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    Tytuł:
    Einstellung der bevölkerung Preussens zur herrschaft der Ordensritter
    Attitude of the population of Prussia to the reign of the Teutonic Knights
    Autorzy:
    Ekdahl, Sven
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1065305.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych
    Tematy:
    Zakon krzyżacki
    Grunwald
    Prusy
    Teutonic Order
    Prussia
    Opis:
    The history of the Lizard Union proves existance of strong opposition against the rule of the Teutonic Knights even before its defeat at the battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg). That hostile attitude was clearly expressed when several banners of Chełmno Lands (banner – unit of the cavalry) left the battlefield on July 15, 1410 by the end of the battle. Moreover, a country knights took over the town and castle of Ostróda for the Polish king to help him to march to Marienburg. Other knights, among them Nicolaus of Renis (Mikołaj z Ryńska), planned to take the Marienburg in a similar manner. In this context it has to be pointed out that the country's nobility of Chełmno Lands was not required to fight outside its borders for the Order after the privilege for Chełmno of 1233. Participation in military campaigns beyond the Vistula River and its tributaries Drewenz and Ossa was performed voluntarily and those who were taking part received from the Order payment and compensation for all incurred losses. The following campaigns can be set as an examples: Samaiten 1402, Gotland 1404 and Dobrzyń 1409. At the end of 1410 a cash payment of 4,000 marks was made on the orders of the Grand Master for Chełmno Lands. The sum, which was the equivalent of about 300 war horses, was not completely used what deeply disappointed the knights who valued higher their losses. An open question remains concerning to what extent that special arrangement for the Chełmno Lands had impact on the behavior of parts of their chivalry in the battle of Grunwald. Similar agreements were also held with the knights in Warmia and in the New March (Neumark); they could also be used for military service outside their borders only voluntary under the above enumerated conditions. This became a problem for the Teutonic Order and often led to annoyance particularly with the nobles in the New March. The four bishops of Pomesania, Warmia, Chełmno Lands and Kulm paid homage to the Polish king after the battle of Grunwald, as did the abbess of St. Bridget in Gdańsk who wrote a request for assistance to Władysław Jagiello slightly after the Polish-Lithuanian victory. Her wishes were promptly answered in the affirmative manner on 6th August. The case of Bishop Heinrich Vogelsang of Warmia is of particular interest because he set out for Poland in late September or early October and was therefore considered by the Teutonic Order as a traitor. Grand Master Heinrich von Plauen sought long in vain to replace him with a supporter of the Teutonic Order. The major cities in Prussia seemed to have an ambivalent attitude towards the heavy defeat of the Knights. According to the messages that reached the Bishop of Poznan on July 29 and briefly after, the inhabitants of Thorn beheaded their komtur and killed 50 Order soldiers. A similar fate suffered other Order soldiers in Gdansk mid-August. The city Elblag apologized later for paying the homage to the Polish king using as an excuse the fact that the German Order prohibited repeatedly to repair the damaged city walls. In the general analysis of this issue the following questions are worth answering: How different were the reactions of the inhabitants of Prussia to the changing military and political situation after the battle of Grunwald? Can the different forms of behavior be recognized depending on social class? And were the numerous tributes the result of desperation and seeing the situation as "hopeless" or rather an expression of long-suppressed resentment of Teutonic Order’s authority?
    Źródło:
    Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica; 2016, 23; 109-114
    0860-1054
    Pojawia się w:
    Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Vom Ordensland zum Herzogtum. Religiöse Überzeugung oder politisches Kalkül des Hochmeisters Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach?
    From the state of the Teutonic Order to the duchy: religious beliefs or a political calculation of Grand Master Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach?
