direction were obtained from Ueckermuende, I Brama Torowa (Urząd Morski Szczecin), and Kopice (wind meter of Szczecin Maritime Academy). Wind direction data analysis was based on directional statistics methods and tools.
Źródło:: Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2022, 70 (142); 83--93
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:: Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Modelowanie i symulacja napędów elektrycznych kolejowych pojazdów trakcyjnych z silnikami indukcyjnymi
Modeling and simulation of electric railway traction unit drives with induction motors
Autorzy:: Judek, Sławomir
Karwowski, Krzysztof
Lipiński, Lech
Miszewski, Mirosław
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/34655950.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011
Wydawca:: Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Poznański Instytut Technologiczny
Tematy:: trakcyjny układ napędowy
modelowanie
symulacja
elektryczny pojazd kolejowy
silnik indukcyjny
MATLAB/Simulink
metoda polowo-zorientowana RFOC
regulator prądu typu PI
analiza parametrów pojazdu
energochłonność pojazdu
parametry sterowania
Opis:: W artykule zaprezentowano model trakcyjnego układu napędowego dla elektrycznego pojazdu kolejowego. Model utworzono w środowisku Matlab/Simulink. Odwzorowuje on działanie silników indukcyjnych z algorytmem sterowania silnika według metody polowo-zorientowanej RFOC z regulatorami prądów typu PI z ograniczeniami sygnałów wyjściowych. Model sparametryzowano oraz przetestowano w zakresie poprawności działania. Uzyskane wyniki symulacyjne zweryfikowano z przebiegami rzeczywistymi uzyskanymi podczas jazdy na odcinku testowym. Opracowany model umożliwia wygodną analizę parametrów pojazdu. Wyznaczono energochłonność pojazdu z uwzględnieniem wpływu parametrów sterowania.
The paper describes a model of the traction drive system for electric railway vehicle. The drive train of ED-74 electric unit equipped with inverter-fed induction motors was modeled in Matlab/Simulink. It simulates the operation of the induction motors with the control algorithm according to the field-oriented RFOC method with PI current controllers with the limit values of the output signals and the input fllter. Model was parameterized and tested for correct operation. The results simulation was verified with the actual data obtained while driving the test distance. Chosen simulation results were presented and discussed. The model allows the convenient analysis of vehicle parameters. Vehicle energy consumption was determined taking into account effect of parameters control.
Źródło:: Rail Vehicles/Pojazdy Szynowe; 2011, 3; 25-29
0138-0370
2719-9630
Pojawia się w:: Rail Vehicles/Pojazdy Szynowe
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Tętniaki olbrzymie naczyń mózgowych u dzieci
Giant cerebral aneurysms in children
Autorzy:: Kropiwnicki, Tomasz
Kazanek, Marek
Polis, Lech
Zakrzewski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1059243.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2008
Wydawca:: Medical Communications
Tematy:: children
giant aneurysms
internal carotid artery
medial cerebral artery
subarachnoid hemorrhage
dzieci
tętniak olbrzymi
krwotok podpajęczynówkowy
tętnica szyjna wewnętrzna
tętnica środkowa mózgu
Opis:: Although children are a minority among patients with cerebral artery aneurysms, aneurisms in this age group remain a problem not to be ignored. The cause of this is a much higher incidence of giant aneurisms in child - ren in comparison to adults, sometimes with dramatic manifestation. Two children with giant aneurysms of cerebral arteries, operated on at the Department of Neurosurgery Polish Mother Memorial Hospital Research Institute in Łódź are presented in this paper. Thirteen-year-old girl had an aneurysm on the left internal cerebral artery (25 mm in diameter). Ten-year-old boy had an aneurysm on the right medial cerebral artery (40 mm in diameter). Both aneurysms presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Surgical treatment consisted of aneurysm clipping in the case of the boy and proximal internal cerebral artery ligation in case of the girl. In spite of surgery, the treatment was unsuccessful. on the basis of presented cases some problems connected with the management of pediatric patients with giant cerebral aneurysms are discussed.
