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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 204
Tytuł:
Nietykalność posła w Rzymie okresu pryncypatu
Autorzy:
Longchamps de Bérier, Franciszek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/660932.pdf
Data publikacji:
1994
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Opis:
An envoy (legatus, orator) was a person sent to a community or to a ruler by his community or his state. It was not only an individual who undertook the mission to foreign territories or came from them to Rome, but the delegate to or from provincial assemblies, municipium or civitas as well. The complete inviolability of envoys seems to be warranted in Rome of the principate era by the univerasally respected norm of ius gentium. According to it, envoys were regarded as sacred (sancti habentur legati). Therefore, they were secured against violance and safe from human trespass or assault. The priviledge was enjoyed by both ambassadors of the senate or the princeps and legates arriving to Rome from abroad, from provincial assemblies, from municipia or civitates. The word sanctum comes from the sagmina - the bunches of herbs. The legates customarily carried them as it was believed that the sagmina provide them with gods’ support, ward off outrages and protect them from human mischief. According to lex Iulia de vi publica, an attack, a battery or any other violation of the personal immunity of envoys or of accompaning individuals was punished by aquae et ignis interdictio. An assault made upon an enemy envoy was considered the aggraviated form of the offence. According to the Quintus Mucius Scaevola’s responsum from D .50.7.18, the person, who committed such crime, was punished by deditio: he was handed over to the enemy, who had sent the struck legates. The procedures of envoys’ nomination differred and depended on particular habits and laws of certain territories and communities. However according to Roman law, a person sent as a legate enjoyed complete inviolability by the time from when he was selected, not by that when he began his mission. In case of disagreement whether or not he was a legate, the pretor at Rome took the cognizance of the issue. Consequently, a person not recognized by the Roman official did not enjoy the envoy’s priviledge. The inviolability did not depend on the legate’s subjective conviction that he had the immunity. As a result, the status of a captive envoy did not change. Accordingly, the delegating community was unable to resign from the priviledge. Therefore the envoy’s inviolability - the public law immunity seems to be absolute in the Roman principate.
Źródło:
Prawo Kanoniczne; 1994, 37, 3-4; 165-174
2353-8104
Pojawia się w:
Prawo Kanoniczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Powrót posła
Autorzy:
Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn
Współwytwórcy:
Kowalska, Dorota
Niedziałkowska, Marta
Wielądek, Katarzyna
Data publikacji:
2010-02-09
Wydawca:
Fundacja Nowoczesna Polska
Tematy:
Komedia
Dramat
Oświecenie
Opis:
Publikacja zrealizowana w ramach projektu Wolne Lektury (http://wolnelektury.pl). Reprodukcja cyfrowa wykonana przez Bibliotekę Narodową z egzemplarza pochodzącego ze zbiorów BN.
Źródło:
Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, Powrót posła: komedia w 3 aktach, Księgarnia polska, Lwów 1885
Dostawca treści:
Wolne Lektury
Książka
Audiobook
Tytuł:
Dwudziestolecie traktatów polsko-niemieckich. O historii i teraźniejszości: refleksje posła-sprawozdawcy w procesie ratyfikacyjnym
Autorzy:
Czaja, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/505517.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2011, 3; 25-44
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
U schyłku republiki weimarskiej. Niemcy i stosunki polsko–niemieckie w świetle raportów posła polskiego w Berlinie Romana Knolla (1928–1930)
Autorzy:
Bartoszewicz, Henryk
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/608585.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
Opis:
The Twilight of the Weimar Republic. Germany and Polish–German Relations in the Light of Reports from Roman Knoll, the Polish Envoy in Berlin (1928–1930)Roman Knoll was appointed the Polish envoy in Berlin on 1 July 1928, replacing Kazimierz Olszowski; he was recalled in 10 January 1931 and transferred to the central offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Warsaw. For all practical purposes, Knoll was head of the Berlin legation for a slightly shorter period of time. Departure from the German capital on 20 December 1930 put an actual end to this diplomatic mission in that country.Assessing the Knoll mission in Berlin entails answering a question concerning the fulfilment in the course of two and a half years of the tasks with which he was entrusted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, or rather by Józef Piłsudski and August Zaleski. The mission in question became surrounded by numerous myths appearing in the reminiscences of politicians and diplomats, while many opinions formulated by various researchers are not always apt. An analysis of preserved sources from the time when Knoll was head of the legation of the Republic of Poland in Berlin makes it possible to declare that the majority of those views is entirely untrue. The correspondence between the envoy and the Ministry central offices contains extensive and thorough examinations of Polish–German relations and the foreign and domestic policy of the Reich, including changes occurring during the end stage of the Weimar Republic. Knoll did not limit himself to informing his superiors about the realisation of various tasks, but frequently proposed solutions of problems faced by the Polish policy, including those that transcended beyond Polish–German relations.From the moment he initiated his diplomatic mission in Germany (July 1928) the new envoy of the Republic of Poland carefully studied Polish–German relations and made all possible efforts to improve them. This was an extremely difficult assignment since Knoll encountered the strong resistance of his German partner. Nevertheless, while heading the German legation Knoll enjoyed a number of successes and his activity contributed to alleviating the Polish– German economic war and, subsequently, to signing a bilateral trade agreement. He also played a prominent part in preparing the conditions for a liquidation convention and its ratification by the parliaments of Poland and Germany. Knoll established permanent and suitable contacts with the heads and higher officials of Auswärtiges Amt, although this was by no means an easy undertaking. He also managed to reach part of the Berlin press, especially liberal publications, which changed favourably the view of Poland held by German public opinion. Furthermore, Knoll improved the situation of the Polish community in Germany by rendering closer the cooperation of the legation and the consulates of the Republic of Poland and thanks to a consistent stand as regards the minorities, expressed in contacts with German state institutions.Knoll did not restrict his interests and diplomatic activity to questions resulting from the duties of an envoy. At that time, he took part as a member of the Polish delegation in sessions of the Council of the League of Nations in Madrid and Geneva. He supported the work conducted by Polish delegations participating in Hague conferences concerning an early evacuation of the Rhineland and the acceptance of the Young plan. Finally, Knoll took part in diplomatic undertakings intent on normalizing relations between Poland and Lithuania.Indeed, it cannot be said that Knoll’s mission in Berlin was exclusively a diplomatic success story. His failures included the fiasco of an attempt at ending the economic war in Polish–German relations, This, however, was not Knoll’s fault because the acceptance of the Martin Schiele plan and the refusal by the Reichstag to ratify a trade convention with Poland took place in an already altered political situation, which emerged in Germany first after the establishment of the Heinrich Brüning cabinet, and then after the parliamentary elections of September 1930.
Źródło:
Dzieje Najnowsze; 2015, 47, 4
0419-8824
Pojawia się w:
Dzieje Najnowsze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 204

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