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Tytuł:
Biblioteka Instytutu Historii Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II
The Library of the Institute of History of the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
Autorzy:
Nowakowska, Monika
Pawłowska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1022575.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-12-16
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Biblioteka Instytutu Historii Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II
Biblioteka Zakładu Historii Kultury
księgozbiór
darowizny
czytelnicy
ekslibris
Elżbieta Janicka-Olczak
prof. Stanisław Olczak
The Library of the Institute of History of the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
the Library of the Institute of the History of Culture
book collection
readers
donations
ex-libris
Opis:
The Library of the Institute of History of the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin collects, describes and lends books, magazines, maps from such fields as history, archaeology, archive, art history, cartography, tourism. According to historical sources, the library was established in 1918 or 1919. Initially, the library was named the Library of the Historical Seminar. The size of the collection increased both through purchase and through donations. The books were donated, among others, by prof. Zygmunt Sułowski, prof. Stanisław Litak, prof. Wictoria Śliwowska, Rev. Dr Stefan Mizera. The Library was run successively by Stanisław Olczak  and Elżbieta Janicka-Olczak.
Źródło:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne; 2015, 104; 225-236
0518-3766
2545-3491
Pojawia się w:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Czym jest polski design?
Autorzy:
Kostrzyńska-Miłosz, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1186520.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
Polish design
history of design
Cepelia
The Institute of
Industrial Design
Ład
Wanda Telakowska
Opis:
The article touches upon the question of the history of Polish industrial design. It analyses its genesis since the second half of the nineteenth century as well as the crucial problem of how ‘Polish’ and nationally rooted were, in fact, the forms presented by the Polish designers at the time. Further reflections on the topic show two main tendencies – inspirations emerging from folk art and the search for modernity (characteristic of the entire European design during the period). Both tendencies are still present in Polish design.
Źródło:
Załącznik Kulturoznawczy; 2019, 6; 91-104
2392-2338
Pojawia się w:
Załącznik Kulturoznawczy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
WARSZAWSKIE ŚRODOWISKO HISTORYKÓW HISTORIOGRAFII ZE SZCZEGÓLNYM UWZGLĘDNIENIEM UCZONYCH ZWIĄZANYCH Z INSTYTUTEM HISTORII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
THE WARSAW GROUP OF HISTORIANS OF HISTORIOGRAPHY WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON SCHOLARS WORKING IN THE INSTITUTE OF HISTORY OF THE POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Autorzy:
ROMEK, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/909873.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-06-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
History of historiography
scholars of the Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw
scientific publications by Andrzej Wierzbicki
Opis:
The development of the history of historiography in Poland was inspired by Marceli Handelsman, a professor at the Warsaw University in 1915-1939. Aft er World War II, his students Marian Henryk Serejski and later Andrzej Feliks Grabski and Andrzej Wierzbicki - employees of the Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw – developed research describing the impact of contemporary culture, current beliefs and political trends on historical research. Today, in the Warsaw group of historians, that research work is continued by Zbigniew Romek and Marcin Wolniewicz.