Wśród ogółu pacjentów z tętniakami naczyń mózgowych pacjenci pediatryczni stanowią zdecydowaną mniejszość, jednak w tej grupie wiekowej stanowią one istotny problem kliniczny. Wynika to między innymi z faktu znacznie częstszego w stosunku do populacji dorosłych występowania tętniaków olbrzymich, których przebieg kliniczny bywa niekiedy dramatyczny. W pracy przedstawiono przypadki dwojga dzieci z tętniakami olbrzymimi naczyń mózgowych leczonych operacyjnie w Klinice Neurochirurgii Instytutu Centrum Zdrowia Matki Polki w Łodzi. U 13-letniej dziewczynki stwierdzono obecność tętniaka o średnicy 25 mm położonego na lewej tętnicy szyjnej wewnętrznej. U 10-letniego chłopca rozpoznano tętniaka o średnicy 40 mm zlokalizowanego na prawej tętnicy środkowej mózgu. Chorzy zostali przyjęci do szpitala z objawami krwotoku podpajęczynówkowego, w stanie ciężkim. W obu przypadkach zastosowano leczenie chirurgiczne polegające na zaklipsowaniu szyi tętniaka u chłopca oraz zaklipsowaniu naczynia doprowadzającego u dziewczynki. U obojga dzieci dalszy przebieg leczenia był niepomyślny. W oparciu o prezentowane przypadki w pracy omówiono problemy związane z leczeniem dzieci z tętniakami olbrzymimi naczyń mózgowych.
Źródło:: Aktualności Neurologiczne; 2008, 8, 2; 90-94
1641-9227
2451-0696
Pojawia się w:: Aktualności Neurologiczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Determining the degree of pulse absorption of air blast wave by spaced material systems
Określenie stopnia tłumienia impulsu fali uderzeniowej materiału wybuchowego w przestrzennych układach materiałowychSynthesis of HTPB using a semi-batch method
Autorzy:: Starczewski, Lech
Szcześniak, Krzysztof
Gmitrzuk, Michał
Nyc, Robert
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1065381.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020
Wydawca:: Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:: overpressure wave
detonation
explosive material
spaced material system
fala nadciśnienia
detonacja
materiał wybuchowy
przestrzenny układ materiałowy
Opis:: Praca przedstawia wyniki badań nad określeniem stopnia tłumienia impulsu fali podmuchowej, generowanej wybuchem cylindrycznego ładunku heksogenu flegmatyzowanego cerezyną, przez przestrzenne układy materiałowe. Badane układy montowano na wahadle balistycznym a miarą stopnia absorbcji energii był stopień wychylenia się wahadła. Zastosowane panele przestrzenne z elementami absorbującymi, symulowały konstrukcję płaskiego dna pojazdu poddanego jednokrotnemu udarowi siły.
Źródło:: Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne; 2020, 12, 1; 173-183
2083-0165
Pojawia się w:: Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Delegatura NIK we Wrocławiu. Dolny Śląsk pod lupą Delegatury
NIK REGIONAL BRANCH IN WROCŁAW Dolny Śląsk Under the Microscope of the NIK’s Wrocław Branch
Autorzy:: Kujawiński, Radosław
Matuszewska-Potempska, Violetta
Kowalczyk, Lech
Całka, Krzysztof
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/417146.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019-02
Wydawca:: Najwyższa Izba Kontroli
Opis:: Delegatura NIK we Wrocławiu powstała w1946r. jako placówka Biura Kontroli przy Prezydium Krajowej Rady Narodowej1. Przez dziesięciolecia, podobnie jak winnych terenowych jednostkach NIK, zmieniały się metody pracy, ludzie i siedziby. Niezmienna jest specyfika Dolnego Śląska, którą niemniej niż historia wyróżnia położenie geograficzne i związane z nim zagrożenie powodziowe. Jak ważne jest w związku z tym zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa mieszkańcom regionu pokazują kontrole prowadzone przez delegaturę. Myliłby się jednak ten, kto by sądził, że to jedyny ważny obszar kontrolny wrocławskiej jednostki NIK. Jest ich wiele, a różnorodność podejmowanych tematów i badanych podmiotów doskonale oddaje spektrum aktywności naczelnego organu kontroli w terenie.