    Autorzy:
    Arnold, Udo
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194226.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    the Teutonic Order
    Prussia
    Reformation
    Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach
    Opis:
    The article underlines the fact that Prussia became Protestant prior to Saxony (considered to be the “mother country of the Reformation”) and other German states. After the end of the Thirteen Years’ War one of the problems constituted the relations between the Grand Master and the Polish King as they went beyond the area of politics affecting also religion and law. Having been elected Grand Master Albrecht Hohenzollern introduced significant changes in the political system of the state. He was related to King Sigismund the Old thanks to his mother, who was Sigismund’s sister. It was unusual for the Teutonic Order to have elected twenty-one-year-old Albrecht to be Grand Master as normally the tendency was to appoint the most respectable member of the Order. Albrecht Hohenzollern launched many reforms the aim of which was to centralize the Teutonic administration. Gradually, the corporate style of management was being transformed into a one-person leadership. Albrecht Hohenzollern also planned to carry out religious reforms. That is why he tried to contact Martin Luther. He attempted to establish the first contact with Luther in the years 1521–1522. The next attempt was made by Martin Luther. In 1523 Luther wrote a letter to the Teutonic Order, where he suggested the rejection of the principle of purity and taking over the lands in hereditary ownership by Teutonic brothers as it was done by noble families. In practice, it would have meant the liquidation of the Order. Albrecht refused to accept the ideas, which did not mean that he disliked Luther. Albrecht met Luther at the end of 1523 in Wittenberg. Luther repeated his guidelines to make the Teutonic state a secular duchy. In May 1524 there was another meeting. Taking into account the political situation at that time, the political isolation of the Teutonic Order and the threat to become subjected to Poland, Albrecht decided to convert into Lutheranism. In this way, he made himself independent of the Pope and in the long run he could set up the foundations to make himself less and less dependent on Catholic Poland. Owing to secularization, Albrecht saved his personal rule and transformed the monastic state into the first Protestant European country.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2017, 82, 2; 21-40
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Von Preußen ins Reich. Der Burgdorfer Krieg und die Heimatreise der einfachen Ordensbrüder Rudolf und Konrad von Kyburg aus dem Jahre 1383
    From Prussia to the Reich: The Burgdorf War and the Journey Home by Two Ordinary Teutonic Knights – Rudolf and Konrad von Kyburg in 1383
    Autorzy:
    Gotówko, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1058556.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-03-31
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    journeys
    travel expenses
    Teutonic Order
    Teutonic Knights
    Prussia
    Switzerland
    Burgdorf War
    late Middle Ages
    Opis:
    Not many primary sources document the lives of ordinary Teutonic Knights who were not among the highest officials of the Order. Therefore, the preserved mentions from the town of Burgdorf, modern-day Switzerland, prove to be of great importance. These refer to two Teutonic Knights, Konrad and Rudolf von Kyburg, who returned to their homeland during the summer of 1383. It is all the more interesting due to the fact that the older of the two – Konrad – was referred to in a document of 1375 as an ordinary Teutonic Knight staying in Balga. His younger brother is also likely to have served in the Teutonic Order in Prussia. The reason for their journey home was the Burgdorf War, which was started in November of 1382 by their nephew Rudolf II von Kyburg, who made an unsuccessful attempt at capturing the town of Solothurn. It resulted in a conflict with Bern, which was the most powerful city in that region. The return of Konrad and Rudolf to their homeland would not have been possible without the approval of their superiors, including the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. The scarce primary sources that were preserved indicate that the two Teutonic Knights tried to alleviate the conflict by diplomatic means, however, without success. They were given a certain amount of time before they were obliged to return to Prussia. The issue of financing the journey is really interesting. Even though the presence of the two Teutonic Knights was certainly beneficial for the von Kyburg family, it is highly unlikely that the relatives covered their travel expenses, as the family had been impoverished long before the war even began, and it needed to allocate all the available resources for the defense of the ancestral castle. Thus, the Teutonic Order was forced, against its thirteenth-century rules, not only to approve but also finance the purely private journey of its two longtime members to their homeland.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2021, 86, 1; 5-27