Źródło:
Historia@Teoria; 2017, 2, 4; 111-120
2450-8047
Pojawia się w:
Historia@Teoria
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Vinctis non victis. Wybrane implikacje zbrodni katyńskiej z 1940 r. Przeszłość i współczesność
Autorzy:
Glugla, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1931496.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Security apparatus
Katyn
20th century
communist regime
archives of the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN)
Opis:
In the spring of 1940, the Soviets massacred thousands of Polish officers who were in Soviet camps, and buried them in mass graves in Katyn. In 1943 Nazi Germany officially informed the world about this massacre. The communists ruthlessly tried to blame the Germans. Polish representatives went to Katyn. They were eyewitnesses to the discovery of the truth about the mass murder. Each of the Polish delegates was then harassed by the security apparatus. The lie promoted by the communist regime for half a century was only revealed in 1989. Families of the murdered officers were also victims for decades. With the breakup of the Soviet Union and the wave of perestroika (restructuring) in 1990, on the next anniversary of the crime the Soviet press agency reported for the first time in history that the Soviet NKVD was responsible for the murder of these Polish officers. The Katyn massacre was, and is, intertwined with politics.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie; 2020, 4(28); 101-126
1643-6911
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Publikacje prof. Jana Flisa w zbiorach biblioteki Instytutu Geografii Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego im. KEN w Krakowie
Publications of Professor Jan Flis in the collections of the Library of the Institute of Geography of the Pedagogical University of Cracow
Autorzy:
Świętek, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/471541.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
Tematy:
Jan Flis
publikacje
zbiory Biblioteki Instytutu Geografii Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego w Krakowie
publications
collections of the library of the Institute of Geography of the Pedagogical University of Cracow
Opis:
Professor Jan Flis began his collaboration with the Higher College of Teacher Training in 1951, and since 1960 he has become its full-time employee, which he remained until the end of his long teaching and academic career. One of the most important record of his research activity (especially in the area of teaching), is an extensive collection of his publications that can be found in the Library of the Institute of Geography of the Pedagogical University of Cracow, which the author compiled into the article. In the article, the author compiled 135 publications. They are divided into several thematic sections: geography teaching, college teaching, the physical geography of the world, regional geography of the world, physical geography of Poland, cartography and topography, reviews, translations, and others. Within those groups, the publications are presented in chronological order.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica; 2013, 4 Współczesne obszary badań w dydaktyce geografii; 53-58
2084-5456
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Geographica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Historyczny wymiar Jezusa i Jego Ewangelii. Sześćdziesiąt lat badań biblistów KUL
The Historical Aspect of Jesus and His Gospel. The Sixty Years of Research of Biblical Scholars from KUL
Autorzy:
Mielcarek, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1053265.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-11-07
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Jezus historyczny
historyczność Ewangelii
Instytut Nauk Biblijnych
historical Jesus
Gospels’ historicity
The Institute of Biblical Studies
Opis:
The paper contains a history of the biblical research conducted at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin that has dealt with the quest for historical Jesus and with the historical approach to the Gospels. The author gives a broad panorama of the of Polish scholars’ contribution to that topic over the last six decades. Because of his exceptional impact on the Polish scholarship in these matters a distinct place of honour has to be ascribed to Rev. Prof. Józef Kudasiewicz.
Źródło:
The Biblical Annals; 2013, 3, 1; 109-118
2083-2222
2451-2168
Pojawia się w:
The Biblical Annals
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zakład Kryminologii INP PAN z perspektywy współczesnej
Department of Criminology of the Institute of Law Studies in a Modern Perspective
Autorzy:
Buczkowski, Konrad
Klaus, Witold
Woźniakowska-Fajst, Dagmara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698876.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
Instytut Nauk Prawnych Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Zakład Kryminologii INP PAN
Institute of Law Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Department of Criminology of the Institute of Law Studies
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 49-63
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Geologia stosowana w badaniach Karola Bohdanowicza i jego polskich uczniów na Syberii na przełomie XIX i XX wieku
Autorzy:
Wójcik, Andrzej J. Wójcik
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/944457.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Umiejętności
Tematy:
geologia stosowana
Syberia
Karol Bohdanowicz
polscy inżynierowie Instytutu Górniczego
applied geology
Siberia
Polish engineers of the Institute of Mining
Opis:
Badania w zakresie geologii stosowanej (geologii złóż, geologii inżynierskiej, hydrogeologii) na przełomie XIX i XX wieku na obszarze Syberii prowadzili także absolwenci Instytutu Górniczego skupieni wokół Karola Bohdanowicza. Wśród nich byli między innymi Stefan Czarnocki i Stanisław Doktorowicz-Hrebnicki. Ich działalność na terenie Syberii stała się dowodem na istnienie „szkoły” Bohdanowicza, a wyniki ich prac naukowych na trwale weszły do dorobku nauki i stały się podstawą do tworzenia górnictwa surowców mineralnych.
Research in the field of applied geology (geology of deposits, engineering geology, hydrogeology) at the turn of the 20th century in Siberia, was conducted by the graduates of the Institute of Mining led by Karol Bohdanowicz. The team included, among others, Stefan Czarnocki and Stanisław Doktorowicz-Hrebnicki. Their activity in Siberia became a proof that the so-called “Bohdanowicz’s school” existed and the results of their research have earned their place in the science and have become the basis for developing the mining of mineral resources.