Źródło:: Kontrola Państwowa; 2019, 64, 1/II (384); 375-398
0452-5027
Pojawia się w:: Kontrola Państwowa
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Evaluating the Prognostic Value of Selected Prognostic Scales in Patients Operated on Due to Peritonitis
Autorzy:: Paduszyńska, Katarzyna
Kaczka, Krzysztof
Dworzyńska, Agnieszka
Sieniawski, Karol
Pomorski, Lech
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1395835.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2014-12-18
Wydawca:: Index Copernicus International
Tematy:: peritonitis
mortality
prognostic scales
Opis:: The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of prognostic scales: ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologist), MPI (Meinheim Peritonitis Index), MOFS (the Multiple Organ Failure Score) and SPI (the Simple Prognostic Index) in the prognosis of the course of disease in patients operated on for peritonitis. Material and methods. The study was conducted in the Clinical Department of General and Oncological Surgery of the Medical University in Łódź between January 2009 to December 2010. During this period 263 patients were operated on for peritonitis. Before surgery all patients were classifed into particular groups according to the above mentioned prognostic scales according to their criteria. Results. There were 29 (11%) deaths. ASA ≥4 (p<0.0001), MPI >30 (p<0.0001) MOFS ≥2 (p<0.0001), SPI II, III, IV (p<0.0001) were important risk factors of death. Conclusions. 1. ASA, MPI, MOFS and SPI scales are of high signifcance in predicting the outcome in patients operated on for peritonitis. 2. The ASA scale in spite and due to its simplicity is adequate enough to be used in everyday practice in patients operated on for peritonitis. 3. The MPI scale is most suitable in the scientifc aims and in comparing the outcomes of patients operated on for peritonitis.
Źródło:: Polish Journal of Surgery; 2014, 86, 9; 422-428
0032-373X
2299-2847
Pojawia się w:: Polish Journal of Surgery
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Acinetobacter Baumannii Nosocomial Infections
Autorzy:: Sieniawski, Karol
Kaczka, Krzysztof
Rucińska, Monika
Gagis, Ludmiła
Pomorski, Lech
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1396395.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013-09-01
Wydawca:: Index Copernicus International
Tematy:: Acinetobacter baumannii
nosocomial infections
multidrug-resistant
Opis:: Nosocomial infections caused by strains Acinetobacter baumannii strands are a growing clinical problem. The occurrence of multidrug-resistant strands is observed and that limits the ways of therapy considerably. The aim of the study was to determine the rate of infection and susceptibility spectrum of the species Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from patients treated at Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Hospital in Zgierz with particular emphasis on surgical wards. Materials and methods. The material consisted of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were obtained from samples of materials from patients treated at Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Hospital in Zgierz from January to December 2011. Isolated bacterial strains were cultured at microbiological substrates. Isolates were identified to species using the VITEK 2 GN card (bioMérieux) and Vitek 2 automated system (bioMérieux). Susceptibility towards antibiotics of particular strains was determined by the means of AST NO 93 card. In the case of resistance towards carbapenem, the MIC was marked by E-test with Mueller Hinton substrate. The occurrence of MBL was verified by the means of disc system with Mueller Hinton substrate. Results. We have shown that total number of Acinetobacter baumannii infections at hospital was 140 (10,31% of total results of cultures). Percentage of Acinetobacter baumannii infections at wards: Intensive Care Unit 48%, Surgical Departments 20%, Internal Diseases Department 16%, Neurology 13%, other wards - 3%. The susceptibility percentage of Acinetobacter Baumannii against antibiotics: colistin 90%, imipenem 64%, meropenem 43%, ampicillin-sulbactam 28%, amikacin 27%, gentamicin 24%, cefepime 9%, ceftazidime 7%, ciprofloxacin 7% Conclusions. Acinetobacter baumannii infections are a significant proportion of nosocomial infections. Most relate to surgical wards and ICUs. Acinetobacter baumannii is resistant against most antibiotics. The highest percentage of sensitivity demonstrated for colistin and carbapenems