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ungarisch-preussische Handelsbeziehungen im Mittelalter
    Hungarian-Prussian Trade Relations in the Middle Ages
    Autorzy:
    Pósán, László
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1064755.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Hanseatic League
    East Central Europe
    trade
    Teutonic Order
    Late Middle Ages
    Opis:
    The aim of the article is to present trade contacts between Prussia and Hungary from the end of the 13th century to the mid-15th century. The problem has hitherto remained beyond the interest of researchers dealing with trade relations. On the basis of the Hanseatic, Polish and Hungarian sources the author analyses the structure of goods being traded, participants of the trade and trade routes. The author points out the connection between the development of trade contacts with political relations in East Central Europe. After the death of King Louis I of Hungary (1382) the trade conducted between Hungary and Prussia, which went through the Polish territories, became heavily dependent on the balance of power between the Teutonic Order, the Kingdom of Poland and the Kingdom of Hungary. The author underlines that the range of goods which were the subject of the trade started to grow at the end of the 13th century. Apart from metals (copper, iron, silver) Hungarian merchants sold to Prussian merchants wax, furs, wine, cheap cloth and southern products such as fruit, spice and condiments. In the 15th century Melnaterite (Kupferwasser), the mineral used in dyeing, was exported from Upper Hungary to the Baltic zone. Merchants from Prussian towns exported to Hungary goods imported from West Europe, mainly cloth. Until the mid-15th century the main role in Prussian trade with Hungary was played by merchants from Toruń, while in the second half of the 15th century their place was taken over by merchants from Gdańsk.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2018, 83, 4; 115-145
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Die Visitation als Mittel traditioneller Ordensstruktur nach 1466
    Inspections as the Means of the Traditional Teutonic Structure After 1466
    Autorzy:
    Arnold, Udo
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194085.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    the Teutonic Order in Prussia
    grand master
    the Teutonic administration,
    the reform of the monastic life
    Opis:
    The loss of the significant part of the territory by the Monastic State of the Teutonic Order after 1466 entailed structural changes in the state. Inspections constituted an important scrutinizing factor in various fields of life. They were a permanent element of the reforms undertaken in the Teutonic Order. The expertise of the inspectors originally were not precisely defined. However, with time they became more and precise. In the times of the rule of Grand Master Heinrich Reuß von Plauen we know only about one inspection from the Austrian bailiff in 1469. During the rule of the subsequent Grand Master Heinrich Reffle von Richtenberg (1470–1477) no inspection was recorded. During the times of Martin Truchsess von Wetzhausen (1477–1489) problems connected with the reform of the monastic life in Prussia were addressed. The discussion concerned the problem of poverty among Teutonic brothers. The great inspection was planned to take place in 1481 prior to the General Chapter. However, the General Chapter did not take place. The inspection of Livonia was postponed for 1488. In the times of Johann von Tiefen (1489–1497) the forms of inspection applied so far were discussed. One of the evidences of this discussion was a letter written by the secretary of the Grand Master’s chancery Dr Michale Sculteti, which included forms intended for the inspection. Friedrich von Sachsen-Meißen (1498–1510) at the turn of 1498/1499 issued a regulation concerning inspections and appointed inspectors. In 1502 a detailed catalogue of questions was compiled in the Teutonic chancellery as it had been earlier done by Sculteti. In the times when the Grand Commander was Simon von Drahe (1507–1510) inspections became an important tool of the internal policy of the Grand Master Friedrich von Sachsen. The decision of the General Chapter saying that an inspection should take place every year in the Teutonic Order was enforced. However, in the times of the Grand Master Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach (1511–1525) inspections ceased to play an essential role in the internal policy. Only one inspection from this period is recorded – in 1519.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2017, 82, 1; 21-36