Źródło:
Studia Historiae Scientiarum; 2016, 15; 193-215
2451-3202
Pojawia się w:
Studia Historiae Scientiarum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
HISTORIA HISTORIOGRAFII NA UNIWERSYTECIE WARSZAWSKIM
THE HISTORY OF HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW
Autorzy:
BŁACHOWSKA, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/909872.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-06-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
history of historiography
Institute of History at the University of Warsaw
Opis:
The history of historiography as an independent discipline was created in 1948-1958. In the academic year 1957/1958, the Historical Institute established the Department of History of Historiography and Methodology of History Teaching. Th e initiator of its creation and subsequently its fi rst director was Wanda Moszczeńska (1896-1974), a student of Marcel Handelsman (1882-1945). Th e most successful period of the department was 1976-1997, when the Department was led by Jerzy Maternik, a student of Wanda Moszczeńska.
Źródło:
Historia@Teoria; 2017, 2, 4; 123-133
2450-8047
Pojawia się w:
Historia@Teoria
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Osiągnięcia i kierunki badań naukowych i wdrożeniowych dla kolejnictwa prowadzone w Zakładzie Sterowania Ruchem PW
Achievements and Trends in the Scientific Research and Practical Applications in the Field of Railway Engineering Conducted in the Train Operation Unit of the Warsaw Institute of Technology
Autorzy:
Dąbrowa-Bajon, M.
Zabłocki, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/215065.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Kolejnictwa
Tematy:
działalność
historia
Zakład Sterowania Ruchem Politechnika Warszawska
activity
history
Train Operation Unit of the Transport Department of the Warsaw Institute of Technology
Opis:
Artykuł prezentuje działalność Zakładu Sterowania Ruchem Wydziału Transportu Politechniki Warszawskiej w ostatnich 40 latach. Podstawowymi kierunkami tej działalności są badania, modernizacja, projektowanie i wdrażanie systemów kierowania i sterowania ruchem kolejowym (ksr). Do najważniejszych osiągnięć Zakładu, wypracowywanych przez wiele lat, należy koncepcja struktury hierarchicznego systemu ksr. Na jej podstawie były opracowane, a następnie wdrożone systemy ksr w kolejnictwie i metrze warszawskim. Ponadto przedstawiono informacje o bieżącej działalności Zakładu.
The paper presents the activities of the Train Operation Unit of the Transport Department of the Warsaw Institute of Technology during the past 40 years. Its basic line of activity includes scientific research, engineering design and practical application of the control and safety installations. The most significant achievements of the Unit, as a result of many years of work, include the concept of structure of the hierarchic control and safety installation . Basic on this concept, control and safety installations were worked out and implemented in the Polish Railways and the Warsaw Metro. Additionally, an information about current activities of the Unit are presented.
Źródło:
Problemy Kolejnictwa; 2011, 152; 103-110
0552-2145
2544-9451
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Kolejnictwa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rola Instytutu Lotnictwa w badaniach kosmicznych
Institute of Aviation activities in the field of space research
Autorzy:
Wiśniowski, W.
Wolański, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/212439.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Lotnictwa
Tematy:
napędy rakietowe
badania kosmiczne w Instytucie Lotnictwa
program INTERKOSMOS
rocket drives
space research at the Institute of Aviation
Intercosmos program
Opis:
Przedstawiono przegląd pionierskiej działalności oraz aktualnych osiągnięć Instytutu Lotnictwa w dziedzinie badań kosmicznych. Omówiono prace związane z rozwojem techniki rakietowej i rakiet meteorologicznych, które prowadzono w drugiej połowie ubiegłego wieku. Przedstawiono informacje dotyczące budowy pierwszych polskich satelitarnych instrumentów pomiarowych wysyłanych w kosmos w latach siedemdziesiątych ubiegłego stulecia w ramach programu INTERKOSMOS. Scharakteryzowano działalność zespołu zajmującego się pozyskiwaniem i przetwarzaniem obrazów oraz pracowni technologii kosmicznych, gdzie prowadzone są prace nad rozwojem ekologicznych napędów rakietowych, w których jako utleniacz wykorzystywany jest wysoko stężony nadtlenek wodoru. Przedstawiono również prace rozwojowe nad silnikami rakietowymi do napędu satelitów i małych rakiet kosmicznych.