Źródło:: Polish Journal of Surgery; 2013, 85, 9; 483-490
0032-373X
2299-2847
Pojawia się w:: Polish Journal of Surgery
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Chłoniak Hodgkina u ciężarnej – opis przypadku
Hodgkin’s lymphoma during pregnancy – case report
Autorzy:: Teliga-Czajkowska, Justyna
Chełstowska, Monika
Lech-Marańda, Ewa
Sikorska, Anna
Czajkowski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1030159.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2014
Wydawca:: Medical Communications
Tematy:: Hodgkin’s lymphoma
chemotherapy
hematologic malignancies
pregnancy
treatment
chemioterapia
chłoniak hodgkina
ciąża
leczenie
nowotwory hematologiczne
Opis:: The incidence of hematologic malignancies in pregnancy ranges from 1:1000–1:10 000, with the most common lymphomas (1:1000–1:6000), Hodgkin’s lymphoma in particular. This paper describes a case of Hodgkin’s lymphoma diagnosed in a 36-year-old pregnant woman. The coexistence of pregnancy renders both the diagnosis and treatment more difficult. The signs of the disease may overlap with the symptoms associated with physiological pregnancy. The diagnosis is based on histopathological examination of the lesioned lymph node. The use of imaging techniques such as computed tomography and positron emission tomography should be avoided. Magnetic resonance and chest X-ray are acceptable; and there are no limitations for the use of ultrasound imaging. It is suggested that chemotherapy be delayed until the second trimester. The ABVD regimen is a standard treatment. In the case of disease progression, pregnancy termination and treatment outside pregnancy should be considered. In the case of pregnancy continuation, BEACOPP regimen may be used with optional, complementary radiotherapy. Treatment results for Hodgkin’s lymphoma diagnosed during pregnancy do not seem worse compared with age-matched groups. The management of pregnant patients with hematologic cancer requires care provided by a multidisciplinary team. Therapeutic decisions must account for the wellbeing of both, the mother and the fetus. The birth should be scheduled between courses so as to avoid pancytopenia in the patient and the newborn. The incidence of hematologic malignancies during pregnancy is rare, therefore it seems reasonable to collect data in the international registry in order to allow for an objective assessment of epidemiology, risk factors and treatment options.
Nowotwory hematologiczne występują u ciężarnych z częstością 1:1000–1:10 000. Wśród tych nowotworów najczęstsze są chłoniaki (1:1000–1:6000), a w tej grupie – chłoniaki Hodgkina. W pracy opisano przypadek chłoniaka Hodgkina rozpoznanego w ciąży u 36-letniej kobiety. Współistnienie ciąży utrudnia zarówno rozpoznanie, jak i leczenie. Objawy przedmiotowe mogą nakładać się na dolegliwości towarzyszące fizjologicznej ciąży. Rozpoznanie ustalane jest na podstawie badania histopatologicznego zmienionego węzła chłonnego. Badania obrazowe, takie jak tomografia komputerowa i pozytonowa emisyjna tomografia komputerowa, nie powinny być przeprowadzane. Dopuszcza się wykonanie rezonansu magnetycznego i zdjęcia rentgenowskiego klatki piersiowej; nie ma ograniczeń co do badań ultrasonograficznych. Sugeruje się przesunięcie rozpoczęcia chemioterapii na II trymestr. Standardem leczenia jest program ABVD. W przypadku progresji choroby należy rozważyć zakończenie ciąży i leczenie jak poza ciążą. Przy kontynuacji ciąży można zastosować program BEACOPP, z ewentualną uzupełniającą radioterapią. Wyniki leczenia chłoniaka Hodgkina rozpoznanego w ciąży nie wydają się gorsze w porównaniu z grupami dobranymi wiekowo. Postępowanie z ciężarnymi pacjentkami z hematologicznym nowotworem wymusza opiekę zespołu wielospecjalistycznego. Decyzje terapeutyczne wymagają uwzględnienia zarówno dobra matki, jak i płodu. Poród dziecka powinien być zaplanowany pomiędzy kursami leczenia, tak aby uniknąć pancytopenii u chorej i noworodka. Ze względu na rzadkie występowanie nowotworów hematologicznych w ciąży wydaje się zasadne zbieranie danych w międzynarodowym rejestrze, co pozwoli na obiektywną ocenę epidemiologii, czynników ryzyka oraz opcji terapeutycznych.