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Der gotische Muttergottes‑Altar von Guttstadt (1426)
    The Gothic Marian Altar in Dobre Miasto (1426)
    Autorzy:
    Jakutowicz, Joanna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2106514.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-09-16
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Gdański. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
    Tematy:
    collegiate church
    Dobre Miasto
    Marian altar
    Warmia
    the Teutonic Order’s state
    Middle Ages
    Opis:
    This article offers a stylistic analysis of the Marian altar from the church of the Redeemer and All Saints in Dobre Miasto in the voivodship of Warmia and Masuria. The altar was set up in 1426 as an altar for morning mass. It remains incomplete to this day: several Gothic figures were replaced by later pieces of sculpture, and the altar was provenance is also questionable of the centrally located sculpture of Mary and Child. The literature up to now has pointed out stylistic analogies with the altar in Pörschken (Nowo‑Moskowskoje), at present in the collection of the Castle Museum in Malbork, and with the altar from Sokolica (Falkenau), which is at present in the collection Museum of the Archdiocese of Warmia in Olsztyn. Stylistic analysis makes it possible to establish that the closest analogy to the Dobre Miasto altar is the altar from Pörschken, while the somewhat later retable from Sokolica has many features in common with the altar from Rauma (Finland), which was a Prussian export. It is, however, an open question as to the location of the Prussian provincial woodcarving workshop that probably produced the altars in Dobre Miasto and Pörschken, drawing on the at that time rather old‑fashioned tradition of figures of the Madonna on lions. The literaturę suggests Malbork or Gdańsk, but because of stylistic similarities to the Elbląg Apostolic College and the links of the Elbląg Rector Mikołaj Wulsack with Dobre Miasto, Elbląg, too, must be considered.
    Źródło:
    Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza; 2022, 25; 144-169
    2544-2562
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Identitätsmodelle in der preußischen Landeshistoriographie 1466–1525
    Identification Models in the Prussian Historiography of 1466–1525
    Autorzy:
    Mentzel-Reuters, Arno
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194076.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Royal Prussia
    the Duchy of Prussia
    Prussian chroniclers
    narrative sources
    the Teutonic Order
    Prussian towns
    Opis:
    Until the beginning of the 18th century in Royal Prussia and the Duchy of Prussia there existed a shared consciousness of belonging to one country. This feeling is also present in the regional historical works. The common country “Preußenland” was founded on the territory of the former Teutonic state. Political changes taking place after the Thirteen Years’ War were not taken into account in this narration. Functioning as part of the Kingdom of Poland guaranteed certain regional freedoms. The characteristic feature of the Prussian historiography was the description of pagan times in a negative way comparing them with the Christian times. The rebellion of the Prussian towns was depicted as the result of the arrogance of the Teutonic Order starting from the times of the rule of Konrad von Wallenrode. The outbreak and development of the Reformation hindered the process of the creation of the rival regional identities. Historiographers did not use the sources to create one general narration, but they entwined various, sometimes contradictory, narratives in their works.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2017, 82, 1; 5-19
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Die Finanzpolitik des Deutschen Ordens unter Friedrich von Sachsen
    Financial policy of the Teutonic Order under the rule of Friedrich von Sachsen
    Autorzy:
    Sarnowsky, Jürgen
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194001.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Teutonic economy
    finances of the Teutonic Order in Prussia
    court ordinance of 1499
    the court of the Grand Master in Prussia
    Opis:
    During the rule of the Grand Master Friedrich von Sachsen significant reforms were conducted, which were also reflected in the court ordinance of 1499. In this period of time detailed financial documentation was prepared. In earlier research various shortcomings and mistakes in the account books have been indicated. However, they still show the revenues of Teutonic economy at the central level. The most important sources of income were resources obtained from agricultural products, trade in amber, revenues from the judicial system and customs. Both incomes and expenditures started to take on a more regular form. Accountancy was conducted better after the office of Rentmeister had been taken over by Franz Buss in the years 1506–1509. The counsellors of the Grand Master Dietrich von Werther and Paulus von Watt contributed to the improvement in the quality of accountancy in the Teutonic State. The rule of Friedrich von Sachsen to some extent made Teutonic economy similar to that of other princely courts.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2016, 81, 4; 117-132
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Förderungspräferenzen des Hochmeisters Winrich von Kniprode zu Beginn seiner Regentschaft
    Electorial preferences of the Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode at the beginnig of his rule
    Preferencje Wielkiego Mistrza Winryka z Kniprody w obsadzaniu funkcji zakonnych na początku swego urzędowania
    Autorzy:
    Gotówko, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28761669.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-05-31
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie
    Tematy:
    State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia
    brethen from Rhineland
    Ripuarian dialect
    Kirsilie von Kindswulie
    favoring politics
    Państwo Zakonu Krzyżackiego w Prusach
    Nadreńczycy
    dialekt rypuaryjski
    Kirsilie z Kindswulie
    polityka wsparcia i protekcji
    Ordensland Preußen
    Winrich von Kniprode
    Rheinländer
    Begünstigungspolitik
    Ripuarische Mundart
    Opis:
    Der im Januar 1352 erkorene Hochmeister Winrich von Kniprode stammte aus der Kölner Umgebung, sodass er Ripuarisch, eine der am Rhein benutzten Mundarten, redete. Obwohl sich das Rheinland bis heute nicht scharf eingrenzen lässt, versteht man darunter v. a. den Mittel- und den Niederrhein, wo man vier mitteldeutsche (Pfälzisch, Rheinhessisch, Moselfränkisch und Ripuarisch) sowie eine niederdeutsche Mundart (Niederfränkisch) hört. Das neue Ordenshaupt begann gleich nach seiner Wahl mit der Förderung der Rheinländer, insbesondere der Ripuarier. Sein neuer Arzt und sein neuer Kaplan sprachen sogar Kölsch. Unter den sechs Brüdern, die bis zum Frühjahr 1354 neu zu Komturen aufsteigen konnten, befanden sich ganze drei Rheinländer. Kirsilie von Kindswulie und Werner von Rondorf sprachen Ripuarisch, Dietrich von Brandenburg aus dem heutigen Luxemburg galt als Rheinländer im weiteren Sinne.
    Wybrany w styczniu 1352 r. Wielki Mistrz Winryk z Kniprody pochodził z okolic Kolonii, posługiwał się zatem jednym w kilku nadreńskich dialektów, a konkretnie ripuarskim. Pod pojęciem Nadrenii, którego po dziś nie da się dokładnie zdefiniować, rozumiane są przede wszystkim tereny Środkowego i Dolnego Renu, gdzie w użyciu są cztery dialekty środkowoniemieckie (palatynacki, nadreński heski, mozelsko-frankoński i rypuaryjski) oraz jeden dialekt dolnoniemiecki (dolnofrankoński). Świeżo upieczony mistrz od początku swego urzędowania zaczął wspierać krzyżaków z Nadrenii, w szczególności zaś tych, którzy także mówili po rypuaryjsku. Jego nowy lekarz oraz nowy kapłan używali nawet tego samego narzecza kolońskiego. Wśród sześciu nowych braci-komturów wybranych do początku 1354 r. aż trzech było Nadreńczykami. Kirsilie z Kindswulie i Werner z Rundorfu mówili po rypuaryjsku, a pochodzący z ziem dzisiejszego Luksemburga Dietrich z Brandenburgii był Nadreńczykiem w szerszym tego słowa znaczeniu.
    The Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode chosen on 6th of January 1352 came from the region of Colonia, so he spoke Ripuarian, one of the dialects from the Rhineland. Under this region, which can not be defined sharply till today, one understands especially the Middle and Lower Rhine, where the people speak four Middle German (Palatine, South Hessian, Moselle Franconian, Ripuarian) and one Lower German (Lower Franconian) dialect. As soon as Master Winrich was elected, he started favoring the brethen from the Rhineland, especially those from his Ripuarian home region. His new chaplain and his new doctor even spoke Colognian. Among six brethen who could newly obtain the dignity of a commander, there were three from the Rhineland. Kirsilie von Kindswulie and Werner von Rundorf also spoke Ripuarian, Dietrich von Brandenburg from the nowadays Luxemburg was a Rhinelander in a wider sense of this term.