Pioneering and resent activities carried out at the Institute of Aviation in the field of space research are described. Development of rocket propulsion and meteorological sounding rockets at second part of last century are presented. Also informations concerning first Polish space instruments, designed and built at the Institute of Aviation and send into space under INTERKOSMOS program are described. Activities of division of teledetection and division of space technology are also presented. Development of green rocket propulsion systems, based on highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide for satellites and small rocket launchers are also described.
Źródło:
Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa; 2014, 1 (234) March 2014; 9-16
0509-6669
2300-5408
Pojawia się w:
Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Biblioteka Instytutu Ekonomii i Zarządzania Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II w latach 1918-2017
The Library of the Institute of Economics and Management of the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin in the Years 1918-2017
Autorzy:
Nowakowska, Monika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/30145725.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
Biblioteka Instytutu Ekonomii i Zarządzania
Instytut Ekonomii i Zarządzania
księgozbiór
biblioteka naukowa
The Library of the Institute of Economics and Management of the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
Institute of Economics and Management of the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
book collection
scientific library
Opis:
Biblioteka Instytutu Ekonomii i Zarządzania Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II gromadzi, opracowuje i udostępnia książki i czasopisma z zakresu m.in. ekonomii, zarządzania, marketingu i międzynarodowych stosunków gospodarczych. Biblioteka włącza się w realizację zadań szkoleniowych i dydaktycznych, które mają na celu szkolenie czytelników z nowoczesnymi e-zasobami. Według historycznych źródeł biblioteka powstała w drugiej dekadzie XX wieku. Początkowo biblioteka funkcjonowała jako Biblioteka Seminarium Statystyczno-Ekonomicznego. Po likwidacji Wydziału Prawa i Nauk Społeczno-Ekonomicznych księgozbiór nauk ekonomicznych został włączony do Biblioteki Zakładu Socjologii. W 1981 r. Zakład Ekonomii został reaktywowany. Wtedy też zaczęła funkcjonować biblioteka dla Sekcji Ekonomii. W późniejszym czasie przemianowano ją na Bibliotekę Instytutu Ekonomii, a potem na Bibliotekę Instytutu Ekonomii i Zarządzania. Księgozbiór biblioteczny pozyskiwany jest zarówno drogą zakupów, jak i darów.
The Library of the Institute of Economics and Management of the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin collects, describes and lends books, magazines from such fields as economics, management, marketing, international economic relations. The library is involved in the implementation of training and didactic tasks to instruct readers with modern e-resources. According to historical sources, the library was established in the second decade of the twentieth century. Initially, the library was named as the Library of the Statistical-Economic Seminar. When the Faculty of Law and Socioeconomic Sciences was put into liquidation in 1952, the collection was transferred to the Library of the School of Sociology. In 1981 the School of Economics was re-established. Then the Library of the School Economics started to work. Later it was renamed as the Library of the Institute of Economics and then the Library of the Institute of Economics and Management. The size of the collection increased both through purchase and through donations.
Źródło:
Roczniki Ekonomii i Zarządzania; 2017, 9, 2; 29-40
2081-1837
2544-5197
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Ekonomii i Zarządzania
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Organy bezpieczeństwa wobec Niższego Seminarium Duchownego w Bińczu na podstawie archiwaliów Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej
The activity of Security Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Towards the Minor Seminary in Bincze Based on the Records of the Institute of National Remembrance
Autorzy:
Konkol, Konrad
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/494691.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-10-01
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe Franciszka Salezego
Tematy:
niższe seminarium duchowne, organy bezpieczeństwa, Kościół Rzymskokatolicki, Bińcze, PRL, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej
Minor Seminary, Security Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Roman Catholic Church, Bincze, the People Republic of Poland, the Institute of National Remembrance
Opis:
Minor seminary in Bincze was established in February 1958. It was destined for adult students without high-school certificate but willing to continue their education on theological studies. For three years of its activity Minor Seminary in Bincze was subjected to surveillance of the communist Security Service, which was closely cooperating with civil servants. Enlisted, secret collaborators handed over information about everyday functioning of the seminary and private lives of its lecturers, alumni and people connected with it. Those actions emerged as a result of the communist policy of secularization intended to fight with catholic religion throughout the country. Minor seminary in Bincze is perceived as a victim of this communist policy, as it was illegally closed on 7th August, 1961.