Źródło:: Current Gynecologic Oncology; 2014, 12, 1; 67-72
2451-0750
Pojawia się w:: Current Gynecologic Oncology
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 12.

Tytuł:: Distribution of cathepsin L in human umbilical cord tissues
Autorzy:: Gogiel, Tomasz
Wolańska, Małgorzata
Galewska, Zofia
Kinalski, Piotr
Sobolewski, Krzysztof
Romanowicz, Lech
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1038609.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:: cathepsin L
cysteine protease inhibitors
umbilical cord
umbilical cord artery
umbilical cord vein
Wharton's jelly
Opis:: The extracellular matrix components show specific distribution patterns within various structures of the umbilical cord, among which Wharton's jelly is especially collagen-rich tissue. Cathepsin L is a potent cysteine protease engaged in degradation of extracellular matrix proteins, including collagens. We evaluated the activity and expression of cathepsin L, and the inhibitory effect of cysteine protease inhibitors in the umbilical cord arteries, vein and Wharton's jelly. Cathepsin L activity and anti-papain inhibitory effect of cysteine protease inhibitors were quantified in extracts of separated umbilical cord tissues using fluorogenic substrates. The results were calculated per DNA content. The enzyme expression was assessed by Western immunoblotting. The active cathepsin L activity (without activation by pepsin digestion), its percentage in the total activity (after pepsin activation), and the expression of the mature single-chain enzyme were the lowest in the umbilical cord arteries and the highest in Wharton's jelly. The effect of cysteine protease inhibitors showed similar distribution as in the case of the active enzyme, being the highest in Wharton's jelly. Distribution of the activity and expression of mature cathepsin L within the umbilical cord probably results from distinctions in the proenzyme activation process. Differences in the action of cysteine protease inhibitors can partly restrict divergences in the enzyme activity that could reflect its expression alone. Differential enzyme action seems to contribute to tissue-specific collagen turnover within the umbilical cord cells, especially those of Wharton's jelly.
Źródło:: Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2017, 64, 3; 507-512
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:: Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:: Nowa sprawozdawczość instytucji kultury
Autorzy:: Kowalik, Wojciech
Malczyk, Krzysztof
Maźnica, Łukasz
Knaś, Piotr
Stępniak, Weronika
Dulian, Lech
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/2026954.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Małopolski Instytut Kultury
Opis:: Książka jest podsumowaniem dwuletnich działań badawczych i analitycznych dotyczących statystyki publicznej i sprawozdawczości instytucji kultury w Polsce. Zrealizowany projekt miał charakter (1) ewaluacji programu statystyki publicznej realizowanego przez Główny Urząd Statystyczny w obszarze sprawozdawczości instytucji kultury w Polsce oraz (2) opracowania nowej metody gromadzenia danych o systemie instytucji/ organizacji kultury w Polsce. Celem tych prac było zaproponowanie rozwiązań dostosowanych do zmieniającej się dynamicznie sytuacji systemu kultury w Polsce. Naszym celem było zaproponowanie nowego schematu/ modelu informacji o działalności instytucji kultury. Jak napisaliśmy w książce, zależy nam na tym, aby efekt naszych prac stał się podstawą do analiz metod sprawozdawczości w obszarze kultury zarówno dla GUS, jak i Międzyresortowego Zespołu ds. Statystyki Kultury. Wyszliśmy z założenia, że oprócz (negatywistycznej) krytyki istniejącego stanu rzeczy warto dokonywać (pozytywistycznych) eksperymentów wskazujących możliwe kierunki zmian lub też ślepe zaułki mierzenia aktywności w obszarze kultury.
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 14.

Tytuł:: Cholelithiasis – always infected?