    Źródło:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2023, 320, 1; 3-30
    0023-3196
    2719-8979
    Pojawia się w:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Johann Marschalk von Frohburg. Der erste Großgebietiger im preußischen Ordenszweig aus der heutigen Schweiz und die Brüder aus Elsass-Burgund
    Johann Marschalk von Frohburg - pierwszy wysoki dygnitarz z dzisiejszej Szwajcarii w pruskiej gałęzi Zakonu Krzyżackiego oraz bracia z Alzacji-Burgundii
    Autorzy:
    Gotówko, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2049387.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-02-09
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie
    Tematy:
    State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia
    brother Johann Marschalk von Frohburg
    his carrier in Prussia
    Great Trappearius
    fellow countrymen from Alsace-Burgundy
    państwo Zakonu Krzyżackiego w Prusach
    Wielki Szatny
    drużyna z Alzacji-Burgundii
    brat krzyżacki Johann Marschalk von Frohburg
    jego kariera w Prusach
    Opis:
    Johann Marschalk von Frohburg (1320/1330-1391) came from Liestal in the far south-western fringes of the Reich, from an insignificant family who was looking after the stable of the Counts of Frohburg. The Teutonic Knights from his region hadn't played any role in Prussia so far. Very few written sources, the supposed dates of birth and the later carriercourses suggest that brother Johann gathered around him brethren of similar Alemannic dialect, in particular Werner von Tettingen and Konrad and Rudolf von Kyburg. At the same time, he began to forge an alliance with another crew from the south-west of the Reich, the Frankish. This cooperation paid off, because in 1387 brother Johann became the Great Trappearius. In May 1390 he was removed from his dignity. His countrymen from Alsace-Burgundy soon regained this office and gave it to the younger Werner. Johann Marschalk von Frohburg, who died in the following year, smoothed the way for other Aleman-speaking brethren in the Teutonic Order.
    Johann Marschalk von Frohburg (1320/1330-1391) pochodził z Liestal w odległych południowo-zachodnich rubieżach Rzeszy, z nic nie znaczącej rodziny, która sprawowała pieczę nad stajnią grafów z Frohburga. Krzyżacy z jego regionu nie odgrywali w Prusach dotychczas żadnej roli. Bardzo skromnie zachowane źródła pisane, przypuszczalne daty urodzin oraz późniejszy przebieg karier pozwalają sądzić, iż brat Johann zebrał wokół siebie braci o podobnym alemańskim dialekcie, w szczególności Wernera von Tettingen oraz Konrada i Rudolfa von Kyburg. Równocześnie rozpoczął on zacieśniać więzy z drużyną Franków, również wywodzącą się z południowego zachodu Rzeszy. Współpraca ta opłaciła się, gdyż w 1387 r. brat Johann stał się Wielkim Szatnym. W maju 1390 został usunięty ze swej godności. Krzyżacy z Alzacji-Burgudnii odzyskali niebawem tenże urząd, obsadzając go młodszym bratem Wernerem. Johann Marschalk von Frohburg, który zmarł rok później, utrował w Zakonie drogę innym alemańskojęzycznym braciom.
    Źródło:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2021, 314, 4; 549-569
    0023-3196
    2719-8979
    Pojawia się w:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Der konflikt zwischen den Herzögen von Pommern-Stettin und dem Deutschen Orden in Preußen um die Besetzung des Erzbistums Riga in den jahren 1394–1403 im Lichte neuester Studie
    The conflict over the archbishopric of Riga between the Szczecin dukes and the teutonic order in Prussia in the years 1394–1403 in light of the latest research
    Autorzy:
    Simiński, Rafał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1591306.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
    Tematy:
    Herzöge von Pommern-Stettin
    Erzbistum Riga
    Deutschorden in Preußen
    Livland
    Deutsches Reich
    Swantibor I.
    Otto II.
    johannes von Sinten
    johannes von wallenrode
    konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein
    konrad von jungingen
    wenzel IV.