Źródło:
Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe; 2015, 36, 4; 169-181
1232-8766
Pojawia się w:
Seminare. Poszukiwania naukowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kryminogeneza i sposoby jej badania
Origin of Crime and Methods of Research
Autorzy:
Tyszkiewicz, Leon
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698864.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
kryminogeneza
badania kryminologiczne
czyn zabroniony
czynniki kryminogenne
Zakład Kryminologii INP PAN
origin of crime
prohibited act
Department of Criminology of the Institute of Law Studies
criminological research
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 215-225
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Grupy nieletnich przestępców
Gangs of juvenile delinquents
Autorzy:
Pawełczyńska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699155.pdf
Data publikacji:
1960
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
grupy przestępcze
nieletni przestępcy
badania
Zakład Kryminologii Państwowej Akademii Nauk
Warszawa
criminal groups
juvenile offenders
research
Department of Criminology at the Institute of Legal Sciences of the Polish Academy of Science
Warsaw
kradzieże
chuligaństwo
thefts
hooliganism
Opis:
In the years 1953 to 1955 the Department of Criminology of the Institute of Legal Sciences carried out research on gangs of juvenile delinquents; it was a matter of the offences committed by three or more boys aged up to 17 who formed gangs of offenders. At the Warsaw Juvenile Court the records of 716 juveniles who had, during the period in question; participated in 181 crime-committing gangs, have been investigated. Out of this material detailed investigation has been carried out on 50 groups, comprising 215 juveniles. Such detailed investigation comprised environment interviews in the family home, comprehensive conversations with the mothers, interviews at the schools, psychological examination of the minors themselves (part of them were also examined by a physician) and talks with the juveniles, who were investigated in detail from the point of view of the problem of gangs. Apart from the research carried out in Warsaw, 74 gangs comprising 309 juvenile offenders were investigated at the Juvenile Courts in the following provincial cities: Łódź, Katowice, Cracow, and Bialystok. The research dealt with all the gangs of juvenile offenders whose cases came before the above-mentioned four Juvenile Courts in the first six months of 1954. Such research has been carried out by the Judges of the Juvenile courts themselves, according to a special questionnaire; and consisted in the juveniles giving detailed evidence concerning circumstances such as participation in the gangs, in talks with the mothers, and environment interviews (with part of the cases also psychological examination was carried out). The basic material for the present, contribution are the 50 Warsaw and the 74 provincial gangs, all of them investigated in detail. 1. Out of a total of 255 gangs investigated (181 gangs investigated on the basis of judicial record and 124 gangs investigated in detail) there were: a) 113 gangs systematically committing thefts. b) 36 gangs committing either thefts or else deeds consisting in aggressively accosting or beating up (whether boys of their own age or older persons), in destroying property and in disturbing public peace. These are so-called acts of hooliganism. c) 24 gangs committing only acts of a hooligan character mentioned above. Finally, out of the 255 gangs investigated 82 gangs were selected which had committed only one theft, and the majority of which cannot be considered to be offender gangs because of the lack of any real bond between the members of such gangs. The age of the members of the offender gangs was as follows: 17.3 per cent of the boys were under 10 years of age. 34.6 per cent were from 11 to 12. 31 per cent were from 13 to 14. 17.1 per cent were from 15 to 17. The percentages in the several types of gangs are, in principle, rather similar. In the gangs which systematically committed thefts a bigger span between the ages of the members was found than in the other types of gangs. While in the remaining types of gangs the juveniles are usually of the same age, or else the difference of age between them amounts to from one to two years, in the gangs which systematically commit thefts, in 37 per cent of the cases the difference of age amounts to more than three years. As far as the number of members of whom a gang was composed is concerned, detailed investigation has established the fact that gangs numbering from three to four members amounted merely to 16 per cent, while gangs composed of six and more members were as many as 64 per cent (gangs of ten and more members were 22 per cent), It ought to be stressed that the actual number of members of a gang was not known to the Court; in the records the number of members of such an offender gang was, as a rule, considerably smaller. 