Autorzy:: Matyjas, Tomasz
Pomorski, Lech
Witas, Henryk
Płoszaj, Tomasz
Matyjas, Katarzyna
Kaczka, Krzysztof
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1393554.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Index Copernicus International
Tematy:: bile
bile deposits
gallstones
biliary infection
bacteria
Opis:: This study aims to present results regarding the presence and identification of bacterial strains found in bile and gallstones located in the gallbladder and bile ducts in patients operated on due to cholelithiasis. Materials and Methods. Bacterial culture was evaluated in 92 patients. There were 54 women (59%) and 38 men (41%) who underwent surgery on account of cholelithiasis and /or gallstones in bile ducts between 2013 and 2014. Bile and gallstone samples were cultured intraoperatively for bacteria; bacterial strains were identified, and their sensitivity to antibiotics was determined. Molecular methods (NGS and Sanger method) were used to separate bacterial strains in one of the gallbladder stones and the results were compared with bacterial strains grown from the bile. Results. Bile cultures were positive in 46 patients that is, 50% of the study group. The following bacteria strains were grown: Enterococcus spp. (44%), Escherichia coli (37%) and Klebsiella spp. (35%). Candidiasis accompanied by bacterial infection was detected in 7 patients (15%). Molecular testing of gallstones revealed DNA of Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Streptococcus spp. and Clostridium spp. In the bile culture of the same patient Enterococcus spp. (avium and faecalis) was detected. Conclusion 1. More than one pathogen was grown on samples obtained from 31 patients (70%) with bile infection. 2. The most common pathogens include Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. 3. Bacterial infections are often accompanied by a fungal infection (Candida albicans) 4. Bacterial strains grown from a gallstone sample partially corresponded with strains identified in the bile of the same patient.
Źródło:: Polish Journal of Surgery; 2017, 89, 3; 23-26
0032-373X
2299-2847
Pojawia się w:: Polish Journal of Surgery
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Kamica żółciowa – czy zawsze zakażona?
Autorzy:: Matyjas, Tomasz
Pomorski, Lech
Witas, Henryk
Płoszaj, Tomasz
Matyjas, Katarzyna
Kaczka, Krzysztof
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1393675.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Index Copernicus International
Tematy:: żółć
złogi żółciowe
kamica żółciowa
zakażenie żółci
bakterie
Opis:: Celem pracy jest przedstawienie wyników badań dotyczących obecności i identyfikacji gatunkowej bakterii obecnych w żółci i złogach z pęcherzyka żółciowego i dróg żółciowych u chorych operowanych z powodu kamicy żółciowej. Materiał i metody. Zbadano florę bakteryjną żółci u 92 pacjentów – 54 kobiet (59%) i 38 mężczyzn (41%) – których w latach 2013–2014 poddano zabiegom chirurgicznym z powodu kamicy pęcherzyka i/lub kamicy dróg żółciowych. Żółć i złogi pobrano śródoperacyjnie na podłoże dla wzrostu bakterii, a następnie identyfikowano florę bakteryjną i określano jej wrażliwość na antybiotyki. Metodami molekularnymi (NGS oraz metodą Sangera) wyodrębniono gatunki bakterii w jednym ze złogów z pęcherzyka żółciowego, a wyniki porównano z gatunkami bakterii wyhodowanymi z żółci. Wyniki. Dodatnie wyniki posiewów żółci stwierdzono u 46 chorych, czyli 50% z nich. Wyhodowane z żółci rodzaje bakterii to: Enterococcus spp. (44 %), Escherichia coli (37%) oraz Klebsiella spp. (35%). U 7 pacjentów (15%) stwierdzono infekcję grzybami z rodzaju Candida, która współistniała z zakażeniem bakteryjnym. W zbadanym molekularnie złogu z pęcherzyka żółciowego wykryto DNA bakteryjne Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp., Streptococcus spp. oraz Clostridium spp., a w posiewie żółci od tego samego chorego Enterococcus spp. (avium i fecalis). Wnioski. 1. U 31 chorych (70%) z zakażeniem żółci wyhodowano więcej niż jeden patogen. 2. Najczęstsze wyhodowane patogeny to: Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli i Klebsiella spp. 3. Zakażeniom bakteryjnym często towarzyszyła infekcja grzybicza (Candida albicans). 4. Gatunki bakterii obecne w złogu, zostały częściowo zidentyfikowane również w żółci u tego samego pacjenta.
Źródło:: Polish Journal of Surgery; 2017, 89, 3; 23-26
0032-373X
2299-2847
Pojawia się w:: Polish Journal of Surgery
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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