    Szczecin Dukes
    Riga archbishopric
    Teutonic Order in Prussia
    Livonia
    German Reich
    Swantibor I
    Otto II
    wenceslaus IV
    książęta szczecińscy
    arcybiskupstwo ryskie
    zakon krzyżacki w Prusach
    Inflanty
    Rzesza Niemiecka
    Świętobor I
    jan von Sinten
    jan von wallenrode
    wacław IV
    Opis:
    30 IV 1388 r. w Świeciu nad Wisłą doszło do zawarcia układu o służbę najemną między książętami szczecińskimi Świętoborem I i Bogusławem VII a wielkim mistrzem Konradem Zöllner von Rotenstein i Zakonem. Dokument zobowiązywał władców pomorskich do udzielenia Krzyżakom pomocy wojskowej na każde ich wezwanie w ciągu dziesięciu lat. Zakazywał również sprzymierzać się z wrogami Zakonu w tym czasie. Porozumienie zosta- ło umocnione bezzwrotnym subsydium w wysokości 6000 guldenów i pożyczką w kwocie 2000 kop groszy czeskich przeznaczonych dla Gryfitów. Świętobor I był w tym okresie blisko związany z dworem króla rzymskiego Wacława IV, gdzie pełnił funkcję sędziego sądu na- dwornego. W 1391 r. dotychczasowy arcybiskup ryski Johannes von Sinten w wyniku kon- fliktu z inflancką gałęzią zakonu krzyżackiego opuścił Inflanty i udał się najpierw do Lubeki, a następnie do Pragi. Książę szczeciński wysuwając kandydaturę swojego syna Ottona II na funkcję metropolity ryskiego uzyskał początkowo wsparcie dla swoich zamierzeń u króla rzymskiego Wacława IV oraz króla polskiego Władysława II Jagiełły i wielkiego księcia litewskiego Witolda. Arcybiskup Johannes von Sinten został we wrześniu 1393 r. pozbawiony urzędu, a papież Bonifacy IX wskazał jako nowego ordynariusza Johannesa von Wallenrode, bratanka byłego wielkiego mistrza Konrada von Wallenrode. W listopadzie 1394 r. wierni Sintenowi kanonicy ryscy wybrali Ottona II na arcybiskupstwo ryskie. Księciu udało się dotrzeć do Inflant, gdzie 5 III 1396 r. jako koadiutor ryski zawarł układ z Witoldem. Wobec rozbieżnych celów politycznych sformowana ad hoc koalicja na rzecz Ottona II ostatecznie się rozpadała, a młody Gryfita został zmuszony do opuszczenia archidiecezji. Wydarzenia te doprowadziły pod koniec 1396 r. do wypowiedzenia przez księcia Świętobora I układu z Krzyżakami. Gryfita obarczył całkowitą odpowiedzialnością za niepowodzenie Ottona II wielkiego mistrza Konrada von Jungingena i Zakon. Konflikt szczecińsko-krzyżacki zakończył się zawarciem w dniu 2 IV 1403 r. w Czarnem porozumienia z wielkim mistrzem Konradem von Jungingenem.