2. The data concerning the home environment of the members of the gangs under investigation, their way of life and personality look more or less similarly as those concerning juvenile recidivists whose cases are discussed in the same volume of the Archives, and this is why we do not discuss these data in detail here. It is worth noting that a bad material situation of the families was more frequent in the case of the juveniles belonging to the gangs which went in for systematic thefts than with the other types of gangs: there were 60 per cent of such cases, while e.g. with the members of hooligan gangs the same situation was found in a mere 21 per cent. In the gangs which went in for systematic thefts there were more juveniles who hailed from homes where the family life had altogether gone to pieces. They were families in which an accumulation of such factors as the alcoholism of the fathers, continual brawls in the home, delinquency, etc., was found. In 66.6 per cent of the gangs which went in for systematical stealing all their members came just from such families, while e.g. in 45 per cent of the hooligan gangs all their members carne from families in which no decay of the family was found. Similarly, the number of children deprived of parental control at home was the largest among the members of the gangs which went in for systematic stealing. On the other hand, a bad attitude of the parents towards their child was more frequently found among the members of hooligan gangs than in the other types of gangs. The percentage of fathers who treated their children brutally was also highest here. 3. With offender gangs it is a matter of great importance whether the members of such gangs had committed criminal offences prior to their starting criminal their activities in gangs. In the areas of the several Juvenile Courts the percentage of juveniles who had previously been committing offences amounted to from 30.3 per cent to 52.6 per cent. The largest number of juveniles who had been committing crimes before, and consequently brought a considerable degree of depravation with them into the gangs belongs to the hooligan-and-stealing gangs (62.4 per cent) and to the gangs which go in for systematic thefts (42.4 per cent). On the other hand, the percentage of recidivists is low in the hooligan gangs and in those gangs which committed theft but once. Thefts constitute 76.7 per cent of the total of the offences committed previously, thefts together with hooligan acts - 14 per cent, and hooligan offences alone - only 9.3 per cent. Prior to their joining the gang, the boys stole mostly small sums of money, and' in the next place, food and sweets. Thefts of intoxicating liquor appear more frequently than with other types with those juveniles who later on joined hooligan gangs. At the time of making our investigations, the juveniles who acted in delinquent gangs had already gone astray considerably, and their way of life was almost entirely disorganized. 4. The data concerning the origin of the gangs show that: 40 per cent of the gangs arose owing to contacts between boys who lived in the neighborhood; 32 per cent of them arose partly owing to neighbourly contacts, and partly owing to acquaintance struck at school; 15 per cent of the gangs arose as a result of boys meeting in the street, in public parks, at the cinema, in various places of public entertainment; 9 per cent of the groups were composed of boys who had met only at school; 4 per cent of the gangs were composed of boys who had come near each other during escapes from home or a correctional institution. The large majority of the gangs which arose owing to neighborhood and school contacts consists of stealing gangs. The picture is altogether different in the case of gangs which arose in places of common entertainment. Here the majority consists of hooligan gangs mostly formed by older boys. The period of activity of such a gang down to the moment of it committing its first offence is mostly very brief. The mechanism of the formation of such criminal gangs also varied: the boys, as a rule, at first formed groups just with the view to having good time. The transformation of ordinary neighborhood groups for purposes of play into criminal gangs was fostered by the family conditions of the members of such groups; by the lack of adequate care and of proper bonds between the boy and his family home, as well as by the harmful influence of the social environment at large. School becomes, under certain circumstances, an additional factor favorable for the creation of gangs. Part of the members of such gangs consist of children who are excitable, nervous, retarded in development, and encountering great difficulties in adapting themselves to study at school and to the requirements set by the school. Such children easily become alienated from the pupils community, forming a peculiar social margin within the school. 