    On April 30, 1388, an agreement on mercenary service was concluded in Świecie on the Riv- er Vistula between Pomeranian Dukes Swantibor I and Bogislaw VII, Grand Master Konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein, and the Order. The document obliged the Pomeranian rulers to provide the Teutonic Knights with military assistance when need be, for a decade. It also forbade allying with the enemies of the Order for the same period of time. The agreement was strengthened by a non-returnable subsidy of 6,000 guilders and a loan of 2,000 three scores of Czech grosches intended for the House of Griffins. In this period, Swantibor I was closely associated with the court of the Roman King Wence- slaus IV where he served as court judge. In 1391, the then Archbishop of Riga, Johannes von Sinten, as a result of a conflict with the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order, left Livonia for, first, Lübeck and, then, Prague. Submitting the candidacy of his son Otto II for the function of the metropolitan bishop of Riga, the Duke of Szczecin at first received the sup- port for his intentions of Roman King Wenceslaus IV, Polish king Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas the Great. Archbishop Johannes von Sinten was removed from office in Septem- ber 1393, and Pope Boniface IX appointed Johannes von Wallenrode, nephew of the former Grand Master Konrad von Wallenrode, as the new ordinary. In November 1394, the faithful canons of Archbishop Johannes von Sinten, elected Otto II Archbishopric of Riga. The duke managed to reach Livonia, where on March 5, 1396, as a coadjutor of Riga, he managed to make an arrangement with Vytautas the Great. Due to divergent political goals, the ad hoc coalition formed for Otto II eventually fell apart, whereas the young representative of the House of Griffin was compelled to leave the archdio- cese. These events led Duke Swantibor I to terminate, by the end of 1396, his agreement with the Teutonic Knights. The duke blamed Grand Master Konrad von Jungingen and the Order for the failure of Otto II. The conflict between Szczecin and the Teutonic Order ended with the conclusion, on April 2, 1403, of an agreement with Grand Master Konrad von Jungingen in Hammerstein.
    Am 30. April 1388 wurde in Schwetz an der Weichsel ein Vertrag über den Söldnerdienst zwischen den Herzögen von Pommern-Stettin, Swantibor I. und Bogislaw VII., dem Hoch- meister Konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein und dem Deutschen Orden abgeschlossen. Dieses Dokument verpflichtete die pommerschen Herrscher für zehn Jahre, auf jede Aufforderung der Deutschordensritter ihnen militärische Hilfe zu leisten. Es verbot zudem jegliche Allianz mit den Feinden des Ordens innerhalb dieses Zeitraums. Das Abkommen wurde durch ein nicht rückzahlbares Subsidium in Höhe von 6000 Gulden und ein Darlehen von 2000 Schock böhmische Groschen zugunsten der Greifen bekräftigt. Swantibor I. war in dieser Zeit eng mit dem Hof des römisch-deutschen und böhmischen Königs Wenzel IV. verbunden, wo er als Richter am Hofgericht tätig war. 1391 verließ der bisherige Rigaer Erzbischof Johannes von Sinten Livland aufgrund eines Konflikts mit dem livländischen Zweig des Deutschen Ordens und ging zunächst nach Lübeck und dann nach Prag. Der Stettiner Herzog, der sei- nen Sohn Otto II. als Kandidaten für das Amt des Metropoliten von Riga vorschlug, erhielt zunächst Unterstützung für seine Pläne von dem König Wenzel IV., dem polnischen König Władysław II. Jagiełło und dem Großfürsten von Litauen Vytautas. Erzbischof Johannes von Sinten wurde im September 1393 seines Amtes enthoben und Papst Bonifatius IX. ernannte Johannes von Wallenrode, den Neffen des ehemaligen Hochmeisters Konrad von Wallenro- de, zum neuen Ordinarius. Im November 1394 wählten Stiftsherren, die Sinten treu blieben, Otto II. für das Erzbistum Riga. Dem Herzog gelang es, nach Livland zu kommen, wo er am 5. März 1396 als Koadjutor von Riga ein Bündnis mit Vytautas abschloss. Angesichts divergierender politischer Ziele brach die zugunsten von Otto II. gebildete Ad-hoc-Koaliti- on schließlich auseinander und der junge Mann war gezwungen, die Erzdiözese zu verlas- sen. Diese Ereignisse führten Ende 1396 dazu, dass Swantibor I. von dem Vertrag mit dem Deutschen Orden zurücktrat. Der Greifenherzog schrieb die gesamte Verantwortung für das Scheitern von Otto II. dem Hochmeister Konrad von Jungingen und dem Orden zu. Der Konflikt zwischen Pommern-Stettin und dem Deutschen Orden endete mit einer Einigung mit Hochmeister Konrad von Jungingen am 2. April 1403 in Hammerstein.
    Źródło:
    Studia Maritima; 2019, 32; 127-161
    0137-3587
    2353-303X
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Maritima
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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