5. From the point of view of organizational structure we can distinguish, in the material under investigation, loose gangs, gangs with certain elements of organization, and organized gangs. Loose gangs amounted to 52.4 per cent. Their composition varied, they lacked elements of an organization altogether, they had no leader and no ,,den" of their own. Organized gangs, with a leader and a crystallized division of roles within the gang, amounted to 23.4 per cent. Gangs with but some elements of organization amounted to 24.2 per cent. Organized gangs occur more frequently among the gangs which go in for systematic stealing (35 per cent) than among other types of gangs, while, on the other hand, loose gangs are typical, of hooligan gangs (91 per cent). There exists a very essential difference between the gangs which go in for systematic stealing and those of a hooligan character. While the former are offender gangs the prime purpose of which is to commit thefts, the gangs which go in for hooligan offences are really groups for purposes of play, with whom the offence is closely connected with perverted play. 6. With the gangs which committed thefts the object of such thefts were mostly things of very small material value - food in 31 per cent of the cases, sums of money, mostly very small, in 10 per cent, sports and technical articles in 10.1 per cent, sweets in 9.1 per cent, alcoholic liquors in 8.5 per cent, building materials in 7 per cent, clothing in 6,4 per cent, while bicycles accounted for only 1.1 per cent, and watches and jewelry - for 0.8 per cent. A comparison between the objects stolen by the hooligan-cum-stealing gangs with those stolen by the stealing ones shows obvious differences in accordance with the type of the gang. In the gangs which went in for stealing only, the most frequent object of theft is food (37 per cent), then sport and technical articles (12.9 per cent), sweets (11.8 per cent), clothing are (8.3 per cent). Alcoholic liquors one of the most infrequent objects of theft (0.8 per cent). On the other hand, with the hooligan-cum-stealing gangs, it is precisely alcohol that constitutes the most frequent object of theft !34.5 per cent); the next place is occupied by money (22.3 per cent), while the remaining objects of theft appear much more seldom; they are mostly such objects as can be sold (e.g. building materials account for 12.6 pe cent). In a definite majority of the investigated gangs the value of the stolen object is the outcome of mere chance, and it is dependent on the opportunity of theft which has arisen. The largest number of theft committed by the gangs investigated took place in shops (70.3 per cent). Specialization as to the mode of performing theft is an extremely rare phenomenon with the gangs investigated. The investigated boys who belonged to hooligan and hooligan-cum-stealing gangs have committed the following acts of a hooligan character: Aggressive accosting and beating up 41.6 per cent. Destruction of property (breaking window-panes, street-lamps ect.) 37.6 pe cent. Disturbance of public peace and order 19.1 per cent. Others 1.7 per cent. The character of the hooligan acts perpetrated is closely connected with the age of the investigated. For the younger age groups the characteristic offences are destruction of property (44.4 per cent) and disturbance of public peace (39.5 per cent). 66 per cent of the offences committed by older boys consist of more serious offences - accosting and beating up. Along with the age of the boys and the length of time a gang has existed the number of frequency of hooligan acts perpetrated by them also increases. Hooligan offences were mostly committed by them at school (68.1 per cent) and in the streets and gardens (27 per cent). 7. In the investigation concerning the 50 Warsaw gangs follow-up studies have been carried out, from two to four years after the trial and the following was stated: In this period only 42 per cent of the gangs underwent complete decay, while 58 per cent of them continued to go in to their criminal activities, including 38 per cent, the numerical strength of which had even increased. Nearly all the groups which had committed theft but once underwent a complete decay; so did one half of the gangs which went in for systematic stealing, and one about one-fourth of the hooligan and hooligan-cum-stealing gangs. In the light of our investigation it appears that the gangs composed of younger boys (9 to 12 years) are much more permanent than the gangs composed of older boys. As far as the individual destinies of the several members of the gangs are concerned, the follow-up studies which have been carried out have shown that only 28 per cent of the investigated have completely mended their ways. One half of the investigated have been declared to be recidivists, while with 22 per cent further symptoms of serious demoralization were found, in spite of lack of data concerning the commission of any criminal offences by them. Improvement took place mostly in the case of the less demoralized boys, those who played but a marginal role in the gang. The improvement with younger boys was much more infrequent than that with the older ones (more than 70 per cent of the members of the hooligan-cum-stealing and systematically stealing gangs, aged up to 12, have proved to be incorrigible). The lack of improvement was also related to the length of the period of a juvenile offender's association with his gang. The longer they had participated in the offences committed by the gang, the more difficult it was for them to mend their ways, even after having severed any contacts between themselves and the gang.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1960, I; 113-163
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 110

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